Compositions of dna molecules, methods of making therefor, and methods of use thereof

ABSTRACT

Provided herein are double strand DNA molecules comprising inverted repeats, expression cassette and one or more restriction sites for nicking endonucleases, the methods of use thereof, and the methods of making therefor.

PRIORITY

This application claims the benefit of priority to U.S. Ser. No. 63/057,179 filed Jul. 27, 2020 and U.S. Ser. No. 63/139,486 filed Jan. 20, 2021, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

REFERENCE TO SEQUENCE LISTING SUBMITTED ELECTRONICALLY

This application incorporates by reference a Sequence Listing submitted with this application as a text file entitled “14497-005-228_Seqlisting.txt” created on Jul. 26, 2021 and having a size of 134 kilobytes.

1. FIELD

Provided herein are double-stranded DNA molecules comprising inverted repeats, expression cassette and one or more restriction sites for nicking endonucleases, the methods of use thereof, and the methods of making therefor.

2. BACKGROUND

Gene therapy aims to introduce genes into target cells to treat or prevent disease. By supplying a transcription cassette with an active gene product (sometimes referred to as a transgene), the application of gene therapy can improve clinical outcomes, as the gene product can result in a gain of positive function effect, a loss of negative function effect, or another outcome, such as in patients suffering from cancer, can have an oncolytic effect. Delivery and expression of a corrective gene in the patient's target cells can be carried out via numerous methods, including non-viral delivery (e.g. liposomal) or viral delivery methods that include the use engineered viruses and viral gene delivery vectors. Among the available virus-derived vectors, also known as viral particles, (e.g., recombinant retrovirus, recombinant lentivirus, recombinant adenovirus, and the like), AAV systems are gaining popularity as a versatile vector in gene therapy.

However, there are several major deficiencies in using viral particles as a gene delivery vector. One major drawback is the dependency on viral life cycle and viral proteins to package the transcription cassette into the viral particles. As a result, use of viral vectors has been limited in terms of size of transgenes (e.g. less than 150,000 Da protein coding capacity for AAV) or the requirement for specific viral sequences to be present to ensure efficient replication and packaging (e.g. Rep-Binding Element), which can in turn destabilize the expression cassette. Thus, more than one viral particle may be required to deliver large transgenes (e.g., transgenes encoding proteins larger than 150,000 Da, or transgenes longer than about 4.7 Kb). Use of two or more AAV constructs can increase the risk of re-activation of the AAV genome. Furthermore, use of a viral Rep or Nonstructural Protein 1 Binding Element may increase the risk of vector mobilization in the patient.

The second drawback is that viral particles used for gene therapy are often derived from wild-type viruses to which a subset of the population has been exposed during their lifetime. These patients are found to carry neutralizing antibodies which can in turn hinder gene therapy efficacy as further described in Snyder, Richard O., and Philippe Moullier. Adeno-associated virus: methods and protocols. Totowa, N.J.: Humana Press, 2011. For the remaining seronegative patients, the capsids of viral vectors are often immunogenic, preventing re-administration of the viral vector therapy to patients should an initial dose not be sufficient or should the therapy wear off.

As such, there is unmet need for non-viral, capsid-free AAV based gene therapies as an alternative to viral particles, particularly therapies that require the delivery of large transgenes. There is also a need for the capsid-free AAV vectors to confer greater stability in cell nuclei, allowing prolonged expression compared to circular plasmid DNA. Additionally, there is unmet need for methods to produce these capsid free vectors in host cells without the co-presences of a plasmid or DNA sequences that encode for the viral replication machinery (e.g. AAV Rep genes), because these viral proteins or the viral DNA sequences encoding for them can contaminate the isolated DNA of a capsid free viral vector. Furthermore, there remains an important unmet need for recombinant DNA vectors with improved production and/or expression properties. There is also an unmet need for DNA-based vectors that do not elicit an anti-viral (e.g. viral capsid, toll like receptor activation, etc.) immune response allow for repeat administration without loss of efficacy (due to e.g., neutralizing antibodies) or loss of transgene-expressing cells.

3. SUMMARY

In one aspect, provided herein is a double-stranded DNA molecule comprising in 5′ to 3′ direction of the top strand:

-   -   a. a first inverted repeat, wherein a first and a second         restriction site for nicking endonuclease are arranged on         opposite strands in proximity of the first inverted repeat such         that nicking results in a top strand 5′ overhang comprising the         first inverted repeat or a fragment thereof upon separation of         the top from the bottom strand of the first inverted repeat;     -   b. an expression cassette; and     -   c. a second inverted repeat, wherein a third and a fourth         restriction site for nicking endonuclease are arranged on         opposite strands in proximity of the second inverted repeat such         that nicking results in a top strand 3′ overhang comprising the         second inverted repeat or a fragment thereof upon separation of         the top from the bottom strand of the second inverted repeat.

In certain embodiments of this aspect,

-   -   a. the first nick is within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,         12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 nucleotides from the 5′         nucleotide of the ITR closing base pair of the first inverted         repeat;     -   b. the second nick is within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,         12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 nucleotides from the 3′         nucleotide of the ITR closing base pair of the first inverted         repeat;     -   c. the third nick is within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,         12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 nucleotides from the 5′         nucleotide of the ITR closing base pair of the second inverted         repeat; and/or     -   d. the fourth nick is within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,         12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 nucleotides from the 3′         nucleotide of the ITR closing base pair of the second inverted         repeat;     -   wherein the first nick and the fourth nick are two resulting         nicks on the top strand, with the first nick being the one         closer to the 5′ end of the top strand and the fourth nick being         the one closer to the 3′ end of the top strand, and wherein the         second nick and the third nick are two resulting nicks on the         bottom strand, with the third nick being the one closer to the         5′ end of the bottom strand and the second nick being the one         closer to the 3′ end of the bottom strand.

In one aspect, provided herein is a double-stranded DNA molecule comprising in 5′ to 3′ direction of the top strand:

-   -   a. a first inverted repeat, wherein a first and a second         restriction site for nicking endonuclease are arranged on         opposite strands in proximity of the first inverted repeat such         that nicking results in a bottom strand 3′ overhang comprising         the first inverted repeat upon separation of the top from the         bottom strand of the first inverted repeat;     -   b. an expression cassette; and     -   c. a second inverted repeat, wherein a third and a fourth         restriction site for nicking endonuclease are arranged on         opposite strands in proximity of the second inverted repeat such         that nicking results in a bottom strand 5′ overhang comprising         the second inverted repeat upon separation of the top from the         bottom strand of the second inverted repeat.

In certain embodiments of this aspect,

-   -   a. the first nick is within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,         12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 nucleotides from the 3′         nucleotide of the ITR closing base pair of the first inverted         repeat;     -   b. the second nick is within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,         12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 nucleotides from the 5′         nucleotide of the ITR closing base pair of the first inverted         repeat;     -   c. the third nick is within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,         12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 nucleotides from the 3′         nucleotide of the ITR closing base pair of the second inverted         repeat; and/or     -   d. the fourth nick is within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,         12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 nucleotides from the 5′         nucleotide of the ITR closing base pair of the second inverted         repeat;     -   wherein the first nick and the fourth nick are two resulting         nicks on the top strand, with the first nick being the one         closer to the 5′ end of the top strand and the fourth nick being         the one closer to the 3′ end of the top strand, and wherein the         second nick and the third nick are two resulting nicks on the         bottom strand, with the third nick being the one closer to the         5′ end of the bottom strand and the second nick being the one         closer to the 3′ end of the bottom strand.

In one aspect, provided herein is a double-stranded DNA molecule comprising in 5′ to 3′ direction of the top strand:

-   -   a. a first inverted repeat, wherein a first and a second         restriction site for nicking endonuclease are arranged on         opposite strands in proximity of the first inverted repeat such         that nicking results in a top strand 5′ overhang comprising the         first inverted repeat upon separation of the top from the bottom         strand of the first inverted repeat;     -   b. an expression cassette; and     -   c. a second inverted repeat, wherein a third and a fourth         restriction site for nicking endonuclease are arranged on         opposite strands in proximity of the second inverted repeat such         that nicking results in a bottom strand 5′ overhang comprising         the second inverted repeat upon separation of the top from the         bottom strand of the second inverted repeat.

In certain embodiments of this aspect,

-   -   a. the first nick is within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,         12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 nucleotides from the 5′         nucleotide of the ITR closing base pair of the first inverted         repeat;     -   b. the second nick is within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,         12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 nucleotides from the 3′         nucleotide of the ITR closing base pair of the first inverted         repeat;     -   c. the third nick is within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,         12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 nucleotides from the 3′         nucleotide of the ITR closing base pair of the second inverted         repeat; and/or     -   d. the fourth nick is within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,         12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 nucleotides from the 5′         nucleotide of the ITR closing base pair of the second inverted         repeat;     -   wherein the first nick and the fourth nick are two resulting         nicks on the top strand, with the first nick being the one         closer to the 5′ end of the top strand and the fourth nick being         the one closer to the 3′ end of the top strand, and wherein the         second nick and the third nick are two resulting nicks on the         bottom strand, with the third nick being the one closer to the         5′ end of the bottom strand and the second nick being the one         closer to the 3′ end of the bottom strand.

In one aspect, provided herein is a double-stranded DNA molecule comprising in 5′ to 3′ direction of the top strand:

-   -   a. a first inverted repeat, wherein a first and a second         restriction site for nicking endonuclease are arranged on         opposite strands in proximity of the first inverted repeat such         that nicking results in a bottom strand 3′ overhang comprising         the first inverted repeat upon separation of the top from the         bottom strand of the first inverted repeat;     -   b. an expression cassette; and     -   c. a second inverted repeat, wherein a third and a fourth         restriction site for nicking endonuclease are arranged on         opposite strands in proximity of the second inverted repeat such         that nicking results in a top strand 3′ overhang comprising the         second inverted repeat upon separation of the top from the         bottom strand of the second inverted repeat.

In certain embodiments of this aspect,

-   -   a. the first nick is within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,         12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 nucleotides from the 3′         nucleotide of the ITR closing base pair of the first inverted         repeat;     -   b. the second nick is within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,         12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 nucleotides from the 5′         nucleotide of the ITR closing base pair of the first inverted         repeat;     -   c. the third nick is within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,         12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 nucleotides from the 5′         nucleotide of the ITR closing base pair of the second inverted         repeat; and/or     -   d. the fourth nick is within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,         12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 nucleotides from the 3′         nucleotide of the ITR closing base pair of the second inverted         repeat;     -   wherein the first nick and the fourth nick are two resulting         nicks on the top strand, with the first nick being the one         closer to the 5′ end of the top strand and the fourth nick being         the one closer to the 3′ end of the top strand, and wherein the         second nick and the third nick are two resulting nicks on the         bottom strand, with the third nick being the one closer to the         5′ end of the bottom strand and the second nick being the one         closer to the 3′ end of the bottom strand.

In certain embodiments, the first nick, the second nick, the third nick, and/or the fourth nick is inside the inverted repeat. In certain embodiments, the first nick, the second nick, the third nick, and/or the fourth nick is outside the inverted repeat.

In certain embodiments, the double-stranded DNA molecule is an isolated DNA molecule.

In certain embodiments, the first, second, third, and fourth restriction sites for nicking endonuclease are all restriction sites for the same nicking endonuclease.

In certain embodiments, the first and the second inverted repeats are the same. In certain embodiments, the first and/or the second inverted repeat is an ITR of a parvovirus. In certain embodiments, the first and/or the second inverted repeat is a modified ITR of a parvovirus. In specific embodiments, the parvovirus is a Dependoparvovirus, a Bocaparvovirus, an Erythroparvovirus, a Protoparvovirus, or a Tetraparvovirus. In specific embodiments, the nucleotide sequence of the modified ITR is at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or at least 99% identical to the ITR of the parvovirus.

In certain embodiments, the double-stranded DNA molecule is a plasmid.

In specific embodiments, the plasmid further comprises a bacterial origin of replication.

In specific embodiments, the plasmid further comprises a restriction enzyme site in the region 5′ to the first inverted repeat and 3′ to the second inverted repeat wherein the restriction enzyme site is not present in any of the first inverted repeat, second inverted repeat, and the region between the first and second inverted repeats. In a specific embodiment, the cleavage with the restriction enzyme results in single strand overhangs that do not anneal at detectable levels under conditions that favor annealing of the first and/or second inverted repeat. In specific embodiments, the plasmid further comprises an open reading frame encoding the restriction enzyme. In a specific embodiment, expression of the restriction enzyme is under the control of an inducible promoter.

In one aspect, provided herein is a method for preparing a hairpin-ended DNA, wherein the method comprises:

-   -   a. culturing a host cell comprising the double-stranded DNA         molecule described in the previous paragraph under conditions         resulting in amplification of the double-stranded DNA molecule;     -   b. releasing the double-stranded DNA molecule from the host         cell;     -   c. incubating the double-stranded DNA molecule with one or more         nicking endonuclease recognizing the four restriction sites         resulting in four nicks;     -   d. denaturing and thereby creating a DNA fragment that comprises         the expression cassette and is flanked by the two single strand         DNA overhangs;     -   e. annealing the single strand DNA overhangs intramolecularly         and thereby creating a hairpinned inverted repeat on both ends         of the DNA fragment resulting from step 77.d;     -   f. incubating the double-stranded DNA molecule or the fragments         resulting from step 77.d with the restriction enzyme and thereby         cleaving the double-stranded DNA molecule or a fragment of the         double-stranded DNA molecule; and     -   g. incubating the fragments of the double-stranded DNA molecule         with an exonuclease thereby digesting the fragments of the         double-stranded DNA molecule except the fragment resulting from         step 77.e.

In specific embodiments, the plasmid further comprises a fifth and a sixth restriction site for nicking endonuclease in the region 5′ to the first inverted repeat and 3′ to the second inverted repeat, wherein the fifth and sixth restriction sites for nicking endonuclease are: a. on opposite strands; and b. create a break in the double stranded DNA molecule such that the single strand overhangs of the break do not anneal at detectable levels inter- or intramolecularly under conditions that favor annealing of the first and/or second inverted repeat. In a specific embodiment, the fifth and the sixth nick are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 nucleotides apart. In a specific embodiment, the first, second, third, fourth, fifth, and sixth restriction sites for nicking endonuclease are all target sequences for the same nicking endonuclease. In specific embodiment, the plasmid further comprises an open reading frame encoding a nicking endonuclease that recognizes the first, second, third, fourth, fifth, and/or sixth restriction site for nicking endonuclease. In a specific embodiment, expression of the nicking endonuclease is under the control of an inducible promoter. In certain embodiments, the nicking endonuclease that recognizes the fifth and sixth restriction site for nicking endonuclease Nt. BsmAI; Nt. BtsCI; N. ALwl; N. BstNBI; N. BspD6I; Nb. Mva1269I; Nb. BsrDI; Nt. BtsI; Nt. BsaI; Nt. Bpu10I; Nt. BsmBI; Nb. BbvCI; Nt. BbvCI; or Nt. BspQI.

In one aspect, provided herein is a method for preparing a hairpin-ended DNA, wherein the method comprises:

-   -   a. culturing a host cell comprising the double-stranded DNA         molecule described in the previous paragraph under conditions         resulting in amplification of the double-stranded DNA molecule;     -   b. releasing the double-stranded DNA molecule from the host         cell;     -   c. incubating the double-stranded DNA molecule with one or more         nicking endonuclease recognizing the first, second, third, and         fourth restriction sites resulting in four nicks;     -   d. denaturing and thereby creating a DNA fragment that comprises         the expression cassette and is flanked by the two single strand         DNA overhangs;     -   e. annealing the single strand DNA overhangs intramolecularly         and thereby creating a hairpinned inverted repeat on both ends         of the DNA fragment resulting from step 78.d;     -   f. incubating the double-stranded DNA molecule or the fragments         resulting from step 78.d with one or more nicking endonuclease         recognizing the fifth and sixth restriction sites resulting in         the break in the double stranded DNA molecule; and     -   g. incubating the fragments of the double-stranded DNA molecule         with an exonuclease thereby digesting the fragments of the         double-stranded DNA molecule except the fragment resulting from         step 78.e.

In certain embodiments, one or more of the nicking endonuclease site is a target sequence of an endogenous nicking endonuclease.

In certain embodiments, the nicking endonuclease that recognizes the first, second, third, and/or fourth restriction site for nicking endonuclease is Nt. BsmAI; Nt. BtsCI; N. ALwl; N. BstNBI; N. BspD6I; Nb. Mva1269I; Nb. BsrDI; Nt. BtsI; Nt. BsaI; Nt. Bpu10I; Nt. BsmBI; Nb. BbvCI; Nt. BbvCI; or Nt. BspQI.

In various embodiments, the expression cassette comprises a promoter operatively linked to a transcription unit. In certain embodiments, the transcription unit comprises an open reading frame. In certain embodiments, the expression cassette further comprises a posttranscriptional regulatory element. In certain embodiments, the expression cassette further comprises a polyadenylation and termination signal. In certain embodiments, the size of the expression cassette is at least 4 kb, at least 4.5 kb, at least 5 kb, at least 5.5 kb, at least 6 kb, at least 6.5 kb, at least 7 kb, at least 7.5 kb, at least 8 kb, at least 8.5 kb, at least 9 kb, at least 9.5 kb, or at least 10 kb.

In one aspect, provided herein is a method for preparing a hairpin-ended DNA molecule, wherein the method comprises:

-   -   a. culturing a host cell comprising the double-stranded DNA         molecule described above under conditions resulting in         amplification of the double-stranded DNA molecule;     -   b. releasing the double-stranded DNA molecule from the host         cell;     -   c. incubating the double-stranded DNA molecule with one or more         nicking endonuclease recognizing the four restriction sites         resulting in four nicks;     -   d. denaturing and thereby creating a DNA fragment that comprises         the expression cassette and is flanked by the two single strand         DNA overhangs;     -   e. annealing the single strand DNA overhangs intramolecularly         and thereby creating a hairpinned inverted repeat on both ends         of the DNA fragment resulting from step 76.d.

In certain embodiments of the method for preparing a hairpin-ended DNA molecule described herein, the method further comprises: h. repairing the nicks with a ligase to form a circular DNA.

In certain embodiments of the method for preparing a hairpin-ended DNA molecule described herein, the steps are performed in the order in which they appear in the embodiment.

In certain embodiments of the method for preparing a hairpin-ended DNA molecule described herein, the hairpin-ended DNA consists of two hairpin ends.

In certain embodiments of the method for preparing a hairpin-ended DNA molecule described herein, the hairpin-ended DNA is a viral genome. In specific embodiments, the viral genome is parvovirus genome. In specific embodiments, the parvovirus is a Dependoparvovirus, a Bocaparvovirus, an Erythroparvovirus, a Protoparvovirus, or a Tetraparvovirus.

In one aspect, provided herein is a double-stranded DNA molecule, comprising in 5′ to 3′ direction of the top strand:

-   -   a. a first hairpinned inverted repeat;     -   b. a nick of the bottom strand;     -   c. an expression cassette;     -   d. a nick of the bottom strand; and     -   e. a second hairpinned inverted repeat.

In one aspect, provided herein is a double-stranded DNA molecule, comprising in 5′ to 3′ direction of the top strand:

-   -   a. a first hairpinned inverted repeat;     -   b. a nick of the top strand;     -   c. an expression cassette;     -   d. a nick of the top strand; and     -   e. a second hairpinned inverted repeat.

In one aspect, provided herein is a double-stranded DNA molecule, comprising in 5′ to 3′ direction of the top strand:

-   -   a. a first hairpinned inverted repeat;     -   b. a nick of the bottom strand;     -   c. an expression cassette;     -   d. a nick of the top strand; and     -   e. a second hairpinned inverted repeat.

In one aspect, provided herein is a double-stranded DNA molecule, comprising in 5′ to 3′ direction of the top strand:

-   -   a. a first hairpinned inverted repeat;     -   b. a nick of the top strand;     -   c. an expression cassette;     -   d. a nick of the bottom strand; and     -   e. a second hairpinned inverted repeat.

In certain embodiments, the double-stranded DNA molecule is an isolated DNA molecule.

In certain embodiments, the first and/or the second inverted repeat is the ITR of a parvovirus. In certain embodiments, the first and the second inverted repeats are the same. In certain embodiments, the first and/or the second inverted repeat is a modified ITR of a parvovirus. In specific embodiments, the parvovirus is a Dependoparvovirus, a Bocaparvovirus, an Erythroparvovirus, a Protoparvovirus, or a Tetraparvovirus. In specific embodiments, the nucleotide sequence of the modified ITR is at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or at least 99% identical to the ITR of the parvovirus.

In various embodiments, the expression cassette comprises a promoter operatively linked to a transcription unit. In certain embodiments, the transcription unit comprises an open reading frame. In certain embodiments, the expression cassette further comprises a posttranscriptional regulatory element. In certain embodiments, the expression cassette further comprises a polyadenylation and termination signal. In certain embodiments, the size of the expression cassette is at least 4 kb, at least 4.5 kb, at least 5 kb, at least 5.5 kb, at least 6 kb, at least 6.5 kb, at least 7 kb, at least 7.5 kb, at least 8 kb, at least 8.5 kb, at least 9 kb, at least 9.5 kb, or at least 10 kb.

In certain embodiments, the double-stranded DNA molecule is protected from an exonuclease. In specific embodiments, the exonuclease is RecBCD exonuclease.

In certain embodiments, the double-stranded DNA molecule lacks at least one replication-associated protein binding sequence (“RABS”). In certain embodiments, the double-stranded DNA molecule lacks a replication-associated protein (“RAP”) encoding sequence. In certain embodiments, the double-stranded DNA molecule lacks a viral capsid protein encoding sequence. In specific embodiments, the first inverted repeat lacks at least one RABS. In specific embodiments, the second inverted repeat lacks at least one RABS. In specific embodiments, the DNA sequence between the ITR closing base pair of the first inverted repeat and the ITR closing base pair of the second inverted repeat lacks at least one RABS. In specific embodiments, the first inverted repeat lacks at least one RABS and the second inverted repeat lacks at least one RABS.

In certain embodiments, the double-stranded DNA molecule lacks a terminal resolution site (TRS). In specific embodiments, the first inverted repeat lacks a TRS. In specific embodiments, the second inverted repeat lacks a TRS. In specific embodiments, the DNA sequence between the ITR closing base pair of the first inverted repeat and the ITR closing base pair of the second inverted repeat lacks a TRS. In specific embodiments, the first inverted repeat lacks a TRS and the second inverted repeat lacks a TRS.

In certain embodiments, the mobilization risk of the double-stranded DNA molecule when administered to a host is lower than control DNA molecules with the at least one RABS and/or with the TRS by 100%, 95%, 90%, 85%, 80%, 75%, 70%, 65%, 60%, 55%, or 50%.

In certain embodiments, wherein the double-stranded DNA molecule lacks a TRS, the mobilization risk of the double-stranded DNA molecule when administered to a host is lower than control DNA molecules with the TRS by 100%, 95%, 90%, 85%, 80%, 75%, 70%, 65%, 60%, 55%, or 50%.

In certain embodiments, wherein the double-stranded DNA molecule lacks at least one RABS and lacks a TRS, the mobilization risk of the double-stranded DNA molecule when administered to a host is lower than control DNA molecules with the at least one RABS and the TRS by 100%, 95%, 90%, 85%, 80%, 75%, 70%, 65%, 60%, 55%, or 50%.

In one aspect, provided herein are isolated double-stranded DNA molecule described herein, wherein the isolated double-stranded DNA molecules are free of fragments of the double-stranded DNA molecule.

In one aspect, provided herein are isolated double-stranded DNA molecules described herein, wherein fragments of the double-stranded DNA molecules are no more than 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, or 10% of the isolated double-stranded DNA molecules.

In one aspect, provided herein are isolated double-stranded DNA molecules described herein, wherein the isolated double-stranded DNA molecules are free of nucleic acid contaminants that are not fragments of the double-stranded DNA molecules.

In one aspect, provided herein are isolated double-stranded DNA molecules described herein, wherein nucleic acid contaminants that are not fragments of the double-stranded DNA molecules are less than 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, or 10% of the isolated double-stranded DNA molecules.

In one aspect, provided herein are isolated double-stranded DNA molecules described herein, wherein the isolated double-stranded DNA molecules are free of baculoviral DNA.

In one aspect, provided herein are isolated double-stranded DNA molecules described herein, wherein the baculoviral DNA is less than 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, or 10% of the isolated double-stranded DNA molecules.

In one aspect, provided herein is a delivery vehicle comprising the double-stranded DNA molecule described herein. In certain embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises a hybridosome, a liposome, or a lipid nanoparticle.

3.1 Illustrative Embodiments Set 1

Embodiment 1. A double-stranded DNA molecule comprising in 5′ to 3′ direction of the top strand:

-   -   a. a first inverted repeat, wherein a first and a second         restriction site for nicking endonuclease are arranged on         opposite strands in proximity of the first inverted repeat such         that nicking results in a top strand 5′ overhang comprising the         first inverted repeat or a fragment thereof upon separation of         the top from the bottom strand of the first inverted repeat;     -   b. an expression cassette; and     -   c. a second inverted repeat, wherein a third and a fourth         restriction site for nicking endonuclease are arranged on         opposite strands in proximity of the second inverted repeat such         that nicking results in a top strand 3′ overhang comprising the         second inverted repeat or a fragment thereof upon separation of         the top from the bottom strand of the second inverted repeat.

Embodiment 2. A double-stranded DNA molecule comprising in 5′ to 3′ direction of the top strand:

-   -   a. a first inverted repeat, wherein a first and a second         restriction site for nicking endonuclease are arranged on         opposite strands in proximity of the first inverted repeat such         that nicking results in a bottom strand 3′ overhang comprising         the first inverted repeat upon separation of the top from the         bottom strand of the first inverted repeat;     -   b. an expression cassette; and     -   c. a second inverted repeat, wherein a third and a fourth         restriction site for nicking endonuclease are arranged on         opposite strands in proximity of the second inverted repeat such         that nicking results in a bottom strand 5′ overhang comprising         the second inverted repeat upon separation of the top from the         bottom strand of the second inverted repeat.

Embodiment 3. A double-stranded DNA molecule comprising in 5′ to 3′ direction of the top strand:

-   -   a. a first inverted repeat, wherein a first and a second         restriction site for nicking endonuclease are arranged on         opposite strands in proximity of the first inverted repeat such         that nicking results in a top strand 5′ overhang comprising the         first inverted repeat upon separation of the top from the bottom         strand of the first inverted repeat;     -   b. an expression cassette; and     -   c. a second inverted repeat, wherein a third and a fourth         restriction site for nicking endonuclease are arranged on         opposite strands in proximity of the second inverted repeat such         that nicking results in a bottom strand 5′ overhang comprising         the second inverted repeat upon separation of the top from the         bottom strand of the second inverted repeat.

Embodiment 4. A double-stranded DNA molecule comprising in 5′ to 3′ direction of the top strand:

-   -   a. a first inverted repeat, wherein a first and a second         restriction site for nicking endonuclease are arranged on         opposite strands in proximity of the first inverted repeat such         that nicking results in a bottom strand 3′ overhang comprising         the first inverted repeat upon separation of the top from the         bottom strand of the first inverted repeat;     -   b. an expression cassette; and     -   c. a second inverted repeat, wherein a third and a fourth         restriction site for nicking endonuclease are arranged on         opposite strands in proximity of the second inverted repeat such         that nicking results in a top strand 3′ overhang comprising the         second inverted repeat upon separation of the top from the         bottom strand of the second inverted repeat.

Embodiment 5. The double-stranded DNA molecule of any one of embodiments 1 to 4, wherein the double-stranded DNA molecule is an isolated DNA molecule.

Embodiment 6. The double-stranded DNA molecule of any one of embodiments 1 to 5, wherein the first, second, third, and fourth restriction sites for nicking endonuclease are all restriction sites for the same nicking endonuclease.

Embodiment 7. The double-stranded DNA molecule of any one of embodiments 1 to 5, wherein the first and the second inverted repeats are the same.

Embodiment 8. The double-stranded DNA molecule of any one of embodiments 1 to 5, wherein the first and/or the second inverted repeat is an ITR of a parvovirus.

Embodiment 9. The double-stranded DNA molecule of any one of embodiments 1 to 5, wherein the first and/or the second inverted repeat is a modified ITR of a parvovirus.

Embodiment 10. The double-stranded DNA molecule of embodiment 8 or 9, wherein the parvovirus is a Dependoparvovirus, a Bocaparvovirus, an Erythroparvovirus, a Protoparvovirus, or a Tetraparvovirus.

Embodiment 11. The double-stranded DNA molecule of embodiment 9 wherein the nucleotide sequence of the modified ITR is at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or at least 99% identical to the ITR of the parvovirus.

Embodiment 12. The double-stranded DNA molecule of embodiment 1 or 5, wherein the

-   -   a. the first nick is within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,         12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 nucleotides from the 5′         nucleotide of the ITR closing base pair of the first inverted         repeat;     -   b. the second nick is within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,         12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 nucleotides from the 3′         nucleotide of the ITR closing base pair of the first inverted         repeat;     -   c. the third nick is within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,         12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 nucleotides from the 5′         nucleotide of the ITR closing base pair of the second inverted         repeat; and/or     -   d. the fourth nick is within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,         12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 nucleotides from the 3′         nucleotide of the ITR closing base pair of the second inverted         repeat;     -   wherein the first nick and the fourth nick are two resulting         nicks on the top strand, with the first nick being the one         closer to the 5′ end of the top strand and the fourth nick being         the one closer to the 3′ end of the top strand, and wherein the         second nick and the third nick are two resulting nicks on the         bottom strand, with the third nick being the one closer to the         5′ end of the bottom strand and the second nick being the one         closer to the 3′ end of the bottom strand.

Embodiment 13. The double-stranded DNA molecule of embodiment 2 or 5, wherein the

-   -   a. the first nick is within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,         12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 nucleotides from the 3′         nucleotide of the ITR closing base pair of the first inverted         repeat;     -   b. the second nick is within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,         12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 nucleotides from the 5′         nucleotide of the ITR closing base pair of the first inverted         repeat;     -   c. the third nick is within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,         12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 nucleotides from the 3′         nucleotide of the ITR closing base pair of the second inverted         repeat; and/or     -   d. the fourth nick is within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,         12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 nucleotides from the 5′         nucleotide of the ITR closing base pair of the second inverted         repeat;     -   wherein the first nick and the fourth nick are two resulting         nicks on the top strand, with the first nick being the one         closer to the 5′ end of the top strand and the fourth nick being         the one closer to the 3′ end of the top strand, and wherein the         second nick and the third nick are two resulting nicks on the         bottom strand, with the third nick being the one closer to the         5′ end of the bottom strand and the second nick being the one         closer to the 3′ end of the bottom strand.

Embodiment 14. The double-stranded DNA molecule of embodiment 3 or 5, wherein the

-   -   a. the first nick is within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,         12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 nucleotides from the 5′         nucleotide of the ITR closing base pair of the first inverted         repeat;     -   b. the second nick is within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,         12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 nucleotides from the 3′         nucleotide of the ITR closing base pair of the first inverted         repeat;     -   c. the third nick is within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,         12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 nucleotides from the 3′         nucleotide of the ITR closing base pair of the second inverted         repeat; and/or     -   d. the fourth nick is within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,         12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 nucleotides from the 5′         nucleotide of the ITR closing base pair of the second inverted         repeat;     -   wherein the first nick and the fourth nick are two resulting         nicks on the top strand, with the first nick being the one         closer to the 5′ end of the top strand and the fourth nick being         the one closer to the 3′ end of the top strand, and wherein the         second nick and the third nick are two resulting nicks on the         bottom strand, with the third nick being the one closer to the         5′ end of the bottom strand and the second nick being the one         closer to the 3′ end of the bottom strand.

Embodiment 15. The double-stranded DNA molecule of embodiment 4 or 5, wherein the

-   -   a. the first nick is within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,         12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 nucleotides from the 3′         nucleotide of the ITR closing base pair of the first inverted         repeat;     -   b. the second nick is within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,         12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 nucleotides from the 5′         nucleotide of the ITR closing base pair of the first inverted         repeat;     -   c. the third nick is within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,         12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 nucleotides from the 5′         nucleotide of the ITR closing base pair of the second inverted         repeat; and/or     -   d. the fourth nick is within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,         12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 nucleotides from the 3′         nucleotide of the ITR closing base pair of the second inverted         repeat;     -   wherein the first nick and the fourth nick are two resulting         nicks on the top strand, with the first nick being the one         closer to the 5′ end of the top strand and the fourth nick being         the one closer to the 3′ end of the top strand, and wherein the         second nick and the third nick are two resulting nicks on the         bottom strand, with the third nick being the one closer to the         5′ end of the bottom strand and the second nick being the one         closer to the 3′ end of the bottom strand.

Embodiment 16. The double-stranded DNA molecule of any one of embodiments 12 to 15, wherein the first nick, the second nick, the third nick, and/or the fourth nick is inside the inverted repeat.

Embodiment 17. The double-stranded DNA molecule of any one of embodiments 12 to 15, wherein the first nick, the second nick, the third nick, and/or the fourth nick is outside the inverted repeat.

Embodiment 18. The double-stranded DNA molecule of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the double-stranded DNA molecule is a plasmid.

Embodiment 19. The double-stranded DNA molecule of embodiment 18, wherein the plasmid further comprises a bacterial origin of replication.

Embodiment 20. The double-stranded DNA molecule of embodiment 18, wherein the plasmid further comprises a restriction enzyme site in the region 5′ to the first inverted repeat and 3′ to the second inverted repeat wherein the restriction enzyme site is not present in any of the first inverted repeat, second inverted repeat, and the region between the first and second inverted repeats.

Embodiment 21. The double-stranded DNA molecule of embodiment 20, wherein the cleavage with the restriction enzyme results in single strand overhangs that do not anneal at detectable levels under conditions that favor annealing of the first and/or second inverted repeat.

Embodiment 22. The double-stranded DNA molecule of embodiment 20, wherein the plasmid further comprises an open reading frame encoding the restriction enzyme.

Embodiment 23. The double-stranded DNA molecule of embodiment 22, wherein expression of the restriction enzyme is under the control of an inducible promoter.

Embodiment 24. The double-stranded DNA molecule of embodiment 18, wherein the plasmid further comprises a fifth and a sixth restriction site for nicking endonuclease in the region 5′ to the first inverted repeat and 3′ to the second inverted repeat, wherein the fifth and sixth restriction sites for nicking endonuclease are:

-   -   a. on opposite strands; and     -   b. create a break in the double stranded DNA molecule such that         the single strand overhangs of the break do not anneal at         detectable levels inter- or intramolecularly under conditions         that favor annealing of the first and/or second inverted repeat.

Embodiment 25. The double-stranded DNA molecule of embodiment 24, wherein the fifth and the sixth nick are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 nucleotides apart.

Embodiment 26. The double-stranded DNA molecule of embodiment 24, wherein the first, second, third, fourth, fifth, and sixth restriction sites for nicking endonuclease are all target sequences for the same nicking endonuclease.

Embodiment 27. The double-stranded DNA molecule of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein one or more of the nicking endonuclease site is a target sequence of an endogenous nicking endonuclease.

Embodiment 28. The double-stranded DNA molecule of any one of embodiments 24 to 27, wherein the plasmid further comprises an open reading frame encoding a nicking endonuclease that recognizes the first, second, third, fourth, fifth, and/or sixth restriction site for nicking endonuclease.

Embodiment 29. The double-stranded DNA molecule of embodiment 28, wherein expression of the nicking endonuclease is under the control of an inducible promoter.

Embodiment 30. The double-stranded DNA molecule of any one of embodiment 1 to 29 wherein the nicking endonuclease that recognizes the first, second, third, and/or fourth restriction site for nicking endonuclease is Nt. BsmAI; Nt. BtsCI; N. ALwl; N. BstNBI; N. BspD6I; Nb. Mva1269I; Nb. BsrDI; Nt. BtsI; Nt. BsaI; Nt. Bpu10I; Nt. BsmBI; Nb. BbvCI; Nt. BbvCI; or Nt. BspQI.

Embodiment 31. The double-stranded DNA molecule of embodiment 24 wherein the nicking endonuclease that recognizes the fifth and sixth restriction site for nicking endonuclease Nt. BsmAI; Nt. BtsCI; N. ALwl; N. BstNBI; N. BspD6I; Nb. Mva1269I; Nb. BsrDI; Nt. BtsI; Nt. BsaI; Nt. Bpu10I; Nt. BsmBI; Nb. BbvCI; Nt. BbvCI; or Nt. BspQI.

Embodiment 32. The double-stranded DNA molecule of any one of embodiment 1 to 31, wherein the expression cassette comprises a promoter operatively linked to a transcription unit.

Embodiment 33. The double-stranded DNA molecule of embodiment 32, wherein the transcription unit comprises an open reading frame.

Embodiment 34. The double-stranded DNA molecule of embodiment 32 or 33, wherein the expression cassette further comprises a posttranscriptional regulatory element.

Embodiment 35. The double-stranded DNA molecule of embodiment 32 or 33, wherein the expression cassette further comprises a polyadenylation and termination signal.

Embodiment 36. The double-stranded DNA molecule of any one of embodiments 32 to 35, wherein the size of the expression cassette is at least 4 kb, at least 4.5 kb, at least 5 kb, at least 5.5 kb, at least 6 kb, at least 6.5 kb, at least 7 kb, at least 7.5 kb, at least 8 kb, at least 8.5 kb, at least 9 kb, at least 9.5 kb, or at least 10 kb.

Embodiment 37. A double-stranded DNA molecule, comprising in 5′ to 3′ direction of the top strand:

-   -   a. a first hairpinned inverted repeat;     -   b. a nick of the bottom strand;     -   c. an expression cassette;     -   d. a nick of the bottom strand; and     -   e. a second hairpinned inverted repeat.

Embodiment 38. A double-stranded DNA molecule, comprising in 5′ to 3′ direction of the top strand:

-   -   a. a first hairpinned inverted repeat;     -   b. a nick of the top strand;     -   c. an expression cassette;     -   d. a nick of the top strand; and     -   e. a second hairpinned inverted repeat.

Embodiment 39. A double-stranded DNA molecule, comprising in 5′ to 3′ direction of the top strand:

-   -   a. a first hairpinned inverted repeat;     -   b. a nick of the bottom strand;     -   c. an expression cassette;     -   d. a nick of the top strand; and     -   e. a second hairpinned inverted repeat.

Embodiment 40. A double-stranded DNA molecule, comprising in 5′ to 3′ direction of the top strand:

-   -   a. a first hairpinned inverted repeat;     -   b. a nick of the top strand;     -   c. an expression cassette;     -   d. a nick of the bottom strand; and     -   e. a second hairpinned inverted repeat.

Embodiment 41. The double-stranded DNA molecule of any one of embodiments 37 to 40, which is an isolated DNA molecule.

Embodiment 42. The double-stranded DNA molecule of any one of embodiments 37 to 41, wherein the first and/or the second inverted repeat is the ITR of a parvovirus.

Embodiment 43. The double-stranded DNA molecule of any one of embodiments 37 to 41, wherein the first and the second inverted repeats are the same.

Embodiment 44. The double-stranded DNA molecule of any one of embodiments 37 to 41, wherein the first and/or the second inverted repeat is a modified ITR of a parvovirus.

Embodiment 45. The double-stranded DNA molecule of embodiment 42 or 44, wherein the parvovirus is a Dependoparvovirus, a Bocaparvovirus, an Erythroparvovirus, a Protoparvovirus, or a Tetraparvovirus.

Embodiment 46. The double-stranded DNA molecule of 45, wherein the nucleotide sequence of the modified ITR is at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or at least 99% identical to the ITR of the parvovirus.

Embodiment 47. The double-stranded DNA molecule of any one of embodiment 37 to 46, wherein the expression cassette comprises a promoter operatively linked to a transcription unit.

Embodiment 48. The double-stranded DNA molecule of embodiment 47, wherein the transcription unit comprises an open reading frame.

Embodiment 49. The double-stranded DNA molecule of embodiment 47 or 48, wherein the expression cassette further comprises a posttranscriptional regulatory element.

Embodiment 50. The double-stranded DNA molecule of embodiment 47 or 48, wherein the expression cassette further comprises a polyadenylation and termination signal.

Embodiment 51. The double-stranded DNA molecule of any one of embodiments 37 to 50, wherein the size of the expression cassette is at least 4 kb, at least 4.5 kb, at least 5 kb, at least 5.5 kb, at least 6 kb, at least 6.5 kb, at least 7 kb, at least 7.5 kb, at least 8 kb, at least 8.5 kb, at least 9 kb, at least 9.5 kb, or at least 10 kb.

Embodiment 52. The double-stranded DNA molecule of any one of embodiments 37 to 51, wherein the double-stranded DNA molecule is protected from an exonuclease.

Embodiment 53. The double-stranded DNA molecule of embodiment 52, wherein the exonuclease is RecBCD exonuclease.

Embodiment 54. The double-stranded DNA molecule of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the double-stranded DNA molecule lacks at least one replication-associated protein binding sequence (“RABS”).

Embodiment 55. The double-stranded DNA molecule of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the double-stranded DNA molecule lacks a replication-associated protein (“RAP”) encoding sequence.

Embodiment 56. The double-stranded DNA molecule of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the double-stranded DNA molecule lacks a viral capsid protein encoding sequence.

Embodiment 57. The double-stranded DNA molecule of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the first inverted repeat lacks at least one RABS.

Embodiment 58. The double-stranded DNA molecule of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the second inverted repeat lacks at least one RABS.

Embodiment 59. The double-stranded DNA molecule of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the DNA sequence between the ITR closing base pair of the first inverted repeat and the ITR closing base pair of the second inverted repeat lacks at least one RABS.

Embodiment 60. The double-stranded DNA molecule of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the first inverted repeat lacks at least one RABS and the second inverted repeat lacks at least one RABS.

Embodiment 61. The double-stranded DNA molecule of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the double-stranded DNA molecule lacks a terminal resolution site (TRS).

Embodiment 62. The double-stranded DNA molecule of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the first inverted repeat lacks a TRS.

Embodiment 63. The double-stranded DNA molecule of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the second inverted repeat lacks a TRS.

Embodiment 64. The double-stranded DNA molecule of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the DNA sequence between the ITR closing base pair of the first inverted repeat and the ITR closing base pair of the second inverted repeat lacks a TRS.

Embodiment 65. The double-stranded DNA molecule of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the first inverted repeat lacks a TRS and the second inverted repeat lacks a TRS.

Embodiment 66. The double-stranded DNA molecule of any one of embodiments 53 and 56 to 64, wherein the mobilization risk of the double-stranded DNA molecule when administered to a host is lower than control DNA molecules with the at least one RABS and/or with the TRS by 100%, 95%, 90%, 85%, 80%, 75%, 70%, 65%, 60%, 55%, or 50%.

Embodiment 67. The double-stranded DNA molecule of any one of embodiments 53 and 56 to 64, which lacks a TRS, wherein the mobilization risk of the double-stranded DNA molecule when administered to a host is lower than control DNA molecules with the TRS by 100%, 95%, 90%, 85%, 80%, 75%, 70%, 65%, 60%, 55%, or 50%.

Embodiment 68. The double-stranded DNA molecule of any one of embodiments 53 and 56 to 64, which lacks at least one RABS and lacks a TRS, wherein the mobilization risk of the double-stranded DNA molecule when administered to a host is lower than control DNA molecules with the at least one RABS and the TRS by 100%, 95%, 90%, 85%, 80%, 75%, 70%, 65%, 60%, 55%, or 50%.

Embodiment 69. Isolated double-stranded DNA molecules of any one of embodiments 5 to 67, wherein the isolated double-stranded DNA molecules are free of fragments of the double-stranded DNA molecule.

Embodiment 70. Isolated double-stranded DNA molecules of any one of embodiments 5 to 68, wherein fragments of the double-stranded DNA molecules are no more than 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, or 10% of the isolated double-stranded DNA molecules.

Embodiment 71. Isolated double-stranded DNA molecules of any one of embodiments 5 to 69, wherein the isolated double-stranded DNA molecules are free of nucleic acid contaminants that are not fragments of the double-stranded DNA molecules.

Embodiment 72. Isolated double-stranded DNA molecule of any one of embodiments 5 to 70, wherein the nucleic acid contaminants that are not fragments of the double-stranded DNA molecules are less than 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, or 10% of the isolated double-stranded DNA molecules.

Embodiment 73. Isolated double-stranded DNA molecule of any one of embodiments 5 to 71, wherein the isolated double-stranded DNA molecules are free of baculoviral DNA.

Embodiment 74. Isolated double-stranded DNA molecule of any one of embodiments 5 to 72, wherein the baculoviral DNA is less than 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, or 10% of the isolated double-stranded DNA molecules.

Embodiment 75. A delivery vehicle comprising the double-stranded DNA molecule of any one of embodiments 37 to 73.

Embodiment 76. The delivery vehicle of embodiment 74, wherein the delivery vehicle comprises a hybridosome, a liposome, or a lipid nanoparticle.

Embodiment 77. A method for preparing a hairpin-ended DNA molecule, wherein the method comprises:

-   -   a. culturing a host cell comprising the double-stranded DNA         molecule of any one of embodiments 1 to 35 under conditions         resulting in amplification of the double-stranded DNA molecule;     -   b. releasing the double-stranded DNA molecule from the host         cell;     -   c. incubating the double-stranded DNA molecule with one or more         nicking endonuclease recognizing the four restriction sites         resulting in four nicks;     -   d. denaturing and thereby creating a DNA fragment that comprises         the expression cassette and is flanked by the two single strand         DNA overhangs;     -   e. annealing the single strand DNA overhangs intramolecularly         and thereby creating a hairpinned inverted repeat on both ends         of the DNA fragment resulting from step 76.d.

Embodiment 78. A method for preparing a hairpin-ended DNA, wherein the method comprises:

-   -   a. culturing a host cell comprising the double-stranded DNA         molecule of embodiment 20 under conditions resulting in         amplification of the double-stranded DNA molecule;     -   b. releasing the double-stranded DNA molecule from the host         cell;     -   c. incubating the double-stranded DNA molecule with one or more         nicking endonuclease recognizing the four restriction sites         resulting in four nicks;     -   d. denaturing and thereby creating a DNA fragment that comprises         the expression cassette and is flanked by the two single strand         DNA overhangs;     -   e. annealing the single strand DNA overhangs intramolecularly         and thereby creating a hairpinned inverted repeat on both ends         of the DNA fragment resulting from step 77.d;     -   f. incubating the double-stranded DNA molecule or the fragments         resulting from step 77.d with the restriction enzyme and thereby         cleaving the double-stranded DNA molecule or a fragment of the         double-stranded DNA molecule; and     -   g. incubating the fragments of the double-stranded DNA molecule         with an exonuclease thereby digesting the fragments of the         double-stranded DNA molecule except the fragment resulting from         step 77.e.

Embodiment 79. A method for preparing a hairpin-ended DNA, wherein the method comprises:

-   -   a. culturing a host cell comprising the double-stranded DNA         molecule of embodiment 24 under conditions resulting in         amplification of the double-stranded DNA molecule;     -   b. releasing the double-stranded DNA molecule from the host         cell;     -   c. incubating the double-stranded DNA molecule with one or more         nicking endonuclease recognizing the first, second, third, and         fourth restriction sites resulting in four nicks;     -   d. denaturing and thereby creating a DNA fragment that comprises         the expression cassette and is flanked by the two single strand         DNA overhangs;     -   e. annealing the single strand DNA overhangs intramolecularly         and thereby creating a hairpinned inverted repeat on both ends         of the DNA fragment resulting from step 78.d;     -   f. incubating the double-stranded DNA molecule or the fragments         resulting from step 78.d with one or more nicking endonuclease         recognizing the fifth and sixth restriction sites resulting in         the break in the double stranded DNA molecule; and     -   g. incubating the fragments of the double-stranded DNA molecule         with an exonuclease thereby digesting the fragments of the         double-stranded DNA molecule except the fragment resulting from         step 78.e.

Embodiment 80. The method of embodiment 76, 77, or 78, further comprising: h. repairing the nicks with a ligase to form a circular DNA

Embodiment 81. The method of any one of embodiments 76 to 79, wherein the steps are performed in the order in which they appear in the embodiment.

Embodiment 82. The method of any one of embodiments 76 to 80, wherein the hairpin-ended DNA consists of two hairpin ends.

Embodiment 83. The method of any one of embodiments 76 to 81, wherein the hairpin-ended DNA is a viral genome.

Embodiment 84. The method of embodiment 82, wherein the viral genome is parvovirus genome.

Embodiment 85. The method of embodiment 83, wherein the parvovirus is a Dependoparvovirus, a Bocaparvovirus, an Erythroparvovirus, a Protoparvovirus, or a Tetraparvovirus.

3.2 Illustrative Embodiments Set 2

Embodiment 1. A double-stranded DNA molecule comprising in 5′ to 3′ direction of the top strand:

-   -   a. a first inverted repeat, wherein a first and a second         restriction site for nicking endonuclease are arranged on         opposite strands in proximity of the first inverted repeat such         that nicking results in a top strand 5′ overhang comprising the         first inverted repeat upon separation of the top from the bottom         strand of the first inverted repeat;     -   b. an expression cassette; and     -   c. a second inverted repeat, wherein a third and a fourth         restriction site for nicking endonuclease are arranged on         opposite strands in proximity of the second inverted repeat such         that nicking results in a top strand 3′ overhang comprising the         second inverted repeat upon separation of the top from the         bottom strand of the second inverted repeat.

Embodiment 2. A double strand DNA molecule comprising in 5′ to 3′ direction of the top strand:

-   -   a. a first inverted repeat, wherein a first and a second         restriction site for nicking endonuclease are arranged on         opposite strands in proximity of the first inverted repeat such         that nicking results in a bottom strand 3′ overhang comprising         the first inverted repeat upon separation of the top from the         bottom strand of the first inverted repeat;     -   b. an expression cassette; and     -   c. a second inverted repeat, wherein a third and a fourth         restriction site for nicking endonuclease are arranged on         opposite strands in proximity of the second inverted repeat such         that nicking results in a bottom strand 5′ overhang comprising         the second inverted repeat upon separation of the top from the         bottom strand of the second inverted repeat.

Embodiment 3. A double-stranded DNA molecule comprising in 5′ to 3′ direction of the top strand:

-   -   a. a first inverted repeat, wherein a first and a second         restriction site for nicking endonuclease are arranged on         opposite strands in proximity of the first inverted repeat such         that nicking results in a top strand 5′ overhang comprising the         first inverted repeat upon separation of the top from the bottom         strand of the first inverted repeat;     -   b. an expression cassette; and     -   c. a second inverted repeat, wherein a third and a fourth         restriction site for nicking endonuclease are arranged on         opposite strands in proximity of the second inverted repeat such         that nicking results in a bottom strand 5′ overhang comprising         the second inverted repeat upon separation of the top from the         bottom strand of the second inverted repeat.

Embodiment 4. A double strand DNA molecule comprising in 5′ to 3′ direction of the top strand:

-   -   a. a first inverted repeat, wherein a first and a second         restriction site for nicking endonuclease are arranged on         opposite strands in proximity of the first inverted repeat such         that nicking results in a bottom strand 3′ overhang comprising         the first inverted repeat upon separation of the top from the         bottom strand of the first inverted repeat;     -   b. an expression cassette; and     -   c. a second inverted repeat, wherein a third and a fourth         restriction site for nicking endonuclease are arranged on         opposite strands in proximity of the second inverted repeat such         that nicking results in a top strand 3′ overhang comprising the         second inverted repeat upon separation of the top from the         bottom strand of the second inverted repeat.

Embodiment 5. The DNA molecule of any one of embodiments 1 to 4, wherein the DNA molecule is an isolated DNA molecule.

Embodiment 6. The DNA molecule of any one of embodiments 1 to 5, wherein the first, second, third, and fourth restriction sites for nicking endonuclease are all restriction sites for the same nicking endonuclease.

Embodiment 7. The DNA molecule of any one of embodiments 1 to 5, wherein the first and the second inverted repeats are the same.

Embodiment 8. The DNA molecule of any one of embodiments 1 to 5, wherein the first and/or the second inverted repeat is an ITR of a parvovirus.

Embodiment 9. The DNA molecule of any one of embodiments 1 to 5, wherein the first and/or the second inverted repeat is a modified ITR of a parvovirus.

Embodiment 10. The DNA molecule of embodiment 8 or 9, wherein the parvovirus is a Dependoparvovirus, a Bocaparvovirus, an Erythroparvovirus, a Protoparvovirus, or a Tetraparvovirus.

Embodiment 11. The DNA molecule of embodiment 9 wherein the nucleotide sequence of the modified ITR is at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or at least 99% identical to the ITR of the parvovirus.

Embodiment 12. The DNA molecule of embodiment 1 or 5, wherein the

-   -   a. the first nick is within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,         12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 nucleotides from the 5′         nucleotide of the ITR closing base pair of the first inverted         repeat;     -   b. the second nick is within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,         12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 nucleotides from the 3′         nucleotide of the ITR closing base pair of the first inverted         repeat;     -   c. the third nick is within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,         12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 nucleotides from the 5′         nucleotide of the ITR closing base pair of the second inverted         repeat; and/or     -   d. the fourth nick is within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,         12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 nucleotides from the 3′         nucleotide of the ITR closing base pair of the second inverted         repeat.

Embodiment 13. The DNA molecule of embodiment 2 or 5, wherein the

-   -   a. the first nick is within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,         12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 nucleotides from the 3′         nucleotide of the ITR closing base pair of the first inverted         repeat;     -   b. the second nick is within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,         12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 nucleotides from the 5′         nucleotide of the ITR closing base pair of the first inverted         repeat;     -   c. the third nick is within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,         12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 nucleotides from the 3′         nucleotide of the ITR closing base pair of the second inverted         repeat; and/or     -   d. the fourth nick is within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,         12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 nucleotides from the 5′         nucleotide of the ITR closing base pair of the second inverted         repeat.

Embodiment 14. The DNA molecule of embodiment 3 or 5, wherein the

-   -   a. the first nick is within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,         12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 nucleotides from the 5′         nucleotide of the ITR closing base pair of the first inverted         repeat;     -   b. the second nick is within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,         12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 nucleotides from the 3′         nucleotide of the ITR closing base pair of the first inverted         repeat;     -   c. the third nick is within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,         12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 nucleotides from the 3′         nucleotide of the ITR closing base pair of the second inverted         repeat; and/or     -   d. the fourth nick is within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,         12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 nucleotides from the 5′         nucleotide of the ITR closing base pair of the second inverted         repeat.

Embodiment 15. The DNA molecule of embodiment 4 or 5, wherein the

-   -   a. the first nick is within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,         12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 nucleotides from the 3′         nucleotide of the ITR closing base pair of the first inverted         repeat;     -   b. the second nick is within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,         12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 nucleotides from the 5′         nucleotide of the ITR closing base pair of the first inverted         repeat;     -   c. the third nick is within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,         12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 nucleotides from the 5′         nucleotide of the ITR closing base pair of the second inverted         repeat; and/or     -   d. the fourth nick is within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,         12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 nucleotides from the 3′         nucleotide of the ITR closing base pair of the second inverted         repeat.

Embodiment 16. The DNA molecule of any one of embodiments 12 to 15, wherein the nick is inside the inverted repeat.

Embodiment 17. The DNA molecule of any one of embodiments 12 to 15, wherein the nick is outside the inverted repeat.

Embodiment 18. The DNA molecule of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the DNA molecule is a plasmid.

Embodiment 19. The DNA molecule of embodiment 18, wherein the plasmid further comprises a bacterial origin of replication.

Embodiment 20. The DNA molecule of embodiment 18, wherein the plasmid further comprises a restriction enzyme site in the region 5′ to the first inverted repeat and 3′ to the second inverted repeat wherein the restriction enzyme site is not present in any of the first inverted repeat, second inverted repeat, and the region between the first and second inverted repeats.

Embodiment 21. The DNA molecule of embodiment 20, wherein the cleavage with the restriction enzyme results in single strand overhangs that do not anneal at detectable levels under conditions that favor annealing of the first and/or second inverted repeat.

Embodiment 22. The DNA molecule of embodiment 20, wherein the plasmid further comprises an open reading frame encoding the restriction enzyme.

Embodiment 23. The DNA molecule of embodiment 22, wherein expression of the restriction enzyme is under the control of an inducible promoter.

Embodiment 24. The DNA molecule of embodiment 18, wherein the plasmid further comprises a fifth and a sixth restriction site for nicking endonuclease in the region 5′ to the first inverted repeat and 3′ to the second inverted repeat, wherein the fifth and sixth restriction sites for nicking endonuclease are:

-   -   a. on opposite strands; and     -   b. create a break in the double stranded DNA molecule such that         the single strand overhangs of the break do not anneal at         detectable levels inter- or intramolecularly under conditions         that favor annealing of the first and/or second inverted repeat.

Embodiment 25. The DNA molecule of embodiment 24, wherein the fifth and the sixth nick are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 nucleotides apart.

Embodiment 26. The DNA molecule of embodiment 24, wherein the first, second, third, fourth, fifth, and sixth restriction sites for nicking endonuclease are all target sequences for the same nicking endonuclease.

Embodiment 27. The DNA molecule of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein one or more of the nicking endonuclease site is a target sequence of an endogenous nicking endonuclease.

Embodiment 28. The DNA molecule of any one of embodiments 24 to 27, wherein the plasmid further comprises an open reading frame encoding a nicking endonuclease that recognizes the first, second, third, fourth, fifth, and/or sixth restriction site for nicking endonuclease.

Embodiment 29. The DNA molecule of embodiment 28, wherein expression of the nicking endonuclease is under the control of an inducible promoter.

Embodiment 30. The DNA molecule of any one of embodiment 1 to 29 wherein the nicking endonuclease that recognizes the first, second, third, and/or fourth restriction site for nicking endonuclease is Nt. BsmAI; Nt. BtsCI; N. ALwl; N. BstNBI; N. BspD6I; Nb. Mva1269I; Nb. BsrDI; Nt. BtsI; Nt. BsaI; Nt. Bpu10I; Nt. BsmBI; Nb. BbvCI; Nt. BbvCI; or Nt. BspQI.

Embodiment 31. The DNA molecule of embodiment 24 wherein the nicking endonuclease that recognizes the fifth and sixth restriction site for nicking endonuclease Nt. BsmAI; Nt. BtsCI; N. ALwl; N. BstNBI; N. BspD6I; Nb. Mva1269I; Nb. BsrDI; Nt. BtsI; Nt. BsaI; Nt. Bpu10I; Nt. BsmBI; Nb. BbvCI; Nt. BbvCI; or Nt. BspQI.

Embodiment 32. The DNA molecule of any one of embodiment 1 to 26, wherein the expression cassette comprises a promoter operatively linked to a transcription unit.

Embodiment 33. The DNA molecule of embodiment 32, wherein the transcription unit comprises an open reading frame.

Embodiment 34. The DNA molecule of embodiment 32 or 33, wherein the expression cassette further comprises a posttranscriptional regulatory element.

Embodiment 35. The DNA molecule of embodiment 32 or 33, wherein the expression cassette further comprises a polyadenylation and termination signal.

Embodiment 36. The DNA molecule of any one of embodiments 32 to 35, wherein the size of the expression cassette is at least 4 kb, at least 4.5 kb, at least 5 kb, at least 5.5 kb, at least 6 kb, at least 6.5 kb, at least 7 kb, at least 7.5 kb, at least 8 kb, at least 8.5 kb, at least 9 kb, at least 9.5 kb, or at least 10 kb.

Embodiment 37. A double strand DNA molecule comprising in 5′ to 3′ direction of the top strand:

-   -   a. a first hairpinned inverted repeat;     -   b. a nick of the bottom strand;     -   c. an expression cassette;     -   d. a nick of the bottom strand; and     -   e. a second hairpinned inverted repeat.

Embodiment 38. A double strand DNA molecule comprising in 5′ to 3′ direction of the top strand:

-   -   a. a first hairpinned inverted repeat;     -   b. a nick of the top strand;     -   c. an expression cassette;     -   d. a nick of the top strand; and     -   e. a second hairpinned inverted repeat.

Embodiment 39. A double strand DNA molecule comprising in 5′ to 3′ direction of the top strand:

-   -   a. a first hairpinned inverted repeat;     -   b. a nick of the bottom strand;     -   c. an expression cassette;     -   d. a nick of the top strand; and     -   e. a second hairpinned inverted repeat.

Embodiment 40. A double strand DNA molecule comprising in 5′ to 3′ direction of the top strand:

-   -   a. a first hairpinned inverted repeat;     -   b. a nick of the top strand;     -   c. an expression cassette;     -   d. a nick of the bottom strand; and     -   e. a second hairpinned inverted repeat.

Embodiment 41. The double strand DNA molecule of any one of embodiments 37 to 40, wherein the double strand DNA molecule is an isolated DNA molecule.

Embodiment 42. The double strand DNA molecule of any one of embodiments 37 to 41, wherein the first and/or the second inverted repeat is the ITR of a parvovirus.

Embodiment 43. The double strand DNA molecule of any one of embodiments 37 to 41, wherein the first and the second inverted repeats are the same.

Embodiment 44. The DNA molecule of any one of embodiments 37 to 41, wherein the first and/or the second inverted repeat is a modified ITR of a parvovirus.

Embodiment 45. The DNA molecule of embodiment 42 or 44, wherein the parvovirus is a Dependoparvovirus, a Bocaparvovirus, an Erythroparvovirus, a Protoparvovirus, or a Tetraparvovirus.

Embodiment 46. The DNA molecule of 45, wherein the nucleotide sequence of the modified ITR is at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or at least 99% identical to the ITR of the parvovirus.

Embodiment 47. The DNA molecule of any one of embodiment 37 to 46, wherein the expression cassette comprises a promoter operatively linked to a transcription unit.

Embodiment 48. The DNA molecule of embodiment 47, wherein the transcription unit comprises an open reading frame.

Embodiment 49. The DNA molecule of embodiment 47 or 48, wherein the expression cassette further comprises a posttranscriptional regulatory element.

Embodiment 50. The DNA molecule of embodiment 47 or 48, wherein the expression cassette further comprises a polyadenylation and termination signal.

Embodiment 51. The DNA molecule of any one of embodiments 37 to 50, wherein the size of the expression cassette is at least 4 kb, at least 4.5 kb, at least 5 kb, at least 5.5 kb, at least 6 kb, at least 6.5 kb, at least 7 kb, at least 7.5 kb, at least 8 kb, at least 8.5 kb, at least 9 kb, at least 9.5 kb, or at least 10 kb.

Embodiment 52. The DNA molecule of any one of embodiments 37 to 51, wherein the DNA molecule is protected from an exonuclease.

Embodiment 53. The DNA molecule of embodiment 52, wherein the exonuclease is RecBCD exonuclease.

Embodiment 54. The DNA molecule of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the DNA molecule lacks replication (Rep) protein binding sites.

Embodiment 55. A delivery vehicle comprising the DNA molecule of any one of embodiments 37 to 51.

Embodiment 56. The delivery vehicle of embodiment 55, wherein the delivery vehicle comprises a hydridosome, a liposome, or a lipid nanoparticle.

Embodiment 57. A method for preparing a hairpin-ended DNA molecule, wherein the method comprises:

-   -   a. culturing a host cell comprising the DNA molecule of any one         of embodiments 1 to 35 under conditions resulting in         amplification of the DNA molecule;     -   b. releasing the DNA molecule from the host cell;     -   c. incubating the DNA molecule with one or more nicking         endonuclease recognizing the four restriction sites resulting in         four nicks;     -   d. denaturing and thereby creating a DNA fragment that comprises         the expression cassette and is flanked by the two single strand         DNA overhangs;     -   e. annealing the single strand DNA overhangs intramolecularly         and thereby creating a hairpinned inverted repeat on both ends         of the DNA fragment resulting from step d.

Embodiment 58. A method for preparing a hairpin-ended DNA, wherein the method comprises:

-   -   a. culturing a host cell comprising the plasmid of embodiment 20         under conditions resulting in amplification of the plasmid;     -   b. releasing the plasmid from the host cell;     -   c. incubating the DNA molecule with one or more nicking         endonuclease recognizing the four restriction sites resulting in         four nicks;     -   d. denaturing and thereby creating a DNA fragment that comprises         the expression cassette and is flanked by the two single strand         DNA overhangs;     -   e. annealing the single strand DNA overhangs intramolecularly         and thereby creating a hairpinned inverted repeat on both ends         of the DNA fragment resulting from step d;     -   f. incubating the plasmid or the fragments resulting from step d         with the restriction enzyme and thereby cleaving the plasmid or         a fragment of the plasmid; and     -   g. incubating the fragments of the plasmid with an exonuclease         thereby digesting the fragments of the plasmid except the         fragment resulting from step e.

Embodiment 59. A method for preparing a hairpin-ended DNA, wherein the method comprises:

-   -   a. culturing a host cell comprising the plasmid of embodiment 24         under conditions resulting in amplification of the plasmid;     -   b. releasing the plasmid from the host cell;     -   c. incubating the DNA molecule with one or more nicking         endonuclease recognizing the first, second, third, and fourth         restriction sites resulting in four nicks;     -   d. denaturing and thereby creating a DNA fragment that comprises         the expression cassette and is flanked by the two single strand         DNA overhangs;     -   e. annealing the single strand DNA overhangs intramolecularly         and thereby creating a hairpinned inverted repeat on both ends         of the DNA fragment resulting from step d;     -   f. incubating the plasmid or the fragments resulting from step d         with one or more nicking endonuclease recognizing the fifth and         sixth restriction sites resulting in the break in the double         stranded DNA molecule; and     -   g. incubating the fragments of the plasmid with an exonuclease         thereby digesting the fragments of the plasmid except the         fragment resulting from step e.

Embodiment 60. The method of embodiment 57, 58, or 59, further comprising: h. repairing the nicks with a ligase to form a circular DNA

Embodiment 61. The method of any one of embodiments 57 to 60, wherein the steps are performed in the order in which they appear in the embodiment.

Embodiment 62. The method of any one of embodiments 57 to 61, wherein the hairpin-ended DNA consists of two hairpin ends.

Embodiment 63. The method of any one of embodiments 57 to 62, wherein the hairpin-ended DNA is a viral genome.

Embodiment 64. The method of embodiment 63, wherein the viral genome is parvovirus genome.

Embodiment 65. The method of embodiment 64, wherein the parvovirus is a Dependoparvovirus, a Bocaparvovirus, an Erythroparvovirus, a Protoparvovirus, or a Tetraparvovirus.

4. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 depicts the structures of various exemplary hairpins and the structural elements of the hairpins.

FIGS. 2A and 2B depict a linear interaction plot showing exemplary strand conformations and intramolecular forces within the overhang as well as intermolecular forces between the strands and FIG. 2C depicts the expected annealed structure of FIG. 2A and FIG. 2B.

FIG. 3 depicts various exemplary arrangements of hairpins and the location of various restriction sites as well as restriction sites for type II nicking endonucleases in the primary stem of a hairpin

FIG. 4 depicts the structures of various exemplary hairpins and the structural elements of human mitochondrial DNA OriL and OriL derived ITRs.

FIG. 5 depicts the structures of hairpins of an exemplary aptamer and aptamer ITR.

FIG. 6 depicts construct 1 and visualization of DNA products from construct 1 after performing method steps as described in Example 1.

FIG. 7 depicts construct 2 and visualization of DNA products from construct 1 after performing method steps as described in Example 1.

FIGS. 8A-8C depict multiple re-/de-nature cycles as described in Example 2.

FIGS. 9A-9B depict isothermal denaturing of construct 1 as described in Example 3.

FIG. 10 depicts expression level of luciferase from various DNA vector amounts. Cells were transfected with different concentrations of DNA vector with either Hybridosomes or lipid nanoparticles. Luciferase activity was determined 48 h after transfection.

FIGS. 11A-11D depict luciferase expression in dividing and non-dividing cells as described in Section 6.5 (Example 5 Expression in dividing and non-dividing cells). FIGS. 11A and 11B depict expression of non-secreted Turboluc (construct 1) in dividing (11A) and non-dividing (11B) cells. For non-secreted Turboluc (construct 1), luciferase activity peaks in dividing cells on day 2, while in non-dividing cells the expression continues to increase. FIGS. 11C and 11D depict expression of secreted Turboluc (construct 2) in non-dividing (11C) and dividing cells (11D). For secreted Turboluc (construct 2), luciferase activity peaks in dividing cells on day 2, while in non-dividing cells the expression increases and then remains stable over 9 days. As a direct comparison, equimolar amounts of full circular plasmids encoding construct 2 were also transfected and as seen in FIGS. 11C and 11D, generally a lower luciferase activity was recorded, indicating improved nuclear delivery of the purified construct 2 with folded ITRs.

FIG. 12 depicts a vector construction strategy for the de novo synthesis of hairpin encoding plasmids.

FIG. 13 depicts a sequence alignment of ITRs derived from AAV1 highlighting sequence modifications to generate recognition sites for different nicking endonucleases recognition sites.

FIG. 14 depicts a sequence alignment of ITRs derived from AAV2 highlighting sequence modifications to generate recognition sites for different nicking endonucleases recognition sites.

FIG. 15 depicts a sequence alignment of ITRs derived from AAV3 highlighting sequence modifications to generate recognition sites for different nicking endonucleases recognition sites.

FIG. 16 depicts a sequence alignment of ITRs derived from AAV4 Left highlighting sequence modifications to generate recognition sites for different nicking endonucleases recognition sites.

FIG. 17 depicts a sequence alignment of ITRs derived from AAV4 Right highlighting sequence modifications to generate recognition sites for different nicking endonucleases recognition sites.

FIG. 18 depicts a sequence alignment of ITRs derived from AAV5 highlighting sequence modifications to generate recognition sites for different nicking endonucleases recognition sites.

FIG. 19 depicts a sequence alignment of ITRs derived from AAV7 Left highlighting sequence modifications to generate recognition sites for different nicking endonucleases recognition sites.

FIGS. 20A and 20B depict an agarose gel showing the successful ligation of the DNA construct and the corresponding luciferase expression in non-dividing hepatocytes transfected with hybridosomes encapsulating the ligated construct and non-ligated construct as well as parental plasmid, respectively.

FIG. 21 depicts expression over time of luciferase by non-dividing cells transfected with equimolar amounts of hairpin-ended DNA molecules encoding a secreted luciferase encapsulated in LNPs or Hybridosomes.

FIG. 22 depicts the percentage of RFP positive color switch HEK293 cells following 72 h of transfection of hairpin ended DNA encoding Cre recombinase delivered by lipid nanoparticles, hybridosomes and jetprime as described in Example 9.

FIGS. 23A and 23B depict an agarose gel showing the successful formation of hairpin ended DNA from plasmids comprising right and left ITRs with a wild type AAV RBE compared to mutants in which the RBE was substituted to the corresponding sequences shown in the figure. The luciferase expression in non-dividing hepatocytes transfected with corresponding ITR sequences is shown in FIG. 23B.

FIGS. 24A and 24B: illustrates a further exemplary cloning method (FIG. 24A) and the resulting map of a plasmid (FIG. 24B) from which hairpinned inverted repeat DNA molecules as disclosed herein can be prepared by performing method steps as described in Example 11. In this example, six restriction sites for nicking endonuclease are placed in the region 5′ to the left ITR and 3′ to the right ITR.

FIGS. 25A and 25B depicts and visualizes the products from nicking, denaturing/annealing and exonuclease digestions starting from the plasmid depicted in FIG. 24B on an agarose gel as well as the luminescence readout of said product transfected.

FIGS. 26A and 26B depict and visualizes the products from nicking, denaturing/annealing and exonuclease digestions of a construct with OriL derived ITRs as described in example 13 on an agarose gel as well as the luminescence readout of the secreted turboluc in the supernatant of Hek293 cells.

5. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Provided herein are methods of making hairpin-ended DNA molecules. Also provided herein are methods of using hairpin-ended DNA molecules, including for example, using hairpin-ended DNA molecules for gene therapies. The various methods of making the hairpin-ended DNA molecules are further described in Section 5.2 below. The various methods of using hairpin-ended DNA molecules are described in Section 5.7 below. The hairpin-ended DNA made by these methods are provided in Section 5.4 below and include hairpinned inverted repeats at the two ends and an expression cassette, each of which are further described below. In some embodiments, the hairpin-ended DNA also include one or two nicks, as further provided below in Section 5.4 below. Hairpin, hairpinned inverted repeats, and the hairpinned ends are described in Section 5.4 below; the inverted repeats that form the hairpinned ends are described in Section 5.3.1 below; the nicks, nicking endonuclease, and restriction sites for nicking endonuclease are described in Sections 5.3.2 and 5.4 below; the expression cassette are described in Sections 5.3.3 and 5.4 below; and the functional properties of the hairpin-ended DNA molecules are described in Section 5.5 below. As such, the disclosure provides hairpin-ended DNA molecules, methods of making thereof, methods of using therefor, with any combination or permutation of the components provided herein.

Also provided herein are parent DNA molecules used in the methods to make the hairpin-ended DNA molecules, which parent DNA molecules include two inverted repeats, two or more restriction sites for nicking endonuclease, and an expression cassette, each of which are further described below. The restriction sites for nicking endonuclease are arranged such that, upon nicking by the nicking endonuclease and denaturing, single strand overhangs with inverted repeat sequences form, which then fold to form hairpins upon annealing, each step as described in Section 5.2. The inverted repeats are described in Section 5.3.1 below; the nicks, nicking endonuclease, and restriction sites for nicking endonuclease are described in Section 5.3.2 below; the expression cassette are described in Section 5.3.3 below. As such, the disclosure provides parent DNA molecules used in the methods of making, with any combination or permutation of the components provided herein.

5.1 Definitions

As used herein, the term “isolated” when used in reference to a DNA molecule is intended to mean that the referenced DNA molecule is free of at least one component as it is found in its natural, native, or synthetic environment. The term includes a DNA molecule that is removed from some or all other components as it is found in its natural, native, or synthetic environment. Components of a DNA molecule's natural, native, or synthetic environment include anything in natural native, or synthetic environment that are required for, are used in, or otherwise play a role in the replication and maintenance of the DNA molecule in that environment. Components of a DNA molecule's natural, native, or synthetic environment also include, for example, cells, cell debris, cell organelles, proteins, peptides, amino acids, lipids, polysaccharides, nucleic acids other than the referenced DNA molecule, salts, nutrients for cell culture, and/or chemicals used for DNA synthesis. A DNA molecule of the disclosure can be partly, completely, or substantially free from all of these components or any other components of its natural, native, or synthetic environment from which it is isolated, synthetically produced, naturally produced, or recombinantly produced. Specific examples of isolated DNA molecules include partially pure DNA molecules and substantially pure DNA molecules.

As used herein, the term “delivery vehicle” refers to substance that can be used to administer or deliver one or more agents to a cell, a tissue, or a subject, particular a human subject, with or without the agent(s) to be delivered. A delivery vehicle may preferentially deliver agent(s) to a particular subset or a particular type of cells. The selective or preferential delivery achieved by the delivery vehicle can be achieved the properties of the vehicle or by a moiety conjugated to, associated with, or contained in the delivery vehicle, which moiety specifically or preferentially binds to a particular subset of cells. A delivery vehicle can also increase the in vivo half-life of the agent to be delivered, the efficiency of the delivery of the agent comparing to the delivery without using the delivery vehicle, and/or the bioavailability of the agent to be delivered. Non-limiting examples of a delivery vehicle are hybridosomes, liposomes, lipid nanoparticles, polymersomes, mixtures of natural/synthetic lipids, membrane or lipid extracts, exosomes, viral particles, protein or protein complexes, peptides, and/or polysaccharides.

The term “and/or” as used in a phrase such as “A and/or B” herein is intended to include both A and B; A or B; A (alone); and B (alone). Likewise, the term “and/or” as used in a phrase such as “A, B, and/or C” is intended to encompass each of the following embodiments: A, B, and C; A, B, or C; A or C; A or B; B or C; A and C; A and B; B and C; A (alone); B (alone); and C (alone).

5.2 Methods of Making the Hairpin-ended DNA Molecules

In one aspect, provided herein is a method for preparing a hairpin-ended DNA molecule, wherein the method comprises: a. culturing a host cell comprising the DNA molecule as described in Section 5.3 under conditions resulting in amplification of the DNA molecule; b. releasing the DNA molecule from the host cell; c. incubating the DNA molecule with one or more nicking endonuclease recognizing the four restriction sites resulting in four nicks; d. denaturing and thereby creating a DNA fragment that comprises the expression cassette and is flanked by the two single strand DNA overhangs; e. annealing the single strand DNA overhangs intramolecularly and thereby creating a hairpinned inverted repeat on both ends of the DNA fragment resulting from step d.

In another aspect, provided herein is a method for preparing a hairpin-ended DNA, wherein the method comprises: a. culturing a host cell comprising the plasmid of Section 5.3.5 under conditions resulting in amplification of the plasmid; b. releasing the plasmid from the host cell; c. incubating the DNA molecule with one or more nicking endonuclease recognizing the four restriction sites resulting in four nicks; d. denaturing and thereby creating a DNA fragment that comprises the expression cassette and is flanked by the two single strand DNA overhangs; e. annealing the single strand DNA overhangs intramolecularly and thereby creating a hairpinned inverted repeat on both ends of the DNA fragment resulting from step d; f. incubating the plasmid or the fragments resulting from step d with the restriction enzyme and thereby cleaving the plasmid or a fragment of the plasmid; and g. incubating the fragments of the plasmid with an exonuclease thereby digesting the fragments of the plasmid except the fragment resulting from step e.

In a further aspect, provided herein is a method for preparing a hairpin-ended DNA, wherein the method comprises: a. culturing a host cell comprising the DNA molecule as described in Embodiment 24 of Section 3.1 under conditions resulting in amplification of the plasmid; b. releasing the plasmid from the host cell; c. incubating the DNA molecule with one or more nicking endonuclease recognizing the first, second, third, and fourth restriction sites resulting in four nicks; d. denaturing and thereby creating a DNA fragment that comprises the expression cassette and is flanked by the two single strand DNA overhangs; e. annealing the single strand DNA overhangs intramolecularly and thereby creating a hairpinned inverted repeat on both ends of the DNA fragment resulting from step d; f. incubating the plasmid or the fragments resulting from step d with one or more nicking endonuclease recognizing the fifth and sixth restriction sites resulting in the break in the double stranded DNA molecule; and g. incubating the fragments of the plasmid with an exonuclease thereby digesting the fragments of the plasmid except the fragment resulting from step e.

In one aspect, provided herein is a method for preparing a hairpin-ended DNA molecule, wherein the method comprises: a. culturing a host cell comprising the DNA molecule as described in Section 5.3 under conditions resulting in amplification of the DNA molecule; b. releasing the DNA molecule from the host cell; c. incubating the DNA molecule with one or more programmable nicking enzyme recognizing the four target sites for the guide nucleic acid resulting in four nicks; d. denaturing and thereby creating a DNA fragment that comprises the expression cassette and is flanked by the two single strand DNA overhangs; e. annealing the single strand DNA overhangs intramolecularly and thereby creating a hairpinned inverted repeat on both ends of the DNA fragment resulting from step d.

In another aspect, provided herein is a method for preparing a hairpin-ended DNA, wherein the method comprises: a. culturing a host cell comprising the plasmid of 5.3.5 under conditions resulting in amplification of the plasmid; b. releasing the plasmid from the host cell; c. incubating the DNA molecule with one or more programmable nicking enzyme recognizing the four target sites for the guide nucleic acid resulting in four nicks; d. denaturing and thereby creating a DNA fragment that comprises the expression cassette and is flanked by the two single strand DNA overhangs; e. annealing the single strand DNA overhangs intramolecularly and thereby creating a hairpinned inverted repeat on both ends of the DNA fragment resulting from step d; f. incubating the plasmid or the fragments resulting from step d with the restriction enzyme and thereby cleaving the plasmid or a fragment of the plasmid; and g. incubating the fragments of the plasmid with an exonuclease thereby digesting the fragments of the plasmid except the fragment resulting from step e.

In a further aspect, provided herein is a method for preparing a hairpin-ended DNA, wherein the method comprises: a. culturing a host cell comprising the DNA molecule as described in Embodiment 24 of Section 3.1 under conditions resulting in amplification of the plasmid; b. releasing the plasmid from the host cell; c. incubating the DNA molecule with one or more programmable nicking enzyme recognizing the first, second, third, and fourth target sites for the guide nucleic acids resulting in four nicks; d. denaturing and thereby creating a DNA fragment that comprises the expression cassette and is flanked by the two single strand DNA overhangs; e. annealing the single strand DNA overhangs intramolecularly and thereby creating a hairpinned inverted repeat on both ends of the DNA fragment resulting from step d; f. incubating the plasmid or the fragments resulting from step d with programmable nicking enzyme recognizing the fifth and sixth target sites for the guide nucleic acids resulting in the break in the double stranded DNA molecule; and g. incubating the fragments of the plasmid with an exonuclease thereby digesting the fragments of the plasmid except the fragment resulting from step e. In another embodiment, step f of the paragraph can be replaced with step f: incubating the plasmid or the fragments resulting from step d with one or more nicking endonuclease recognizing the two restriction sites resulting in the break in the double stranded DNA molecule.

In certain embodiments, the DNA molecule that comprise an expression cassette flanked by inverted repeats (as described in Section 5.3) can be provided by culturing host cells comprising the DNA molecules or the plasmids and releasing the DNA molecules or plasmid from the host cell as provided in the steps a and b in the preceding paragraphs. Alternatively, such DNA molecules can be synthesized in a cell-free system or in a combination of cell-free and host cell-based systems. For example, chemical synthesis of DNA fragments and plasmids of various size and sequences is known and widely used in the art; fragments can be chemically synthesized and then ligated by any means known in the art, or recombined in a host cell. In other embodiments, the DNA molecules or plasmids can be provided by in vitro replication. Various methods can be used for in vitro replication, including amplification by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). PCR methods for replicating DNA fragments or plasmids of various sizes are well known and widely used in the art, for example, as described in Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 4th Edition, by Michael Green and Joseph Sambrook, ISBN 978-1-936113-42-2 (2012), which is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference. In some embodiments, the method of in vitro replication can be isothermal DNA amplification. In some embodiments, step a and b can be replaced by a step of providing DNA molecules by chemical synthesis or PCR. In other embodiments, step a, b, c, and d can be replaced by providing DNA molecules by chemical synthesis.

In one aspect, methods provided herein can be used to prepare hairpin ended DNA molecules comprising an expression cassette, whereby the methods comprise: a. providing a double stranded DNA molecule as described in Section 5.3; b. incubating the DNA molecule with at least one nicking enzyme in conditions resulting in nicking of the double stranded DNA molecule, thereby creating at least two stoichiometric DNA fragments; c. denaturing the DNA fragments; d. annealing the DNA fragments, whereby at least one DNA fragment comprises the expression cassette and single strand DNA overhangs that can be annealed intramolecularly and thereby creating a hairpinned inverted repeat on both ends of said DNA; e. incubating the DNA fragments with at least one exonuclease thereby digesting the stoichiometric DNA fragments of step b, except the hairpin ended fragment comprising the expression cassette resulting from step d. In specific embodiments, step b. of the method in the paragraph creates at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6 or more stoichiometric fragments. In further embodiments, step b. of the method in the paragraph creates at least two stoichiometric DNA fragments, whereby the DNA fragment comprising the expression cassette is stoichiometrically equivalent to the DNA molecules provided in step a. In some embodiments, the digestion resistant hairpin ended fragment comprising the expression cassette resulting from step e in the paragraph can be approximately stoichiometrically equivalent compared to the DNA molecules provided in step a.

In some embodiments, methods provided herein can be used to prepare hairpin ended DNA molecules comprising an expression cassette, whereby the methods comprise: a. providing a double stranded DNA molecule as described in Section 5.3; b. incubating the DNA molecule with at least one nicking enzyme in conditions resulting in nicking of the double stranded DNA molecule, thereby creating at least two stoichiometric DNA fragments; c. denaturing the DNA fragments into single stranded DNA; d. annealing the sense and antisense strand of a DNA fragment comprising the expression cassette, whereby the sense and/or antisense strand comprises single strand DNA overhangs that can be annealed intramolecularly and thereby creating a hairpinned inverted repeat on both ends of the DNA fragment comprising the expression cassette; e. incubating the DNA fragments with at least one exonuclease thereby digesting the stoichiometric DNA fragments of step b, except the hairpin ended fragment comprising the expression cassette resulting from step d.

In some embodiments, methods provided herein can be used to prepare hairpin ended DNA molecules comprising an expression cassette, whereby the methods comprise: a. providing a double stranded DNA molecule as described in Section 5.3; b. incubating the DNA molecule with at least one nicking enzyme in conditions resulting in nicking of the double stranded DNA molecule; c. denaturing the double stranded DNA into thereby creating at least two stoichiometric DNA fragments; d. annealing the DNA fragments, whereby at least one DNA fragment comprises the expression cassette and single strand DNA overhangs that can be annealed intramolecularly and thereby creating a hairpinned inverted repeat on both ends of said DNA fragment.

In a further aspect, the methods provided herein can be used to prepare hairpin ended DNA molecules, wherein the method comprises at least one pot (e.g., a container, vessel, well, tube, plate, or other receptacle) comprising the double stranded DNA molecule as described in Section 5.3 in an aqueous buffer to which sequentially (i) a nicking enzyme, (ii) a denaturing agent (e.g. a base), (iii) an annealing agent (e.g. an acid) and (iv) an exonuclease is added. The ability to perform the method provided herein as a one-pot reaction, may provide at least a further advantage, in that the method to produce hairpin ended DNA molecules can be completed without the need to purify any intermediates, contaminants (e.g. enzymes) or DNA digestion byproducts (i.e. nucleotides, oligos or single stranded DNA fragments) between the method steps (i) to (iv), thereby offering an favorable method in terms of costs and production failure risks (e.g. by minimizing purification losses, requiring less starting material, tighter control of process variables, etc.).

In further embodiments, methods provided herein can be used to produce hairpin ended DNA molecules, wherein the method comprises a. providing one pot (e.g., a container, vessel, well, tube, plate, or other receptacle) comprising a double stranded DNA molecule as described in Section 5.3 and at least one nicking enzyme in conditions resulting in nicking of the double stranded DNA molecule, b. denaturing and annealing the DNA (e.g. by changing the temperature, pH or buffer composition) and c. adding an exonuclease without needing to purify any intermediates (e.g. between step a and c.). In a specific embodiment, the pot in the method of the paragraph; in step a. comprises at least one species of double stranded DNA molecule (e.g. a plasmid or derivative thereof), at least one species of nicking enzyme and an aqueous buffer and in step c. an aqueous buffer comprising at least one species of hairpin ended DNA, at least one species of nicking enzyme, at least one species of exonuclease and DNA digestion products (e.g. dNMPs, dinucleotides and/or short oligos).

In a further embodiment, the methods provided herein can be used to produce hairpin ended DNA molecules, whereby the methods comprises: a. providing a double stranded DNA molecule as described in Section 5.3 and at least one nicking enzyme in at least one pot (e.g., a container, vessel, well, tube, plate, or other receptacle) under conditions resulting in nicking of the double stranded DNA molecule, b. denaturing the DNA molecule and thereby creating a DNA fragment that comprises the expression cassette and is flanked by the two single strand DNA overhangs; c. annealing the single strand DNA overhangs intramolecularly and thereby creating a hairpinned inverted repeat on both ends of the DNA fragment resulting from step b.; d. adding to the pot an exonuclease thereby digesting the DNA fragments of the DNA molecules in step b, except the fragment resulting from step c.

In some embodiments, methods provided herein can be used to prepare hairpin ended DNA molecules comprising an expression cassette, whereby the methods comprises: a. providing a double stranded DNA molecule as described in Section 5.3 and at least one nicking enzyme in at least one pot (e.g., a container, vessel, well, tube, plate, or other receptacle) under conditions resulting in nicking of the double stranded DNA molecule, thereby creating at least two stoichiometric DNA fragments, b. denaturing the DNA fragments; c. annealing the DNA fragments, whereby at least one DNA fragment comprises single strand DNA overhangs that can be annealed intramolecularly and thereby creating a hairpinned inverted repeat on both ends of the DNA fragment comprising the expression cassette; d. adding to the pot at least one exonuclease thereby digesting the DNA fragments of step a, except the hairpin ended DNA fragment comprising the expression cassette resulting from step c. In further embodiments, in step a. of the method in the paragraph creates at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6 or more stoichiometric fragments.

In some embodiments, methods provided herein can be used to prepare hairpin ended DNA molecules comprising an expression cassette, whereby the methods comprises: a. providing a double stranded DNA molecule as described in Section 5.3 in at least one pot (e.g., a container, vessel, well, tube, plate, or other receptacle), b. adding at least one nicking enzyme to the pot in conditions resulting in nicking of the double stranded DNA molecule, thereby creating at least two stoichiometric DNA fragments, c. denaturing the DNA fragments; d. annealing the DNA fragments, whereby at least one DNA fragment comprises single strand DNA overhangs that can be annealed intramolecularly and thereby creating a hairpinned inverted repeat on both ends of the DNA fragment comprising the expression cassette; e. adding at least one exonuclease to the pot thereby digesting the stoichiometric DNA fragments of step b, except the hairpin ended fragment comprising the expression cassette resulting from step d. In specific embodiments, the pot of the method in the paragraph comprises, at step a. one species of DNA molecule and at step b. at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6 or more stoichiometric fragments compared to the DNA molecule in step a, whereby the fragment comprising the expression cassette is stoichiometrically equivalent to the DNA molecules provided in step a. In specific embodiments, the pot at step b. of the method in the paragraph comprises, at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6 or more stoichiometric fragments compared to the DNA molecule in step a, whereby the fragment comprising the expression cassette is stoichiometrically equivalent to the DNA molecules provided in step a. In a non-limiting example, the pot at step b. of the method in the paragraph comprises three stoichiometric DNA fragments; (i) two fragments devoid of the expression cassette and one fragment comprising the expression cassette, whereby the fragment comprising the expression cassette is stoichiometrically equivalent to the DNA molecule provided in step a. In further specific embodiments, the pot at step e. of the method in the paragraph comprises an amount of digestion resistant hairpin ended DNA molecule that is stoichiometrically equivalent compared to the DNA molecules provided in step a. In specific embodiments, the pot at step e. of the method in the paragraph comprises at most an amount of digestion resistant hairpin ended DNA molecule that is stoichiometrically approximately equivalent compared to the DNA molecules provided in step a. In some embodiments, the pot at step e. of the method in the paragraph comprises at most an amount of digestion resistant hairpin ended DNA molecule that is stoichiometrically approximately equivalent compared to the DNA molecules provided in step a, whereby the total mass of DNA molecules is reduced approximately by the ratio of nucleotides present in hairpin ended DNA molecule comprising the expression cassette divided by the nucleotides present in the DNA molecule provided in step a. In specific embodiments, the pot at step e. of the method in the paragraph comprises an amount of digestion resistant hairpin ended DNA molecule that is stoichiometrically approximately equivalent compared to the expression cassettes of the DNA molecules provided in step a.

In some embodiments, the methods provided herein can be used to prepare hairpin ended DNA molecules comprising an expression cassette, whereby the methods comprises: a. culturing a host cell comprising the DNA molecule as described in Section 5.3 under conditions resulting in amplification of the DNA molecule; b. releasing the DNA molecule from the host cell; c. adding the DNA molecule to least one pot (e.g., a container, vessel, well, tube, plate, or other receptacle); d. adding at least one nicking enzyme to the pot in conditions resulting in nicking of the double stranded DNA molecule, thereby creating at least two stoichiometric DNA fragment; e. denaturing the DNA fragments; f. annealing the DNA fragments, whereby at least one DNA fragment comprises the expression cassette and single strand DNA overhangs that can be annealed intramolecularly and thereby creating a hairpinned inverted repeat on both ends of the DNA fragment; g. adding at least one exonuclease to the pot thereby digesting the stoichiometric DNA fragments of step f, except the hairpin ended fragment comprising the expression cassette resulting from step f. In specific embodiments, the pot at step g. of the method in the paragraph comprises an amount of digestion resistant hairpin ended DNA molecule that is stoichiometrically approximately equivalent compared to the DNA molecules provided in step c.

In some embodiments, the methods provided herein can be used to prepare hairpin ended DNA molecules comprising an expression cassette, whereby the methods comprises: a. culturing a host cell comprising the plasmid as described in Section 5.3 under conditions resulting in amplification of the plasmid; b. releasing the plasmid from the host cell; c. adding the plasmid to least one pot (e.g., a container, vessel, well, tube, plate, or other receptacle); d. adding at least one nicking enzyme to the pot in conditions resulting in nicking of the plasmid, thereby creating at least two stoichiometric DNA fragment; e. denaturing the DNA fragments; f annealing the DNA fragments, whereby at least one DNA fragment comprises the expression cassette and single strand DNA overhangs that can be annealed intramolecularly and thereby creating a hairpinned inverted repeat on both ends of the DNA fragment; g. adding at least one exonuclease to the pot thereby digesting the stoichiometric DNA fragments of step f, except the hairpin ended fragment comprising the expression cassette resulting from step f. In specific embodiments, the pot at step g. of the method in the paragraph comprises an amount of digestion resistant hairpin ended DNA molecule that is stoichiometrically approximately equivalent compared to the plasmid provided in step c.

The order of the method steps are listed in the methods for illustrative purposes. In certain embodiments, the method steps are performed in the order in which they appear as described herein. In some embodiments, the method steps can be performed in an order different from which they appear as described herein. Specifically, in some embodiments, the steps of the methods of making the hairpin-ended DNA molecules can be performed in the order as they appeared or as alphabetically listed as described herein, from a to e, or from a to g. Alternatively, the steps of the methods of making the hairpin-ended DNA molecules can be performed not in the order as they appear as described herein. In one embodiment, the step c (incubating the DNA molecule with one or more nicking endonuclease recognizing the four restriction sites resulting in four nicks) can be performed before step b (releasing the plasmid from the host cell), when the host cells naturally express, are engineered to express, otherwise contain one or more nicking endonuclease. In another embodiment, step f (incubating the plasmid or the fragments resulting from step d with the restriction enzyme or incubating the plasmid or the fragments resulting from step d with one or more nicking endonuclease) can be performed before step d (denaturing and thereby creating a DNA fragment that comprises the expression cassette and is flanked by the two single strand DNA overhangs), or before step c (incubating the DNA molecule with one or more nicking endonuclease). Additionally, one or more steps can be combined into one step that perform all the actions of the separate step. In certain embodiments, the step a (culturing a host cell) can be combined with step c (incubating the DNA molecule with one or more nicking endonuclease), when the host cells naturally express, are engineered to express, otherwise contain one or more nicking endonuclease. In other embodiments, step f (incubating the plasmid or the fragments resulting from step d with the restriction enzyme or incubating the plasmid or the fragments resulting from step d with one or more nicking endonuclease) can be combined with step c (incubating the DNA molecule with one or more nicking endonuclease) by incubating with the nicking endonuclease or restriction enzyme recited in step f and c together. Therefore, the disclosure provides that the steps can be performed in various combinations and permutations according to the state of the art.

Additional steps can be added to the methods provided herein, before all the method steps, after all the method steps, or in between any of the method steps. In one embodiment, the methods provided herein further include a step h. repairing the nicks with a ligase to form a circular DNA. In another embodiment, the step h of repairing the nicks with a ligase to form a circular DNA is performed after all the other method steps described herein.

As is further described further below in Sections 5.3.1 and 5.4, the hairpins formed at the end of the DNA molecules is determined by properties the overhang between the restriction sites for nicking endonucleases. Therefore, by designing the properties including the sequence and structural properties of the overhang between the restriction sites for nicking endonucleases according to Sections 5.3.1 and 5.4, the methods can be used to produce 1, 2 or more hairpinned ends. In one embodiment, the methods produce hairpin-ended DNA comprising 1 hairpin end. In another embodiment, the methods produce hairpin-ended DNA consisting of 1 hairpin end. In yet another embodiment, the methods produce hairpin-ended DNA comprising two hairpin ends. In a further embodiment, the methods produce hairpin-ended DNA consisting of two hairpin ends.

The methods provided herein can be used to produce DNA molecules comprising artificial sequences, natural DNA sequences, or sequences having both natural DNA sequences and artificial sequences. In one embodiment, the methods produce hairpin-ended DNA molecules comprising artificial sequences. In another embodiment, the methods produce hairpin-ended DNA molecules comprising natural sequences. In yet another embodiment, the methods produce hairpin-ended DNA molecules comprising both natural sequences and artificial sequences. In certain embodiments, the methods produce hairpin-ended DNA molecules comprising viral inverted terminal repeat (ITR). In yet another embodiment, the methods produce a hairpin-ended DNA molecule comprising hairpinned inverted repeats lacking a RABS. In yet another embodiment, the methods produce a hairpin-ended DNA molecule comprising two hairpinned terminal repeats, wherein both hairpinned inverted repeats lack a RABS. In another embodiment, the methods produce a hairpin-ended DNA molecule comprising two hairpinned inverted repeat, wherein both hairpinned inverted repeats lack a TRS. In a further embodiment, the methods produce a hairpin-ended DNA molecule comprising two hairpinned inverted repeats, wherein both hairpinned inverted repeats lack a RABS and a TRS. In another embodiment, the methods produce a hairpin-ended DNA molecule comprising two hairpinned inverted repeats, wherein both hairpinned inverted repeats promoter activity (e.g. P5 promoter activity) and transcriptional activity (e.g. transcription start sites [TSS]). In another embodiment, the methods produce a hairpin-ended DNA molecule comprising two hairpinned inverted repeats, wherein both hairpinned inverted repeats lack a RABS, promoter activity (e.g. P5 promoter activity), transcriptional activity (e.g. transcription start sites [TSS]) and a TRS. In yet another embodiment, the methods produce a hairpin-ended DNA molecule comprising two hairpinned inverted repeats, wherein both hairpinned inverted repeats lack a RABS. In a further embodiment, the methods produce hairpin-ended DNA molecules comprising a viral genome. In some embodiments, the viral genome is an engineered viral genome comprising one or more non-viral genes in the expression cassette. In certain embodiments, the viral genome is an engineered viral genome wherein one or more viral genes have been knocked out. In some specific embodiments, the viral genome is an engineered viral genome wherein the replication-associated protein (“RAP,” i.e., Rep or NS1) gene, capsid (Cap) gene, or both RAP and Cap genes are knocked out. In other embodiments, the viral genome is parvovirus genome. In yet other embodiments, the parvovirus is a Dependoparvovirus, a Bocaparvovirus, an Erythroparvovirus, a Protoparvovirus, or a Tetraparvovirus.

The steps performed in the various methods provided herein are described in further details below. The embodiments of host cells and culturing of the host cells are described in Section 5.2.1; the embodiments for the step of releasing the DNA molecules from the host cells are described in Section 5.2.2; the embodiments for the step of denaturing the DNA molecules are described in Section 5.2.3; the embodiments for the step of annealing are described in Section 5.2.5; the embodiments for the step of incubating the DNA molecules with nicking endonucleases or restriction enzymes are described in Section 5.2.4; the embodiments for the step of incubating with exonuclease are described in Section 5.2.6; and the embodiments for the step of ligation are described in Section 5.2.7. As such, the disclosure provides methods comprising permutations and combinations of the various embodiments of the steps described herein.

5.2.1 Host Cells and Culturing of the Host Cells

The disclosure provides that various host cells can be cultured to amplify the DNA molecules. A host cell for use in the methods provided herein can be a eukaryotic host cell, a prokaryotic host cell, or any transformable organism that is capable of replicating or amplifying recombinant DNA molecules. In some embodiments, the host cell can be a microbial host cell. In further embodiments, the host cell can be a host microbial cell selected from, bacteria, yeast, fungus or any of a variety of other microorganism cells applicable to replicating or amplifying DNA molecules. A bacterial host cell can be that of any species selected from Escherichia coli, Klebsiella oxytoca, Anaerobiospirillum succiniciproducens, Actinobacillus succinogenes, Mannheimia succiniciproducens, Rhizobium etli, Bacillus subtilis, Corynebacterium glutamicum, Gluconobacter oxydans, Zymomonas mobilis, Lactococcus lactis, Lactobacillus plantarum, Streptomyces coelicolor, Clostridium acetobutylicum, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Pseudomonas putida. A yeast or fungus host cell can be that of any species selected from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Kluyveromyces lactis, Kluyveromyces marxianus, Aspergillus terreus, Aspergillus niger, Pichia pastoris, Rhizopus arrhizus, Rhizopus oryzae, and the like. E. coli is a particularly useful host cell since it is a well characterized microbial cell and widely used for molecular cloning. Other particularly useful host cells include yeast such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It is understood that any suitable microbial host cells can be used to amplify the DNA molecules as known in the art.

Similarly, a eukaryotic host cell for use in the methods provided herein can be any eukaryotic cell that is capable of replicating or amplifying recombinant DNA molecules, as known and used in the art. In some embodiments, a host cell for use in the methods provided herein can be a mammalian host cells. In further embodiments, a host cell can be a human or non-human mammalian host cell. In other embodiments, a host cell can be an insect host cell. Some widely used non-human mammalian host cells include CHO, mouse myeloma cell lines (e.g. NS0, SP2/0), rat myeloma cell line (e.g. YB2/0), and BHK. Some widely used human host cells include HEK293 and its derivatives, HT-1080, PER.C6, and Huh-7. In certain embodiments, the host cell is selected from the group consisting of HeLa, NIH3T3, Jurkat, HEK293, COS, CHO, Saos, SF9, SF21, High 5, NS0, SP2/0, PC12, YB2/0, BHK, HT-1080, PER.C6, and Huh-7.

A host cell can be cultured as each host cell is known and cultured in the art. The culturing conditions and culture media for different host cells can be different as is known and practiced in the art. For example, bacterial or other microbial host cells can be cultured at 37° C., at an agitation speed of up to 300 rpm, and with or without forced aeration. Some insect host cells can be optimally cultured generally at 25 to 30° C., with no agitation at an agitation speed of up to 150 rpm, and with or without forced aeration. Some mammalian host cells can be optimally cultured at 37° C., with no agitation or at an agitation speed of up to 150 rpm, and with or without forced aeration. Additionally, conditions for culturing the various host cells can be determined by examining the growth curve of the host cells under various conditions, as is known and practiced in the art. Some widely used host cell culturing media and culturing conditions are described in Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 4th Edition, by Michael Green and Joseph Sambrook, ISBN 978-1-936113-42-2 (2012), which is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference.

5.2.2 Releasing the DNA Molecules from Host Cells

DNA molecules can be released from the host cells by various ways as known and practiced in the art. For example, the DNA molecules can be released by breaking up the host cells physically, mechanically, enzymatically, chemically, or by a combination of physical, mechanical, enzymatic and chemical actions. In some embodiments, the DNA molecules can be released from the host cells by subjecting the cells to a solution of cell lysis reagents. Cell lysis reagents include detergents, such as triton, SDS, Tween, NP-40, and/or CHAPS. In other embodiments, the DNA molecules can be released from the host cells by subjecting the host cells to difference in osmolarity, for example, subjecting the host cells to a hypotonic solution. In other embodiments, the DNA molecules can be released from the host cells by subjecting the host cells to a solution of high or low pH. In certain embodiments, the DNA molecules can be released from the host cells by subjecting the host cells to enzyme treatment, for example, treatment by lysozyme. In some further embodiments, the DNA molecules can be released from the host cells by subjecting the host cells to any combinations of detergent, osmolarity pressure, high or low pH, and/or enzymes (e.g. lysozyme).

Alternatively, the DNA molecules can be released from the host cells by exerting physical force on the host cells. In one embodiment, the DNA molecules can be released from the host cells by directly applying force to the host cells, e.g. by using the Waring blender and the Polytron. Waring blender uses high-speed rotating blades to break up the cells and the Polytron draws tissue into a long shaft containing rotating blades. In another embodiment, the DNA molecules can be released from the host cells by applying shear stress or shear force to the host cells. Various homogenizers can be used to force the host cells through a narrow space, thereby shearing the cell membranes. In some embodiments, the DNA molecules can be released from the host cells by liquid-based homogenization. In one specific embodiment, the DNA molecules can be released from the host cells by use a Dounce homogenizer. In another specific embodiment, the DNA molecules can be released from the host cells by use a Potter-Elvehjem homogenizer. In yet another specific embodiment, the DNA molecules can be released from the host cells by use a French press. Other physical forces to release the DNA molecules from host cells include manual grinding, e.g. with a mortar and pestle. In manual grinding, host cells are often frozen, e.g. in liquid nitrogen and then crushed using a mortar and pestle, during which process the tensile strength of the cellulose and other polysaccharides of the cell wall breaks up the host cells.

Additionally, the DNA molecules can be released from the host cells by subjecting the cells to freeze and thaw cycles. In some embodiments, a suspension of host cells are frozen and then thawed for a number of such freeze and thaw cycles. In some embodiments, the DNA molecules can be released from the host cells by applying 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 freeze and thaw cycles to the host cells.

The above described methods for releasing the DNA molecules from the host cells are not mutually exclusive. Therefore, the disclosure provides that the DNA molecules can be released from the host cells by any combinations of DNA releasing methods provide in this Section 5.2.2.

5.2.3 Denaturing the DNA Molecules

DNA molecules can be denatured by various ways as known and practiced in the art. The step of denaturing the DNA molecule can separate the DNA molecule from double strand DNA (dsDNA) into single strand DNA (ssDNA). In separating two DNA strands, the temperature can be increased until the DNA unwinds and the hydrogen bonds that hold the two strands together weaken and finally break. The process of breaking double-stranded DNA into single strands is known as DNA denaturation, or DNA denaturing.

In some embodiments, the step of denaturing the DNA molecule can separate the two DNA strands of one or more segments of the dsDNA molecule, while keeping the other segment(s) of the DNA molecule as dsDNA. In some embodiments, the step of denaturing the DNA molecule can separate all DNA strands of one or more segments of the dsDNA molecule into ssDNA strands. In some further embodiments, the step of denaturing the DNA molecules can separate the dsDNA into ssDNA at the segment between the first and second restriction sites for nicking endonuclease on the top and bottom strand of the DNA (e.g. DNA molecules described in Section 5.3), while keeping the other part of the DNA molecule as dsDNA, thereby creating an overhang between the first and second restriction sites. In certain embodiments, the step of denaturing the DNA molecules can separate the dsDNA into ssDNA at the segment between the third and fourth restriction sites for nicking endonuclease on the top and bottom strand of the DNA (e.g. DNA molecules described in Section 5.3), while keeping the other part of the DNA molecule as dsDNA, thereby creating an overhang between the third and fourth restriction sites. In other embodiment, the step of denaturing the DNA molecules can separate the dsDNA into ssDNA at the segments between the first and second restriction sites and between the third and fourth restriction sites for nicking endonuclease on the top and bottom strand of the DNA (e.g. DNA molecules described in Section 5.3), while keeping the other part of the DNA molecule as dsDNA, thereby (1) breaking the DNA molecule into two daughter DNA molecules and (2) creating an overhang between the first and second restriction sites and an overhang between the third and fourth restriction sites. In one embodiments, the overhang between the first and second restriction sites for nicking endonuclease can be a top strand 5′ overhang. In another embodiment, the overhang between the first and second restriction sites for nicking endonuclease can be a bottom strand 3′ overhang. In yet another embodiment, the overhang between the third and fourth restriction sites for nicking endonuclease can be a top strand 3′ overhang. In a further embodiment, the overhang between the third and fourth restriction sites for nicking endonuclease can be a bottom strand 5′ overhang. In some embodiments, step of denaturing the DNA molecule can separate the DNA molecules in any combinations of the embodiments provided herein.

The overhang can vary in length depending on the distance between the restriction sites for nicking endonuclease. In one embodiment, the overhangs can be identical in length and/or sequences. In another embodiment, the overhangs can be different in length and/or sequences. In some embodiments, a top strand 5′ overhang can be at least 20, at least 21, at least 22, at least 23, at least 24, at least 25, at least 26, at least 27, at least 28, at least 29, at least 30, at least 31, at least 32, at least 33, at least 34, at least 35, at least 36, at least 37, at least 38, at least 39, at least 40, at least 41, at least 42, at least 43, at least 44, at least 45, at least 46, at least 47, at least 48, at least 49, at least 50, at least 51, at least 52, at least 53, at least 54, at least 55, at least 56, at least 57, at least 58, at least 59, at least 60, at least 61, at least 62, at least 63, at least 64, at least 65, at least 66, at least 67, at least 68, at least 69, at least 70, at least 71, at least 72, at least 73, at least 74, at least 75, at least 76, at least 77, at least 78, at least 79, at least 80, at least 81, at least 82, at least 83, at least 84, at least 85, at least 86, at least 87, at least 88, at least 89, at least 90, at least 91, at least 92, at least 93, at least 94, at least 95, at least 96, at least 97, at least 98, at least 99, or at least 100 nucleotides in length. In other embodiments, a top strand 5′ overhang can be about 20, about 21, about 22, about 23, about 24, about 25, about 26, about 27, about 28, about 29, about 30, about 31, about 32, about 33, about 34, about 35, about 36, about 37, about 38, about 39, about 40, about 41, about 42, about 43, about 44, about 45, about 46, about 47, about 48, about 49, about 50, about 51, about 52, about 53, about 54, about 55, about 56, about 57, about 58, about 59, about 60, about 61, about 62, about 63, about 64, about 65, about 66, about 67, about 68, about 69, about 70, about 71, about 72, about 73, about 74, about 75, about 76, about 77, about 78, about 79, about 80, about 81, about 82, about 83, about 84, about 85, about 86, about 87, about 88, about 89, about 90, about 91, about 92, about 93, about 94, about 95, about 96, about 97, about 98, about 99, about 100, or more nucleotides in length. In certain embodiments, a bottom strand 3′ overhang can be at least 20, at least 21, at least 22, at least 23, at least 24, at least 25, at least 26, at least 27, at least 28, at least 29, at least 30, at least 31, at least 32, at least 33, at least 34, at least 35, at least 36, at least 37, at least 38, at least 39, at least 40, at least 41, at least 42, at least 43, at least 44, at least 45, at least 46, at least 47, at least 48, at least 49, at least 50, at least 51, at least 52, at least 53, at least 54, at least 55, at least 56, at least 57, at least 58, at least 59, at least 60, at least 61, at least 62, at least 63, at least 64, at least 65, at least 66, at least 67, at least 68, at least 69, at least 70, at least 71, at least 72, at least 73, at least 74, at least 75, at least 76, at least 77, at least 78, at least 79, at least 80, at least 81, at least 82, at least 83, at least 84, at least 85, at least 86, at least 87, at least 88, at least 89, at least 90, at least 91, at least 92, at least 93, at least 94, at least 95, at least 96, at least 97, at least 98, at least 99, or at least 100 nucleotides in length. In further embodiments, a bottom strand 3′ overhang can be about 20, about 21, about 22, about 23, about 24, about 25, about 26, about 27, about 28, about 29, about 30, about 31, about 32, about 33, about 34, about 35, about 36, about 37, about 38, about 39, about 40, about 41, about 42, about 43, about 44, about 45, about 46, about 47, about 48, about 49, about 50, about 51, about 52, about 53, about 54, about 55, about 56, about 57, about 58, about 59, about 60, about 61, about 62, about 63, about 64, about 65, about 66, about 67, about 68, about 69, about 70, about 71, about 72, about 73, about 74, about 75, about 76, about 77, about 78, about 79, about 80, about 81, about 82, about 83, about 84, about 85, about 86, about 87, about 88, about 89, about 90, about 91, about 92, about 93, about 94, about 95, about 96, about 97, about 98, about 99, about 100, or more nucleotides in length. In yet other embodiments, a top strand 3′ overhang can be at least 20, at least 21, at least 22, at least 23, at least 24, at least 25, at least 26, at least 27, at least 28, at least 29, at least 30, at least 31, at least 32, at least 33, at least 34, at least 35, at least 36, at least 37, at least 38, at least 39, at least 40, at least 41, at least 42, at least 43, at least 44, at least 45, at least 46, at least 47, at least 48, at least 49, at least 50, at least 51, at least 52, at least 53, at least 54, at least 55, at least 56, at least 57, at least 58, at least 59, at least 60, at least 61, at least 62, at least 63, at least 64, at least 65, at least 66, at least 67, at least 68, at least 69, at least 70, at least 71, at least 72, at least 73, at least 74, at least 75, at least 76, at least 77, at least 78, at least 79, at least 80, at least 81, at least 82, at least 83, at least 84, at least 85, at least 86, at least 87, at least 88, at least 89, at least 90, at least 91, at least 92, at least 93, at least 94, at least 95, at least 96, at least 97, at least 98, at least 99, or at least 100 nucleotides in length. In other embodiments, a top strand 3′ overhang can be about 20, about 21, about 22, about 23, about 24, about 25, about 26, about 27, about 28, about 29, about 30, about 31, about 32, about 33, about 34, about 35, about 36, about 37, about 38, about 39, about 40, about 41, about 42, about 43, about 44, about 45, about 46, about 47, about 48, about 49, about 50, about 51, about 52, about 53, about 54, about 55, about 56, about 57, about 58, about 59, about 60, about 61, about 62, about 63, about 64, about 65, about 66, about 67, about 68, about 69, about 70, about 71, about 72, about 73, about 74, about 75, about 76, about 77, about 78, about 79, about 80, about 81, about 82, about 83, about 84, about 85, about 86, about 87, about 88, about 89, about 90, about 91, about 92, about 93, about 94, about 95, about 96, about 97, about 98, about 99, about 100, or more nucleotides in length. In some embodiments, a bottom strand 5′ overhang can be at least 20, at least 21, at least 22, at least 23, at least 24, at least 25, at least 26, at least 27, at least 28, at least 29, at least 30, at least 31, at least 32, at least 33, at least 34, at least 35, at least 36, at least 37, at least 38, at least 39, at least 40, at least 41, at least 42, at least 43, at least 44, at least 45, at least 46, at least 47, at least 48, at least 49, at least 50, at least 51, at least 52, at least 53, at least 54, at least 55, at least 56, at least 57, at least 58, at least 59, at least 60, at least 61, at least 62, at least 63, at least 64, at least 65, at least 66, at least 67, at least 68, at least 69, at least 70, at least 71, at least 72, at least 73, at least 74, at least 75, at least 76, at least 77, at least 78, at least 79, at least 80, at least 81, at least 82, at least 83, at least 84, at least 85, at least 86, at least 87, at least 88, at least 89, at least 90, at least 91, at least 92, at least 93, at least 94, at least 95, at least 96, at least 97, at least 98, at least 99, or at least 100 nucleotides in length. In other embodiments, a bottom strand 5′ overhang can be about 20, about 21, about 22, about 23, about 24, about 25, about 26, about 27, about 28, about 29, about 30, about 31, about 32, about 33, about 34, about 35, about 36, about 37, about 38, about 39, about 40, about 41, about 42, about 43, about 44, about 45, about 46, about 47, about 48, about 49, about 50, about 51, about 52, about 53, about 54, about 55, about 56, about 57, about 58, about 59, about 60, about 61, about 62, about 63, about 64, about 65, about 66, about 67, about 68, about 69, about 70, about 71, about 72, about 73, about 74, about 75, about 76, about 77, about 78, about 79, about 80, about 81, about 82, about 83, about 84, about 85, about 86, about 87, about 88, about 89, about 90, about 91, about 92, about 93, about 94, about 95, about 96, about 97, about 98, about 99, about 100, or more nucleotides in length.

As is known and practiced in the art, the DNA molecules can be denatured by heat, by changing the pH in the environment of the DNA molecules, by increasing the salt concentration, or by any combination of these and other known means. The disclosure provides that the DNA molecules can be denatured in the methods by using a denaturing condition that selectively separates the dsDNA into ssDNA at the segments between the first and second restriction sites and/or between the third and fourth restriction sites on the top and bottom strand of the DNA, while keeping the other part of the DNA molecule as dsDNA. In some embodiment, the denaturing completely separates the dsDNA into ssDNA. Such selective separating of dsDNA to ssDNA can be performed by controlling the denaturing conditions and/or the time the DNA molecules are subjected to the denaturing conditions. In one embodiment, the DNA molecules are denatured at a temperature of at least 70° C., at least 71° C., at least 72° C., at least 73° C., at least 74° C., at least 75° C., at least 76° C., at least 77° C., at least 78° C., at least 79° C., at least 80° C., at least 81° C., at least 82° C., at least 83° C., at least 84° C., at least 85° C., at least 86° C., at least 87° C., at least 88° C., at least 89° C., at least 90° C., at least 91° C., at least 92° C., at least 93° C., at least 94° C., or at least 95° C. In another embodiment, the DNA molecules are denatured at a temperature of about 70° C., about 71° C., about 72° C., about 73° C., about 74° C., about 75° C., about 76° C., about 77° C., about 78° C., about 79° C., about 80° C., about 81° C., about 82° C., about 83° C., about 84° C., about 85° C., about 86° C., about 87° C., about 88° C., about 89° C., about 90° C., about 91° C., about 92° C., about 93° C., about 94° C., or about 95° C. In one specific embodiment, the DNA molecules are denatured at a temperature of about 90° C.

Other than denaturation by heat, sections or all the DNA molecules provided herein can undergo the denaturation process by addition of various chemical agents such as guanidine, formamide, sodium salicylate, dimethyl sulfoxide, propylene glycol, and urea. These chemical denaturing agents lower the melting temperature by competing for hydrogen bond donors and acceptors with pre-existing nitrogenous base pairs and allow for isothermal denaturing. In some embodiments, chemical agents are able to induce denaturation at room temperature. In some specific embodiment, alkaline agents (e.g. NaOH) can be used to denature DNA by changing pH and removing hydrogen-bond contributing protons. In other embodiments, chemically denaturing the DNA molecules provided herein can be a gentler procedure for DNA stability compared to denaturation induced by heat. In other embodiments, chemically denaturing and renaturing the DNA molecules (e.g. changing the pH) provided herein can be a quicker than by heating. In some embodiments, the DNA of the disclosure can be replicated and nicked in bacteria and denatured simultaneously during the release (e.g. alkali lysis step) from bacteria.

In one embodiment, the DNA molecules are denatured at a pH of at least 10, at least 10.1, at least 10.2, at least 10.3, at least 10.4, at least 10.5, at least 10.6, at least 10.7, at least 10.8, at least 10.9, at least 11, at least 11.1, at least 11.2, at least 11.3, at least 11.4, at least 11.5, at least 11.6, at least 11.7, at least 11.8, at least 11.9, at least 12, at least 12.1, at least 12.2, at least 12.3, at least 12.4, at least 12.5, at least 13, at least 13.5, or at least 14. In another embodiment, the DNA molecules are denatured at a pH of about 10, about 10.1, about 10.2, about 10.3, about 10.4, about 10.5, about 10.6, about 10.7, about 10.8, about 10.9, about 11, about 11.1, about 11.2, about 11.3, about 11.4, about 11.5, about 11.6, about 11.7, about 11.8, about 11.9, about 12, about 12.1, about 12.2, about 12.3, about 12.4, about 12.5, about 13, about 13.5, or about 14. In yet another embodiment, the DNA molecules are denatured at a salt concentration of at least 1M, at least 1.5M, at least 2M, at least 2.5M, at least 3M, at least 3.5M, or at least 4M of salt. In a further embodiment, the DNA molecules are denatured at a salt concentration of about 1M, about 1.5M, about 2M, about 2.5M, about 3M, about 3.5M, or about 4M of salt. In certain embodiments, the DNA molecule is subject to the denaturing condition for at least 1, at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, at least 10, at least 11, at least 12, at least 13, at least 14, at least 15, at least 16, at least 17, at least 18, at least 19, or at least 20 minutes. In other embodiments, the DNA molecule is subject to the denaturing condition for about 1, about 2, about 3, about 4, about 5, about 6, about 7, about 8, about 9, about 10, about 11, about 12, about 13, about 14, about 15, about 16, about 17, about 18, about 19, or about 20 minutes. In some embodiments, the DNA molecules can be denatured by any combination of denaturing conditions and duration of denaturing as provided herein.

The denaturing conditions can be determined for the method step to selectively denaturing the segments between the first and second restriction sites and between the third and fourth restriction sites on the top and bottom strand of the DNA, while keeping the other part of the DNA molecule as dsDNA. Such selective denaturing conditions can be determined according to the properties of the DNA segments to be selectively denatured. The stability of the DNA double helix correlates with the length of the DNA segments and the percentage of G/C content. The disclosure provides that the selective denaturing conditions can be determined by the sequence of the DNA segments to be selectively denatured or the resulting sequence of the overhang. For example, the temperature for selective denaturing can be approximately determined as Tm=2° C.×number of A-T pair+4° C.×number of G-C pair for a DNA sequence to be selectively denatured. Other more precise calculations of the Tm are also known and used in the art, for example, as described in Freier S M, et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci, 83, 9373-9377 (1986); Breslauer K J, et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci, 83, 3746-3750 (1986); Panjkovich, A. and Melo, F. Bioinformatics 21:711-722 (2005); Panjkovich, A., et al. Nucleic Acids Res 33:W570-W572 (2005), all of which are herein incorporated in their entireties by reference.

The overhang can comprise various DNA sequences. In one embodiment, the overhang comprises an inverted repeat or a fragment thereof (e.g., at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of an inverted repeat). In another embodiment, the overhang comprises a viral inverted repeat or a fragment thereof (e.g., at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of a viral inverted repeat). In yet another embodiment, the overhang comprises or consists of any embodiments of sequences described in Sections 5.3.1, 5.3.2, 5.3.3, and 5.4. In a further embodiment, the overhang comprises or consists of any one of the sequences as described in Sections 5.3.1 and 5.4. In some embodiments, the overhang does not comprise one or more viral replication related sequences (e.g. RABS, RBE or TRS) as described in Section 5.3.4. In some embodiments, the overhang does not comprise one or more transcriptional activity related sequences (e.g. TSSs or CpG motifs) as described in Section 5.3.4.

5.2.4 Incubating the DNA Molecules With One or More Nicking Endonucleases or Restriction Enzymes

The disclosure provides one or more method steps for incubating the DNA molecules with one or more nicking endonucleases or restriction enzymes as described in Sections 3 and 5.2. Without being bound by the theory, a nicking endonuclease recognizes the restriction sites for the nicking endonuclease in the DNA molecule and cuts only on one strand (e.g. hydrolyzes the phosphodiester bond of a single DNA strand) of the dsDNA at a site that is either within or outside the restriction sites for the nicking endonuclease, thereby creating a nick in the dsDNA. A restriction enzyme, on the other hand, recognizes the restriction sites for the restriction enzyme and cuts both strands of the dsDNA, thereby cleaving DNA molecules at or near the specific restriction sites.

In the various embodiments of compositions and methods provided herein, nicking endonucleases can be methylation-dependent, methylation-sensitive, or methylation-insensitive. Various nicking endonucleases known and practiced in the art are provided herein. In some embodiments, the nicking endonucleases for the compositions and methods provided herein can be naturally occurring nicking endonucleases that are not 5-methylcytosine dependent, including Nb.Bsml, Nb.BbvCI, Nb.BsrDI, Nb.Btsl, Nt.BbvCI, Nt.Alwl, Nt. CviPII, Nt. BsmAI, Nt. Alwl and Nt.BstNBI. Nicking endonucleases for the compositions and methods provided herein can also be engineered from Type IIs restriction enzymes (e.g., Alwl, BpulOI, BbvCI, BsaI, BsmBI, BsmAI, Bsml, BspOJ, Mlyl, Mval2691 and Sapl, etc.) and methods of making nicking endonucleases can be found in references for example in, U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,081,358; 7,011,966; 7,943,303; 7,820,424, WO201804514, all of which are herein incorporated in their entirety by reference.

Alternatively, a programmable nicking enzyme can be used for the compositions and methods provided herein instead of nicking endonucleases. Such programmable nicking enzyme include, e.g., Cas9 or a functional equivalent thereof (such as Pyrococcus furiosus Argonaute (PfAgo) or Cpfl). Cas9 contains two catalytic domains, RuvC and HNH. Inactivating one of those domains will generate a programmable nicking enzyme that can replace a nicking endonuclease for the methods and compositions provided herein. In Cas9, the RuvC domain can be inactivated by an amino acid substitution at position D10 (e.g., D10A) and the HNH domain can be inactivated by an amino acid substitution at position H840 (e.g., H840A), or at a position corresponding to those amino acids in other Cas9 equivalent proteins. Such programmable nicking enzyme can also be Argonaute or Type II CRISPR/Cas endonucleases that comprise two components: a nicking enzyme (e.g., a D10A Cas9 nicking enzyme or variant or ortholog thereof) that cleaves the target DNA and a guide nucleic acid e.g., a guide DNA or RNA (gDNA or gRNA) that targets or programs the nicking enzyme to a specific site in the target DNA (see, e.g., Hsu, et al., Nature Biotechnology 2013 31: 827-832, which is herein incorporated in its entirety by reference). A programmable nicking enzyme can also be made by fusing a site specific DNA binding domain (targeting domain) such as the DNA binding domain of a DNA binding protein (e.g., a restriction endonuclease, a transcription factor, a zinc-finger or another domain in that binds to DNA at non-random positions) with a nicking endonuclease so that it acts on a specific, non-random site. As is clear from the foregoing, the programmable cleavage by a programmable nicking enzyme results from targeting domain within or fused to the nicking enzyme or from guide molecules (gDNA or gRNA) that direct the nicking enzyme to a specific, non-random site, which site can be programmed by changing the targeting domain or the guide molecule. Such programmable nicking enzymes can be found in references for example, U.S. Pat. No. 7,081,358 and WO2010021692A, which are herein incorporated in their entireties by reference.

Suitable guide nucleic acid (e.g. gDNA or gRNA) sequences and suitable target sites for the guide nucleic acid have been known and widely utilized in the art. The guide nucleic acid (e.g. gDNA or gRNA) is a specific nucleic acid (e.g. gDNA or gRNA) sequence that recognizes the target DNA region of interest and directs the programmable nicking enzyme (e.g. Cas nuclease) there for editing. The guide nucleic acid (e.g. gDNA or gRNA) is often made up of two parts: targeting nucleic acid, a 15-20 nucleotide sequence complementary to the target DNA, and a scaffold nucleic acid, which serves as a binding scaffold for the programmable nicking enzyme (e.g. Cas nuclease). The suitable target sites for the guide nucleic acid must have two components the complementary sequence to the targeting nucleic acid in the programmable nicking enzyme and an adjacent Protospacer Adjacent Motif (PAM). The PAM serves as a binding signal for the programmable nicking enzyme (e.g. Cas nuclease). Various PAMs have been known, characterized, and utilized in the art, for example as discussed in Daniel Gleditzsch et al., RNA Biol. 16(4): 504-517 (April 2019); Ryan T. Leenay et al., Mol Cell. 62(1): 137-147 (Apr. 7, 2016), both of which are herein incorporated in their entirety by reference. Exemplary gRNA and gDNA sequences targeting the primary stem sequence of AAV2 ITRs include such listed in Table 1.

TABLE 1 Exemplary Nicking Endonuclease and Their Corresponding Restriction Sites SEQ ID NO: 176 AGCGAGCGAGCGCGCAG AAV2 wt gRNA for AGAGGG Nicking Cas9 SEQ ID NO: 177 GCTCGCTCGCTCGGTG AAV2 wt gDNA for PfAgo

Various nicking endonucleases known and used in the art can be used in the methods provided herein. An exemplary list of nicking endonuclease provided as embodiments for the nicking endonuclease for use in the methods and the corresponding restriction sites for some of the nicking endonuclease are described in The Restriction Enzyme Database (known in the art as REBASE), which is available at www.rebase.neb.com/cgi-bin/azlist?nick and incorporated herein in its entirety by reference. In one embodiments, the nicking endonuclease that recognizes the first, second, third, and/or fourth restriction site are all for target sequences for the same nicking endonuclease. In another embodiment, the first, second, third, and fourth restriction sites for nicking endonucleases are target sequences for two different nicking endonucleases, including all possible combinations of arranging the four sites for two different nicking endonuclease target sequences (e.g. the first restriction site for the first nicking endonuclease and the rest for the second nicking endonuclease, the first and second restriction sites for the first nicking endonuclease and the rest for the second nicking endonuclease etc.). In yet another embodiment, the first, second, third, and fourth restriction sites for nicking endonucleases are target sequences for three different nicking endonucleases, including all possible combinations of arranging the four sites for three different endonuclease target sequences. In a further embodiment, the first, second, third, and fourth restriction sites for nicking endonucleases are target sequences for four different nicking endonucleases. In some embodiments, the nicking endonuclease can be any one selected from those listed in Table 2.

TABLE 2 Exemplary Nicking Endonuclease and Their Corresponding Restriction Sites: Corresponding Restriction Sites for the Nicking Endonuclease and Position of Nick Relative to the Restriction Sites Nicking (Note: 1/none means the nick is 1 nucleotide 3′ from the Endonuclease restriction sites on the top strand). Nt. BsmAI GTCTC (1/none) Nt. BtsCI GGATG (2/none) N. ALwl GGATC (4/none) N. BstNBI GAGTC (4/none) N. BspD6I GAGTC (4/none) Nb. Mva1269I GAATGC (none/−1) Nb. BsrDI GCAATG (none/0) Nb. BtsI GCAGTG (none/0) Nt. BtsI GCAGTG (2/none) Nt. BsaI GGTCTC (1/none) Nt. Bpu10I CCTNAGC (−5/none) Nb. Bpu10I CCTNAGC (none/−2) Nt. BsmBI CGTCTC (1/none) Nb. BbvCI CCTCAGC (none/−2) Nt. BbvCI CCTCAGC (−5/none) Nt. BspQI GCTCTTC (1/none)

The conditions for the various nicking endonuclease to cut one strand of the dsDNA are known for the various nicking endonucleases provided herein, including the temperatures, the salt concentration, the pH, the buffering reagent, the presence or absence of certain detergent, and the duration of incubation to achieve the desired percentage of nicked DNA molecules. These conditions are readily available from the websites or catalogs of various vendors of the nicking endonucleases, e.g. New England BioLabs. The disclosure provides that the step of incubating the DNA molecule with one or more nicking endonuclease is performed according to the incubation conditions as known and practiced in the art. In some embodiments, the step of incubating the DNA molecule with one or more nicking endonuclease is according to the incubation conditions optimized by methods known in the art.

Various restriction enzymes known and used in the art can be used in the methods provided herein. An exemplary list of restriction enzymes provided as embodiments for the restriction enzymes for use in the methods and the corresponding restriction sites for the restriction enzymes are described in the catalog of New England Biolabs, which is available at neb.com/products/restriction-endonucleases and incorporated herein in its entirety by reference. The conditions for the various restriction enzymes to cleave the dsDNA are known for the various restriction enzymes provided herein, including the temperatures, the salt concentration, the pH, the buffering reagent, the presence or absence of certain detergent, and the duration of incubation to achieve the desired percentage of nicked DNA molecules. These conditions are readily available from the websites or catalogs of various vendors of the restriction enzymes, e.g. New England BioLabs. The disclosure provides that the step of incubating the DNA molecule with the restriction enzymes is performed according to the incubation conditions as known and practiced in the art.

5.2.5 Annealing

The step of annealing in the methods provided herein is performed to selectively anneal the ssDNA overhang intramolecularly and thereby creating a hairpinned inverted repeat on one end of the DNA fragment (e.g. from Sections 5.3 and 5.4) resulted from the step of denaturing as described above (Section 5.2.3). In certain embodiments, the step of annealing in the methods provided herein is performed to selectively anneal the ssDNA overhangs intramolecularly and thereby creating hairpinned inverted repeats on two ends the DNA fragment (e.g. from Sections 5.3 and 5.4) resulted from the step of denaturing as described above (Section 5.2.3). Without being bound or otherwise limited by the theory, such selective intramolecular annealing of the ssDNA overhangs is achieved because the intramolecular complementary sequences within the ssDNA overhangs make the intramolecular annealing of the ssDNA overhangs thermodynamically and/or kinetically favored over the intermolecular annealing of the ssDNA overhangs.

Without being bound or otherwise limited by the theory, it is recognized that certain lengths and/or the sequences of the overhang can make the intramolecular annealing of the ssDNA overhangs thermodynamically and/or kinetically favored over the intermolecular annealing of the ssDNA overhangs. For example, a linear interaction plot showing the intramolecular forces within the overhang and intermolecular forces between the strands as well as the resulting structure is depicted in FIG. 2A-C. The thermodynamics and the kinetics of the annealing of the ssDNA overhang is determined by the enthalpy (ΔH) and the entropy (ΔS), among other factors. The inventors recognize that, as the loss of movement freedom from a free ssDNA overhang to an intramolecularly annealed overhang is less than the loss of movement freedom from free ssDNA overhang to intermolecularly annealed overhang, the entropy loss in an intramolecular annealing is less than the entropy loss in an intramolecular annealing. On the other hand, as the number of complementary nucleotide pairs in an intramolecularly annealed overhang is less than number of complementary nucleotide pairs in an intermolecularly annealed overhang (hence less Watson-Crick and Hoogsteen-type hydrogen bonding), the enthalpy gain in an intramolecular annealing may be less than the enthalpy gain in an intramolecular annealing. The disclosure provides that the ssDNA overhang can be designed to have certain lengths, numbers of complementary nucleotide pairs, and percentage of G-C and A-T pairs, such that the free energy gain (ΔG=ΔH−TΔS) of intramolecular annealing of the overhang is bigger over that of intermolecular annealing, thereby making the intramolecular annealing thermodynamically favored over the intermolecular annealing. The inventors further recognize that, as the nucleotides within the ssDNA overhang have a higher probability of contacting each other than contacting the nucleotides of another ssDNA overhang in molecular motion, the kinetics of intramolecular annealing of the ssDNA overhang can be higher than that of intermolecular annealing. The disclosure provides that even if the intramolecular annealing is thermodynamically disfavored over the intermolecular annealing, the superior kinetics of intramolecular annealing of the ssDNA overhang can result in the formation of intramolecularly annealed overhang over intermolecularly annealed overhang.

The annealing step can be performed at various temperatures to favor the intramolecular annealing over intermolecular annealing. In one embodiment, the ssDNA overhang is annealed at a temperature of at least 15° C., at least 16° C., at least 17° C., at least 18° C., at least 19° C., at least 20° C., at least 21° C., at least 22° C., at least 23° C., at least 24° C., at least 25° C., at least 26° C., at least 27° C., at least 28° C., at least 29° C., at least 30° C., at least 31° C., at least 32° C., at least 33° C., at least 34° C., at least 35° C., at least 36° C., at least 37° C., at least 38° C., at least 39° C., at least 40° C., at least 41° C., at least 42° C., at least 43° C., at least 44° C., at least 45° C., at least 46° C., at least 47° C., at least 48° C., at least 49° C., at least 50° C., at least 51° C., at least 52° C., at least 53° C., at least 54° C., at least 55° C., at least 56° C., at least 57° C., at least 58° C., at least 59° C., or at least 60° C. In another embodiment, the ssDNA overhang is annealed at a temperature of about 15° C., about 16° C., about 17° C., about 18° C., about 19° C., about 20° C., about 21° C., about 22° C., about 23° C., about 24° C., about 25° C., about 26° C., about 27° C., about 28° C., about 29° C., about 30° C., about 31° C., about 32° C., about 33° C., about 34° C., about 35° C., about 36° C., about 37° C., about 38° C., about 39° C., about 40° C., about 41° C., about 42° C., about 43° C., about 44° C., about 45° C., about 46° C., about 47° C., about 48° C., about 49° C., about 50° C., about 51° C., about 52° C., about 53° C., about 54° C., about 55° C., about 56° C., about 57° C., about 58° C., about 59° C., or about 60° C. In one specific embodiment, the ssDNA overhang is annealed at a temperature of at least 25° C. In another specific embodiment, the ssDNA overhang is annealed at a temperature of about 25° C. In yet another specific embodiment, the ssDNA overhang is annealed at room temperature.

Additionally, the annealing step can be performed for various durations of time to favor the intramolecular annealing over intermolecular annealing. In certain embodiments, the ssDNA overhang is annealed for at least 1, at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, at least 10, at least 11, at least 12, at least 13, at least 14, at least 15, at least 16, at least 17, at least 18, at least 19, at least 20, at least 21, at least 22, at least 23, at least 24, at least 25, at least 26, at least 27, at least 28, at least 29, at least 30, at least 31, at least 32, at least 33, at least 34, at least 35, at least 36, at least 37, at least 38, at least 39, or at least 40 minutes. In other embodiments, the ssDNA overhang is annealed for about 1, about 2, about 3, about 4, about 5, about 6, about 7, about 8, about 9, about 10, about 11, about 12, about 13, about 14, about 15, about 16, about 17, about 18, about 19, about 20, about 21, about 22, about 23, about 24, about 25, about 26, about 27, about 28, about 29, about 30, about 31, about 32, about 33, about 34, about 35, about 36, about 37, about 38, about 39, or about 40 minutes. In one specific embodiment, the ssDNA overhang is annealed for at least 20 minutes. In another specific embodiment, the ssDNA overhang is annealed for about 20 minutes.

In some embodiments, annealing can be accomplished by lowering the temperature below the calculated melting temperatures of the sense and antisense sequence pairs. The melting temperature is dependent upon the specific nucleotide base content and the characteristics of the solution being used, e.g., the salt concentration. Melting temperatures for any given sequence and solution combination are readily calculated as known and practiced in the art.

In some embodiments, annealing can be accomplished isothermally by reducing the amount of denaturing chemical agents to allow an interaction between the sense and antisense sequence pairs. The minimum concentration of denaturing chemical agents required to denature the DNA sequence can dependent upon the specific nucleotide base content and the characteristics of the solution being used, e.g., temperature or the salt concentration. The concentration of chemical denaturing agents that do not lead to denaturing for any given sequence and solution combination are readily identified as known and practiced in the art. The concentration of chemical denaturing agents can also be readily modified as known and practiced in the art. For example, the amount of urea can be lowered by dialysis or tangential flow filtration or the pH can be changed by the addition of acids or bases.

The annealing temperature and the annealing duration for intramolecular annealing correlate with the lengths of the ssDNA overhang, the number of complementary nucleotide pairs, and percentage of G-C and A-T pairs, and the sequence of the ssDNA overhang (the arrangement of the complementary nucleotide pairs). In certain embodiments, an ssDNA overhang provided for the methods provided herein comprises any number of nucleotides in length as described in Section 5.2.3. In certain embodiments, a ssDNA overhang provided for the methods provided herein comprises at least 10, at least 11, at least 12, at least 13, at least 14, at least 15, at least 16, at least 17, at least 18, at least 19, at least 20, at least 21, at least 22, at least 23, at least 24, at least 25, at least 26, at least 27, at least 28, at least 29, at least 30, at least 31, at least 32, at least 33, at least 34, at least 35, at least 36, at least 37, at least 38, at least 39, at least 40, at least 41, at least 42, at least 43, at least 44, at least 45, at least 46, at least 47, at least 48, at least 49, or at least 50 intramolecularly complementary nucleotide pairs. In some embodiments, a ssDNA overhang provided for the methods provided herein comprises about 10, about 11, about 12, about 13, about 14, about 15, about 16, about 17, about 18, about 19, about 20, about 21, about 22, about 23, about 24, about 25, about 26, about 27, about 28, about 29, about 30, about 31, about 32, about 33, about 34, about 35, about 36, about 37, about 38, about 39, about 40, about 41, about 42, about 43, about 44, about 45, about 46, about 47, about 48, about 49, or about 50 intramolecularly complementary nucleotide pairs. In some embodiments, a ssDNA overhang provided for the methods provided herein comprises at least 50%, at least 51%, at least 52%, at least 53%, at least 54%, at least 55%, at least 56%, at least 57%, at least 58%, at least 59%, at least 60%, at least 61%, at least 62%, at least 63%, at least 64%, at least 65%, at least 66%, at least 67%, at least 68%, at least 69%, at least 70%, at least 71%, at least 72%, at least 73%, at least 74%, at least 75%, at least 76%, at least 77%, at least 78%, at least 79%, at least 80%, at least 81%, at least 82%, at least 83%, at least 84%, at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, or at least 90% G-C pairs among intramolecularly complementary nucleotide pairs. In certain embodiments, a ssDNA overhang provided for the methods provided herein comprises about 50%, about 51%, about 52%, about 53%, about 54%, about 55%, about 56%, about 57%, about 58%, about 59%, about 60%, about 61%, about 62%, about 63%, about 64%, about 65%, about 66%, about 67%, about 68%, about 69%, about 70%, about 71%, about 72%, about 73%, about 74%, about 75%, about 76%, about 77%, about 78%, about 79%, about 80%, about 81%, about 82%, about 83%, about 84%, about 85%, about 86%, about 87%, about 88%, about 89%, or about 90% G-C pairs among intramolecularly complementary nucleotide pairs.

Additionally, the inventors recognize that the concentration of the DNA molecules, which correlates with the concentration of the overhangs, can affect the equilibrium and kinetics of the intramolecular annealing and the intermolecular annealing of the overhangs. Without being bound or otherwise limited by the theory, when the concentration of the overhang is too high, the probability of the intermolecular contact among the overhangs increases and the kinetic advantage of the intramolecular contact over intermolecular contact seen at lower concentration as discussed above is then diminished.

As discussed above, in some embodiments, intramolecular interactions can occur at a faster rate while intermolecular interactions occur at a slower rate. In some embodiments, base pair interactions involving three or more molecules (e.g. three different strands) occur at the slowest rate. In some embodiments, the kinetic rate of intramolecular interactions versus intermolecular interactions is governed by the concentration of each molecule. In some embodiments, the intramolecular interactions are kinetically faster or intramolecular forces are larger when the concentration of DNA strands is lower.

Viewed individually, the absolute free energy of forming each complementary domain of IRs or ITRs, may be different, leading to regions of the IR or ITR that may locally fold earlier as the strand transitions from a denatured to annealed state. The presence of locally folded domains (e.g. a central hairpin or branched hairpin like in AAV2 ITRs as described in elsewhere in this Section (Section 5.3.1) and Section 5.4) can reduce the amount of bases available for pairing with other strands and thus can reduce the likelihood of intermolecular annealing or hybridization and shift the equilibrium from intermolecular annealing to intramolecular annealing or ITR formation.

Accordingly, the disclosure provides that the annealing step can be performed at various concentrations to favor the intramolecular annealing over intermolecular annealing. In some embodiments, the ssDNA overhang is annealed at a concentration of no more than 1, no more than 2, no more than 3, no more than 4, no more than 5, no more than 6, no more than 7, no more than 8, no more than 9, no more than 10, no more than 11, no more than 12, no more than 13, no more than 14, no more than 15, no more than 16, no more than 17, no more than 18, no more than 19, no more than 20, no more than 21, no more than 22, no more than 23, no more than 24, no more than 25, no more than 26, no more than 27, no more than 28, no more than 29, no more than 30, no more than 31, no more than 32, no more than 33, no more than 34, no more than 35, no more than 36, no more than 37, no more than 38, no more than 39, no more than 40, no more than 41, no more than 42, no more than 43, no more than 44, no more than 45, no more than 46, no more than 47, no more than 48, no more than 49, no more than 50, no more than 55, no more than 60, no more than 65, no more than 70, no more than 75, no more than 80, no more than 85, no more than 90, no more than 95, no more than 100, no more than 110, no more than 120, no more than 130, no more than 140, no more than 150, no more than 160, no more than 170, no more than 180, no more than 190, no more than 200, no more than 210, no more than 220, no more than 230, no more than 240, no more than 250, no more than 260, no more than 270, no more than 280, no more than 290, no more than 300, no more than 325, no more than 350, no more than 375, no more than 400, no more than 425, no more than 450, no more than 475, no more than 500, no more than 550, no more than 600, no more than 650, no more than 700, no more than 750, no more than 800, no more than 850, no more than 900, no more than 950, no more than 1000 ng/μ1 for the DNA molecules. In certain embodiments, the ssDNA overhang is annealed at a concentration of about 1, about 2, about 3, about 4, about 5, about 6, about 7, about 8, about 9, about 10, about 11, about 12, about 13, about 14, about 15, about 16, about 17, about 18, about 19, about 20, about 21, about 22, about 23, about 24, about 25, about 26, about 27, about 28, about 29, about 30, about 31, about 32, about 33, about 34, about 35, about 36, about 37, about 38, about 39, about 40, about 41, about 42, about 43, about 44, about 45, about 46, about 47, about 48, about 49, about 50, about 55, about 60, about 65, about 70, about 75, about 80, about 85, about 90, about 95, about 100, about 110, about 120, about 130, about 140, about 150, about 160, about 170, about 180, about 190, about 200, about 210, about 220, about 230, about 240, about 250, about 260, about 270, about 280, about 290, about 300, about 325, about 350, about 375, about 400, about 425, about 450, about 475, about 500, about 550, about 600, about 650, about 700, about 750, about 800, about 850, about 900, about 950, about 1000 ng/μl for the DNA molecules.

Similarly, the disclosure provides that the annealing step can be performed at various molar concentrations to favor the intramolecular annealing over intermolecular annealing. In some embodiments, the ssDNA overhang is annealed at a concentration of no more than 1, no more than 2, no more than 3, no more than 4, no more than 5, no more than 6, no more than 7, no more than 8, no more than 9, no more than 10, no more than 11, no more than 12, no more than 13, no more than 14, no more than 15, no more than 16, no more than 17, no more than 18, no more than 19, no more than 20, no more than 21, no more than 22, no more than 23, no more than 24, no more than 25, no more than 26, no more than 27, no more than 28, no more than 29, no more than 30, no more than 31, no more than 32, no more than 33, no more than 34, no more than 35, no more than 36, no more than 37, no more than 38, no more than 39, no more than 40, no more than 41, no more than 42, no more than 43, no more than 44, no more than 45, no more than 46, no more than 47, no more than 48, no more than 49, no more than 50, no more than 55, no more than 60, no more than 65, no more than 70, no more than 75, no more than 80, no more than 85, no more than 90, no more than 95, no more than 100, no more than 110, no more than 120, no more than 130, no more than 140, no more than 150, no more than 160, no more than 170, no more than 180, no more than 190, no more than 200, no more than 210, no more than 220, no more than 230, no more than 240, no more than 250, no more than 260, no more than 270, no more than 280, no more than 290, no more than 300, no more than 325, no more than 350, no more than 375, no more than 400, no more than 425, no more than 450, no more than 475, no more than 500, no more than 550, no more than 600, no more than 650, no more than 700, no more than 750, no more than 800, no more than 850, no more than 900, no more than 950, no more than 1000 nM for the DNA molecules. In certain embodiments, the ssDNA overhang is annealed at a concentration of about 1, about 2, about 3, about 4, about 5, about 6, about 7, about 8, about 9, about 10, about 11, about 12, about 13, about 14, about 15, about 16, about 17, about 18, about 19, about 20, about 21, about 22, about 23, about 24, about 25, about 26, about 27, about 28, about 29, about 30, about 31, about 32, about 33, about 34, about 35, about 36, about 37, about 38, about 39, about 40, about 41, about 42, about 43, about 44, about 45, about 46, about 47, about 48, about 49, about 50, about 55, about 60, about 65, about 70, about 75, about 80, about 85, about 90, about 95, about 100, about 110, about 120, about 130, about 140, about 150, about 160, about 170, about 180, about 190, about 200, about 210, about 220, about 230, about 240, about 250, about 260, about 270, about 280, about 290, about 300, about 325, about 350, about 375, about 400, about 425, about 450, about 475, about 500, about 550, about 600, about 650, about 700, about 750, about 800, about 850, about 900, about 950, about 1000 nM for the DNA molecules. In some further embodiments, the ssDNA overhang is annealed at a concentration of no more than 1, no more than 2, no more than 3, no more than 4, no more than 5, no more than 6, no more than 7, no more than 8, no more than 9, no more than 10, no more than 11, no more than 12, no more than 13, no more than 14, no more than 15, no more than 16, no more than 17, no more than 18, no more than 19, no more than 20 μM. In yet other embodiments, the ssDNA overhang is annealed at a concentration of about 1, about 2, about 3, about 4, about 5, about 6, about 7, about 8, about 9, about 10, about 11, about 12, about 13, about 14, about 15, about 16, about 17, about 18, about 19, about 20 μM. In one specific embodiment, the ssDNA overhang is annealed at a concentration of about 10 nM for the DNA molecules. In another specific embodiment, the ssDNA overhang is annealed at a concentration of about 20 nM for the DNA molecules. In yet another specific embodiment, the ssDNA overhang is annealed at a concentration of about 30 nM for the DNA molecules. In a further specific embodiment, the ssDNA overhang is annealed at a concentration of about 40 nM for the DNA molecules. In still another specific embodiment, the ssDNA overhang is annealed at a concentration of about 50 nM for the DNA molecules. In another specific embodiment, the ssDNA overhang is annealed at a concentration of about 60 nM for the DNA molecules. In one specific embodiment, the ssDNA overhang is annealed at a concentration of about 10 ng/μl for the DNA molecules. In another specific embodiment, the ssDNA overhang is annealed at a concentration of about 20 ng/μ1 for the DNA molecules. In yet another specific embodiment, the ssDNA overhang is annealed at a concentration of about 30 ng/μl for the DNA molecules. In a further specific embodiment, the ssDNA overhang is annealed at a concentration of about 40 ng/μl for the DNA molecules. In one specific embodiment, the ssDNA overhang is annealed at a concentration of about 50 ng/μl for the DNA molecules. In another specific embodiment, the ssDNA overhang is annealed at a concentration of about 60 ng/μl for the DNA molecules. In yet another specific embodiment, the ssDNA overhang is annealed at a concentration of about 70 ng/μ1 for the DNA molecules. In one specific embodiment, the ssDNA overhang is annealed at a concentration of about 80 ng/μl for the DNA molecules. In another specific embodiment, the ssDNA overhang is annealed at a concentration of about 90 ng/μl for the DNA molecules. In yet another specific embodiment, the ssDNA overhang is annealed at a concentration of about 100 ng/μl for the DNA molecules.

In some embodiments, an ssDNA overhang provided for the methods provided herein comprises any sequences listed in Table 3.

TABLE 3 Sequences of ssDNA overhang and the corresponding structure after annealing. ssDNA overhang sequences Structures after annealing SEQ ID NO: 3 FIG. 3 SEQ ID NO: 4 FIG. 3 SEQ ID NO: 5 FIG. 3 SEQ ID NO: 7 FIG. 3 SEQ ID NO: 8 FIG. 3 SEQ ID NO: 9 FIG. 3 SEQ ID NO: 10 FIG. 3 SEQ ID NO: 33 FIG. 3 SEQ ID NO: 34 FIG. 3 SEQ ID NO: 35 FIG. 3 SEQ ID NO: 27 FIG. 5 SEQ ID NO: 29 FIG. 4 SEQ ID NO: 28 FIG. 4 SEQ ID NO. 183 (HBOV (nucleotides 129- FIG. 1 237 on wt genome)) SEQ ID NO. 184 (B19 (nucleotides 139- FIG. 1 227 on wt genome))

In some embodiments, the structure of the DNA molecules provided herein is the same after 2, 3, 4, 5, 10 or 20 cycles of denaturing/renaturing (e.g. denaturing as described in Section 5.2.3 and re-annealing as described in this Section (Section 5.2.5)). DNA structures can be described by an ensemble of structures at or around the energy minimum. In certain embodiments, the ensemble DNA structure is the same after 2, 3, 4, 5, 10 or 20 cycles of denaturing/renaturing. In one embodiment, the folded hairpin structure formed from the ITR or IR provided herein is the same after 2, 3, 4, 5, 10 or 20 cycles of denaturing/renaturing. In another embodiment, the ensemble structure of the folded hairpin is the same after 2, 3, 4, 5, 10 or 20 cycles of denaturing/renaturing.

5.2.6 Incubating with Exonuclease

The disclosure provides a step of incubating with an exonuclease as described in Section 3. Exonucleases cleaves nucleotides from the end (exo) of a DNA molecules. Exonucleases can cleave nucleotides along the 5′ to 3′ direction, along the 3′ to 5′ direction, or along both directions. In certain embodiments, an exonuclease for use in the methods provided herein cleaves nucleotides with no sequence specificity. In some embodiments, an exonuclease for use in the methods provided herein digests the DNA fragments comprising ends created by one or more nicking endonuclease recognizing and cutting the fifth and sixth restriction sites or by restriction enzyme cleaving the plasmid or a fragment of the plasmid, as provided in Section 3.

Various exonucleases known and used in the art can be used in the methods provided herein. An exemplary list of exonucleases provided as embodiments for the restriction enzymes for use in the methods are described in the catalog of New England Biolabs, which is available at neb.com/products/dna-modifying-enzymes-and-cloning-technologies/nucleases and incorporated herein in its entirety by reference. The conditions for the various exonucleases to digest the DNA molecules are known for the various exonucleases provided herein, including the temperatures, the salt concentration, the pH, the buffering reagent, the presence or absence of certain detergent, and the duration of incubation to achieve the desired percentage of digestion. These conditions are readily available from the websites or catalogs of various vendors of the restriction enzymes, e.g. New England BioLabs. The disclosure provides that the step of incubating the DNA molecule with the restriction enzymes is performed according to the incubation conditions as known and practiced in the art.

The step of incubating exonucleases selectively digests the DNA molecules with one or more ends, while leaving the hairpin-ended DNA molecules intact. As is clear from the description of Sections 5.2.5 and 5.4, the hairpin-ended DNA molecules comprise 0, 1, 2, or more nicks. In some embodiments, an exonuclease for use in the methods provided herein can be an exonuclease that selectively digests DNA molecules with one or more ends, while leaving intact the circular ssDNA/dsDNA molecules or DNA molecules comprising one or more nicks but no ends. In one embodiment, an exonuclease for use in the methods provided herein can be Exonuclease V (RecBCD). In one embodiment, an exonuclease for use in the methods provided herein can be Exonuclease VIII or truncated Exonuclease VIII. Exonuclease V (RecBCD), Exonuclease VIII, and truncated Exonuclease VIII comprise the selectivity described in this paragraph. In certain embodiments, an exonuclease for use in the methods provided herein can be an exonuclease that selectively digests linear segments of DNA molecules, initiating from one or more nicks, but which cannot progress through folded hairpins, terminating the digestion at the hairpin and leaving a ssDNA behind. In certain embodiments, an exonuclease for use to initiate at one or more nicks and/or double strand break can be a T7 exonuclease. Other suitable exonucleases are also known, used in the art, and provided herein, for example, as described on the websites or in the catalogs of various vendors of exonucleases including New England BioLabs.

In some embodiments, after exonuclease treatment, the DNA molecules of the present disclosure are substantially free of any prokaryotic backbone sequences. In some embodiments, the backbone refers to the plasmid sequence that is not part of the sequence encompassing the expression cassette in between the two ITRs. In some embodiments, the backbone refers to the vector sequence that is not part of the sequence encompassing the expression cassette in between the two ITRs. In some embodiments, the isolated DNA molecules of the disclosure are 100% free, 99% free, 98% free, 97% free, 96% free, 95% free, 94% free, 93% free, 92% free, 91% free, or 90% free of prokaryotic backbone sequence of the parental plasmid.

5.2.7 Repairing the Nicks with a Ligase

The disclosure provides an optional step of repairing the nicks with a ligase as described in Section 3. DNA ligases catalyze the joining of two ends of DNA molecules by forming one or more new covalent bonds. For example, commonly used T4 DNA ligase catalyzes the formation of a phosphodiester bond between juxtaposed 5′ phosphate and 3′ hydroxyl termini in DNA. The formation of new covalent bonds that are catalyzed by ligase to joint two DNA molecules is referred to as “ligation.” In certain embodiments, a DNA ligase for use in the methods provided herein ligates nucleotides with no sequence specificity. In some embodiments, a DNA ligase for use in the methods provided herein ligates the two ends at one nick of the DNA molecule described in Section 5.4, thereby repairing said one nick. In some embodiments, a DNA ligase for use in the methods provided herein ligates each pair of two ends at the two nicks of the DNA molecule described in Section 5.4, thereby repairing the two nicks. In some embodiments, a DNA ligase for use in the methods provided herein ligates each pair of two ends at all nicks of the DNA molecule described in Section 5.4, thereby repairing all nicks of the DNA molecule. When the DNA molecule described in Section 5.4 forms a circular DNA after all nicks of the DNA molecule described in Section 5.4 have been repaired. As described in Section 5.4, in some embodiments, the DNA molecule described in Section 5.4 consists of two nicks. In certain embodiments, the DNA molecule described in Section 5.4 comprises two nicks. In other embodiments, the DNA molecule described in Section 5.4 consists of one nick. In yet other embodiments, the DNA molecule described in Section 5.4 comprises one nick.

In some embodiments, the step of repairing the nicks with a ligase can be performed according to the incubation conditions as known and practiced in the art.

Various ligases known and used in the art can be used in the methods provided herein. An exemplary list of ligases provided as embodiments for the ligases for use in the methods are described in the catalog of New England Biolabs, which is available at neb.com/products/dna-modifying-enzymes-and-cloning-technologies/dna-ligases/dna-ligases and incorporated herein in its entirety by reference. The conditions for the various ligases to digest the DNA molecules are known for the various ligases provided herein, including the temperatures, the salt concentration, the pH, the buffering reagent, the presence or absence of certain detergent, and the duration of incubation to achieve the desired percentage of digestion. These conditions are readily available from the websites or catalogs of various vendors of the restriction enzymes, e.g. New England BioLabs. The ligation conditions also correlates with the freedom of movement of the two DNA ends to be ligated. When the two DNA ends can be brought to proximity or can have a higher probability of coming to proximity of each other, for example by both ends annealing to a common DNA strand, ligation can be enhanced. In one embodiment, the method step provided in this Section (Section 5.2.7) repairs the nicks with a ligase to form a circular DNA, wherein the two DNA ends at any nick of the DNA molecule described in Section 5.4 have annealed to a common DNA strand. In some embodiments, the step of repairing the nicks with a ligase is performed according to the incubation conditions as known and practiced in the art.

In certain embodiments, the methods provided in this Section 5.2 can be used to generate the hairpin-ended DNA molecules described herein at high scale, high yield, and/or high purity. In certain embodiments, high scale, high yield, and/or high purity can be accomplished in a single reaction vessel. In certain embodiments, the high scale is at least 1 mg, 10 mg, 100 mg, 1 g, 10 g, 100 g, 1 kg, or at least 10 kg. In certain embodiment, the high yield is at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or at least 99% yield (comparing number of plasmid copies used as input and number of hairpin-ended DNA molecules as product). In certain embodiments, the high purity is at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or at least 99% purity of hairpin-ended DNA molecules as product as a result of a method provided herein.

5.3 DNA Molecules Used in the Methods

The disclosure provides various aspects and embodiments of the DNA molecules for use in the methods provided herein as described in Section 3 above. In one aspect, provided herein is a double-stranded DNA molecule comprising in 5′ to 3′ direction of the top strand: i) a first inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Section 5.3.1), wherein a first and a second restriction site for nicking endonuclease are arranged on opposite strands in proximity of the first inverted repeat such that nicking results in a top strand 5′ overhang comprising the first inverted repeat or a fragment thereof (e.g., at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of the first inverted repeat) upon separation of the top from the bottom strand of the first inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Sections 5.2.3, 5.2.4 and 5.3.2); ii) an expression cassette (e.g. as described in Section 5.3.3); and iii) a second inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Section 5.3.1), wherein a third and a fourth restriction site for nicking endonuclease are arranged on opposite strands in proximity of the second inverted repeat such that nicking results in a top strand 3′ overhang comprising the second inverted repeat or a fragment thereof (e.g., at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of the second inverted repeat) upon separation of the top from the bottom strand of the second inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Sections 5.2.3, 5.2.4 and 5.3.2). In certain embodiments, the top strand 5′ overhang comprises the first inverted repeat. In certain embodiments, the top strand 3′ overhang comprises the second inverted repeat. In certain embodiments, the top strand 5′ overhang comprises the first inverted repeat and the top strand 3′ overhang comprises the second inverted repeat.

In another aspect, provided herein is a double strand DNA molecule comprising in 5′ to 3′ direction of the top strand: i) a first inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Section 5.3.1), wherein a first and a second restriction site for nicking endonuclease are arranged on opposite strands in proximity of the first inverted repeat such that nicking results in a bottom strand 3′ overhang comprising the first inverted repeat or a fragment thereof (e.g., at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of the first inverted repeat) upon separation of the top from the bottom strand of the first inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Sections 5.2.3, 5.2.4 and 5.3.2); ii) an expression cassette (e.g. as described in Section 5.3.3); and iii) a second inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Section 5.3.1), wherein a third and a fourth restriction site for nicking endonuclease are arranged on opposite strands in proximity of the second inverted repeat such that nicking results in a bottom strand 5′ overhang comprising the second inverted repeat or a fragment thereof (e.g., at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of the second inverted repeat) upon separation of the top from the bottom strand of the second inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Sections 5.2.3, 5.2.4 and 5.3.2 or depicted in FIGS. 2A and 2C). In certain embodiments, the bottom strand 3′ overhang comprises the first inverted repeat. In certain embodiments, the bottom strand 5′ overhang comprises the second inverted repeat. In certain embodiments, the bottom strand 3′ overhang comprises the first inverted repeat and the bottom strand 5′ overhang comprises the second inverted repeat.

In yet another aspect, provided herein is a double-stranded DNA molecule comprising in 5′ to 3′ direction of the top strand: i) a first inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Section 5.3.1), wherein a first and a second restriction site for nicking endonuclease are arranged on opposite strands in proximity of the first inverted repeat such that nicking results in a top strand 5′ overhang comprising the first inverted repeat or a fragment thereof (e.g., at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of the first inverted repeat) upon separation of the top from the bottom strand of the first inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Sections 5.2.3, 5.2.4 and 5.3.2); ii) an expression cassette (e.g. as described in Section 5.3.3); and iii) a second inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Section 5.3.1), wherein a third and a fourth restriction site for nicking endonuclease are arranged on opposite strands in proximity of the second inverted repeat such that nicking results in a bottom strand 5′ overhang comprising the second inverted repeat or a fragment thereof (e.g., at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of the second inverted repeat) upon separation of the top from the bottom strand of the second inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Sections 5.2.3, 5.2.4 and 5.3.2). In certain embodiments, the top strand 5′ overhang comprises the first inverted repeat. In certain embodiments, the bottom strand 5′ overhang comprises the second inverted repeat. In certain embodiments, the top strand 5′ overhang comprises the first inverted repeat and the bottom strand 5′ overhang comprises the second inverted repeat.

In a further aspect, provide herein is a double strand DNA molecule comprising in 5′ to 3′ direction of the top strand: i) a first inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Section 5.3.1), wherein a first and a second restriction site for nicking endonuclease are arranged on opposite strands in proximity of the first inverted repeat such that nicking results in a bottom strand 3′ overhang comprising the first inverted repeat or a fragment thereof (e.g., at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of the first inverted repeat) upon separation of the top from the bottom strand of the first inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Sections 5.2.3, 5.2.4 and 5.3.2); ii) an expression cassette (e.g. as described in Section 5.3.3); and iii) a second inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Section 5.3.1), wherein a third and a fourth restriction site for nicking endonuclease are arranged on opposite strands in proximity of the second inverted repeat or a fragment thereof (e.g., at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of the second inverted repeat) such that nicking results in a top strand 3′ overhang comprising the second inverted repeat upon separation of the top from the bottom strand of the second inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Sections 5.2.3, 5.2.4 and 5.3.2 or depicted in FIGS. 2B and 2C). In certain embodiments, the bottom strand 3′ overhang comprises the first inverted repeat. In certain embodiments, the top strand 3′ overhang comprises the second inverted repeat. In certain embodiments, the bottom strand 3′ overhang comprises the first inverted repeat and the top strand 3′ overhang comprises the second inverted repeat.

In one aspect, provided herein is a double-stranded DNA molecule comprising in 5′ to 3′ direction of the top strand: i) a first inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Section 5.3.1), wherein a first and a second target site for the guide nucleic acids for programmable nicking enzyme are arranged on opposite strands in proximity of the first inverted repeat such that nicking by programmable nicking enzyme results in a top strand 5′ overhang comprising the first inverted repeat or a fragment thereof (e.g., at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of the first inverted repeat) upon separation of the top from the bottom strand of the first inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Sections 5.2.3, 5.2.4 and 5.3.2); ii) an expression cassette (e.g. as described in Section 5.3.3); and iii) a second inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Section 5.3.1), wherein a third and a fourth target site for the guide nucleic acids for programmable nicking enzyme are arranged on opposite strands in proximity of the second inverted repeat such that nicking by programmable nicking enzyme results in a top strand 3′ overhang comprising the second inverted repeat or a fragment thereof (e.g., at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of the second inverted repeat) upon separation of the top from the bottom strand of the second inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Sections 5.2.3, 5.2.4 and 5.3.2). In certain embodiments, the top strand 5′ overhang comprises the first inverted repeat. In certain embodiments, the top strand 3′ overhang comprises the second inverted repeat. In certain embodiments, the top strand 5′ overhang comprises the first inverted repeat and the top strand 3′ overhang comprises the second inverted repeat.

In another aspect, provided herein is a double strand DNA molecule comprising in 5′ to 3′ direction of the top strand: i) a first inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Section 5.3.1), wherein a first and a second target site for the guide nucleic acids for programmable nicking enzyme are arranged on opposite strands in proximity of the first inverted repeat such that nicking by programmable nicking enzyme results in a bottom strand 3′ overhang comprising the first inverted repeat or a fragment thereof (e.g., at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of the first inverted repeat) upon separation of the top from the bottom strand of the first inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Sections 5.2.3, 5.2.4 and 5.3.2); ii) an expression cassette (e.g. as described in Section 5.3.3); and iii) a second inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Section 5.3.1), wherein a third and a fourth target site for the guide nucleic acids for programmable nicking enzyme are arranged on opposite strands in proximity of the second inverted repeat such that nicking by programmable nicking enzyme results in a bottom strand 5′ overhang comprising the second inverted repeat or a fragment thereof (e.g., at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of the second inverted repeat) upon separation of the top from the bottom strand of the second inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Sections 5.2.3, 5.2.4 and 5.3.2 or depicted in FIGS. 2A and 2C). In certain embodiments, the bottom strand 3′ overhang comprises the first inverted repeat. In certain embodiments, the bottom strand 5′ overhang comprises the second inverted repeat. In certain embodiments, the bottom strand 3′ overhang comprises the first inverted repeat and the bottom strand 5′ overhang comprises the second inverted repeat.

In yet another aspect, provided herein is a double-stranded DNA molecule comprising in 5′ to 3′ direction of the top strand: i) a first inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Section 5.3.1), wherein a first and a second target site for the guide nucleic acids for programmable nicking enzyme are arranged on opposite strands in proximity of the first inverted repeat such that nicking by programmable nicking enzyme results in a top strand 5′ overhang comprising the first inverted repeat or a fragment thereof (e.g., at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of the first inverted repeat) upon separation of the top from the bottom strand of the first inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Sections 5.2.3, 5.2.4 and 5.3.2); ii) an expression cassette (e.g. as described in Section 5.3.3); and iii) a second inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Section 5.3.1), wherein a third and a fourth target site for the guide nucleic acids for programmable nicking enzyme are arranged on opposite strands in proximity of the second inverted repeat such that nicking by programmable nicking enzyme results in a bottom strand 5′ overhang comprising the second inverted repeat or a fragment thereof (e.g., at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of the second inverted repeat) upon separation of the top from the bottom strand of the second inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Sections 5.2.3, 5.2.4 and 5.3.2). In certain embodiments, the top strand 5′ overhang comprises the first inverted repeat. In certain embodiments, the bottom strand 5′ overhang comprises the second inverted repeat. In certain embodiments, the top strand 5′ overhang comprises the first inverted repeat and the bottom strand 5′ overhang comprises the second inverted repeat.

In a further aspect, provide herein is a double strand DNA molecule comprising in 5′ to 3′ direction of the top strand: i) a first inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Section 5.3.1), wherein a first and a second target site for the guide nucleic acids for programmable nicking enzyme are arranged on opposite strands in proximity of the first inverted repeat such that nicking by programmable nicking enzyme results in a bottom strand 3′ overhang comprising the first inverted repeat or a fragment thereof (e.g., at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of the first inverted repeat) upon separation of the top from the bottom strand of the first inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Sections 5.2.3, 5.2.4 and 5.3.2); ii) an expression cassette (e.g. as described in Section 5.3.3); and iii) a second inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Section 5.3.1), wherein a third and a fourth target site for the guide nucleic acids for programmable nicking enzyme are arranged on opposite strands in proximity of the second inverted repeat such that nicking by programmable nicking enzyme results in a top strand 3′ overhang comprising the second inverted repeat or a fragment thereof (e.g., at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of the second inverted repeat) upon separation of the top from the bottom strand of the second inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Sections 5.2.3, 5.2.4 and 5.3.2 or depicted in FIGS. 2B and 2C). In certain embodiments, the bottom strand 3′ overhang comprises the first inverted repeat. In certain embodiments, the top strand 3′ overhang comprises the second inverted repeat. In certain embodiments, the bottom strand 3′ overhang comprises the first inverted repeat and the top strand 3′ overhang comprises the second inverted repeat. In one embodiment, the first, second, third, and fourth target site for programmable nicking enzyme in this and the preceding three paragraphs are all the same. In another embodiment, three of the first, second, third, and fourth target site for programmable nicking enzyme in this and the preceding three paragraphs are the same. In yet another embodiment, two of the first, second, third, and fourth target site for programmable nicking enzyme in this and the preceding three paragraphs are the same. In a further embodiment, the first, second, third, and fourth target site for programmable nicking enzyme in this and the preceding three paragraphs are all different.

The DNA molecules provided herein comprise various features or have various embodiments as described in Section 3 and the preceding paragraphs of this Section (Section 5.3), which features and embodiments are further described in the various subsections below: the embodiments for the inverted repeats, including the first inverted repeat and/or the second inverted repeat, are described in Section 5.3.1, the embodiments for the restriction enzymes, nicking endonucleases, and their respective restriction sites are described in Sections 5.3.2 and 5.2.4, the embodiments for the programmable nicking enzymes and their targeting sites are described in Section 5.2.4, the embodiments for the expression cassette are described in Section 5.3.3, the embodiments for plasmids and vectors are described in Section 5.3.5, the embodiments for DNA molecules comprising less than 4 restriction site for nicking endonucleases are described in Section 5.3.6. As such, the disclosure provides DNA molecules comprising any permutations and combinations of the various embodiments of DNA molecules and embodiments of features of the DNA molecules described herein. In further embodiments, the arrangement among the ITR, the expression cassette, the restriction sites for nicking endonuclease or restriction enzymes, and the programmable nicking enzyme and their targeting sites can be any arrangement as described in Sections 5.2.3, 5.2.4, 5.2.5, 5.3.1, 5.3.2, 5.3.3 5.3.6, and 5.4.

In one aspect, provided herein is a double-stranded DNA molecule comprising in the 5′ to 3′ direction of the top strand: i) a first viral replication deficient inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Section 5.3.1 and Section 5.3.4), wherein a first and a second restriction site for nicking endonuclease are arranged on opposite strands in proximity of the first inverted repeat such that nicking results in a top strand 5′ overhang comprising the first inverted repeat or a fragment thereof (e.g., at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of the first inverted repeat) upon separation of the top from the bottom strand of the first inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Sections 5.2.3, 5.2.4, 5.3.2 and 5.3.4); ii) an expression cassette (e.g. as described in Section 5.3.3); and iii) a second viral replication deficient inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Section 5.3.1 and Section 5.3.4), wherein a third and a fourth restriction site for nicking endonuclease are arranged on opposite strands in proximity of the second inverted repeat such that nicking results in a top strand 3′ overhang comprising the second inverted repeat or a fragment thereof (e.g., at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of the second inverted repeat) upon separation of the top from the bottom strand of the second inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Sections 5.2.3, 5.2.4 and 5.3.2). In certain embodiments, the top strand 5′ overhang comprises the first viral replication deficient inverted repeat. In certain embodiments, the top strand 3′ overhang comprises the second viral replication deficient inverted repeat. In certain embodiments, the top strand 5′ overhang comprises the first viral replication deficient inverted repeat and the top strand 3′ overhang comprises the second viral replication deficient inverted repeat.

In another aspect, provided herein is a double strand DNA molecule comprising in the 5′ to 3′ direction of the top strand: i) a first viral replication deficient inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Section 5.3.1 and 5.3.4), wherein a first and a second restriction site for nicking endonuclease are arranged on opposite strands in proximity of the first inverted repeat such that nicking results in a as described in Sections 5.2.3, 5.2.4 and 5.3.2); ii) an expression cassette (e.g. as described in Section 5.3.3); and iii) a second viral replication deficient inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Section 5.3.1 and Section 5.3.4), wherein a third and a fourth restriction site for nicking endonuclease are arranged on opposite strands in proximity of the second inverted repeat such that nicking results in a bottom strand 5′ overhang comprising the second inverted repeat or a fragment thereof (e.g., at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of the second inverted repeat) upon separation of the top from the bottom strand of the second inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Sections 5.2.3, 5.2.4 and 5.3.2 or depicted in FIGS. 2A and 2C). In certain embodiments, the bottom strand 3′ overhang comprises the first viral replication deficient inverted repeat. In certain embodiments, the bottom strand 5′ overhang comprises the second viral replication deficient inverted repeat. In certain embodiments, the bottom strand 3′ overhang comprises the first viral replication deficient inverted repeat and the bottom strand 5′ overhang comprises the second viral replication deficient inverted repeat.

In yet another aspect, provided herein is a double-stranded DNA molecule comprising in the 5′ to 3′ direction of the top strand: i) a first viral replication deficient inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Section 5.3.1 and 5.3.4), wherein a first and a second restriction site for nicking endonuclease are arranged on opposite strands in proximity of the first inverted repeat such that nicking results in a top strand 5′ overhang comprising the first inverted repeat or a fragment thereof (e.g., at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of the first inverted repeat) upon separation of the top from the bottom strand of the first inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Sections 5.2.3, 5.2.4 and 5.3.2); ii) an expression cassette (e.g. as described in Section 5.3.3); and iii) a second viral replication deficient inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Section 5.3.1 and 5.3.4), wherein a third and a fourth restriction site for nicking endonuclease are arranged on opposite strands in proximity of the second inverted repeat such that nicking results in a bottom strand 5′ overhang comprising the second inverted repeat or a fragment thereof (e.g., at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of the second inverted repeat) upon separation of the top from the bottom strand of the second inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Sections 5.2.3, 5.2.4 and 5.3.2). In certain embodiments, the top strand 5′ overhang comprises the first viral replication deficient inverted repeat. In certain embodiments, the bottom strand 5′ overhang comprises the second viral replication deficient inverted repeat. In certain embodiments, the top strand 5′ overhang comprises the first viral replication deficient inverted repeat and the bottom strand 5′ overhang comprises the second viral replication deficient inverted repeat.

In a further aspect, provide herein is a double stranded DNA molecule comprising in 5′ to 3′ direction of the top strand: i) a first viral replication deficient inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Section 5.3.1 and 5.3.4), wherein a first and a second restriction site for nicking endonuclease are arranged on opposite strands in proximity of the first inverted repeat such that nicking results in a bottom strand as described in Sections 5.2.3, 5.2.4 and 5.3.2); ii) an expression cassette (e.g. as described in Section 5.3.3); and iii) a second viral replication deficient inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Section 5.3.1 and Section 5.3.4), wherein a third and a fourth restriction site for nicking endonuclease are arranged on opposite strands in proximity of the second inverted repeat or a fragment thereof (e.g., at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of the second inverted repeat) such that nicking results in a top strand 3′ overhang comprising the second inverted repeat upon separation of the top from the bottom strand of the second inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Sections 5.2.3, 5.2.4 and 5.3.2 or depicted in FIGS. 2B and 2C). In certain embodiments, the bottom strand 3′ overhang comprises the first viral replication deficient inverted repeat. In certain embodiments, the top strand 3′ overhang comprises the second viral replication deficient inverted repeat. In certain embodiments, the bottom strand 3′ overhang comprises the first viral replication deficient inverted repeat and the top strand 3′ overhang comprises the second viral replication deficient inverted repeat.

The DNA molecule provided herein can be a DNA molecule in its native environment or an isolated DNA molecule. In certain embodiments, the DNA molecule is a DNA molecule in its native environment. In some embodiments, the DNA molecule is an isolated DNA molecule. In one embodiment, the isolated DNA molecule can be a DNA molecule of at least 10%, at least 11%, at least 12%, at least 13%, at least 14%, at least 15%, at least 16%, at least 17%, at least 18%, at least 19%, at least 20%, at least 21%, at least 22%, at least 23%, at least 24%, at least 25%, at least 26%, at least 27%, at least 28%, at least 29%, at least 30%, at least 31%, at least 32%, at least 33%, at least 34%, at least 35%, at least 36%, at least 37%, at least 38%, at least 39%, at least 40%, at least 41%, at least 42%, at least 43%, at least 44%, at least 45%, at least 46%, at least 47%, at least 48%, at least 49%, at least 50%, at least 51%, at least 52%, at least 53%, at least 54%, at least 55%, at least 56%, at least 57%, at least 58%, at least 59%, at least 60%, at least 61%, at least 62%, at least 63%, at least 64%, at least 65%, at least 66%, at least 67%, at least 68%, at least 69%, at least 70%, at least 71%, at least 72%, at least 73%, at least 74%, at least 75%, at least 76%, at least 77%, at least 78%, at least 79%, at least 80%, at least 81%, at least 82%, at least 83%, at least 84%, at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99% purity. In another embodiment, the isolated DNA molecule can be a DNA molecule of about 10%, about 11%, about 12%, about 13%, about 14%, about 15%, about 16%, about 17%, about 18%, about 19%, about 20%, about 21%, about 22%, about 23%, about 24%, about 25%, about 26%, about 27%, about 28%, about 29%, about 30%, about 31%, about 32%, about 33%, about 34%, about 35%, about 36%, about 37%, about 38%, about 39%, about 40%, about 41%, about 42%, about 43%, about 44%, about 45%, about 46%, about 47%, about 48%, about 49%, about 50%, about 51%, about 52%, about 53%, about 54%, about 55%, about 56%, about 57%, about 58%, about 59%, about 60%, about 61%, about 62%, about 63%, about 64%, about 65%, about 66%, about 67%, about 68%, about 69%, about 70%, about 71%, about 72%, about 73%, about 74%, about 75%, about 76%, about 77%, about 78%, about 79%, about 80%, about 81%, about 82%, about 83%, about 84%, about 85%, about 86%, about 87%, about 88%, about 89%, about 90%, about 91%, about 92%, about 93%, about 94%, about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, or about 99% purity. Other embodiments of the isolated DNA molecules provided herein in terms of purities are further described in Section 5.3.7, which can be combined in any suitable combination with the embodiments provided in this paragraph.

As the DNA molecules can be fully engineered (e.g. synthetically produced or recombinantly produced), the DNA molecules provided herein including those of Sections 3 and this Section 5.3 can lack certain sequences or features as further described in Section 5.3.4.

5.3.1 Inverted Repeats

The ITRs or IRs provided in Sections 3 and this Section (Section 5.3.1) can form the hairpinned ITRs in the hairpin-ended DNA molecules provided in Section 5.4, for example upon performing the method steps described in Sections 3, 5.2.3, 5.2.4, and 5.2.5. Accordingly, in some embodiments, the ITRs or IRs provided in Sections 3 and this Section (Section 5.3.1) can comprise any embodiments of the IRs or ITRs provided in Sections 3 and Section 5.4 and additional embodiments provided in this Section (Section 5.3.1), in any combination.

The majority of DNA in the cells comprises two strands engaged in Watson-Crick base pairing, which sequesters most of the functional groups and limits structural and functional diversity. While this is a desirable property for a molecule whose function is to store genetic information, single stranded viruses have evolved to utilize the intramolecular interaction of linear single stranded DNA (ssDNA) to form secondary structures that add another layer of functional complexity. One major contributing factor is that these ssDNA viral genomes are composed of just one strand that folds back on itself to form hairpins.

The secondary structure of a single stranded DNA molecule can be a representation of the pattern, based on an initial DNA sequence, of complementary base-pairings that are formed between the constituent nucleotides. The sequence, represented as a string of four letters (one for each nucleotide species), is a single strand consisting of the nucleotides which are generally assumed to form different secondary structures with minimum free energies that are governed by thermodynamic interactions.

“Inverted repeat” or “IR” refers to a single stranded nucleic acid sequence that comprises a palindromic sequence region. This palindromic region comprises a sequence of nucleotides as well as its reverse complement, i.e., “palindromic sequence” as further described below, on the same strand as further described below. In a denatured state, meaning in conditions in which the hydrophobic stacking attractions between the bases are broken, the IR nucleic acid sequence is present in a random coil state (e.g. at high temperature, presence of chemical agents, high pH, etc.). As conditions become more physiological, said IR can fold into a secondary structure whose outermost regions are non-covalently held together by base pairing. In some embodiments, an IR can be an ITR. In certain embodiments, an IR comprise an ITR. In some embodiments an IR can be a hairpinned inverted repeat. In certain embodiments, an inverted repeat, once folded upon itself, can create a hairpin loop (also known as stem loop) in which an unpaired loop of single stranded DNA is created when the DNA strand folds and forms base pairs with another section of the same strand. Upon folding, an inverted repeat can comprise one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, or ten such hairpin loop structures.

“Inverted terminal repeat” “terminal repeat,” “TR,” or “ITR” refers to an inverted repeat region that is at or proximal to a terminal of a single strand DNA molecule or an inverted repeat that is at or in the single strand overhang of a dsDNA molecule. An ITR can fold onto itself as a result of the palindromic sequence in the ITR. In one embodiment, an ITR is at or proximal to one end of an ssDNA. In another embodiment, an ITR is at or proximal to one end of a dsDNA. In yet another embodiment, two ITRs are each at or proximal to the two respective ends of an ssDNA. In a further embodiment, two ITRs are each at or proximal to the two respective end of a dsDNA. In some embodiments, the non-ITR part of the ssDNA or dsDNA is heterologous to the ITR. In certain embodiments, the non-ITR part of the ssDNA or dsDNA is homologous to the ITR. In a denatured state, meaning in conditions in which the hydrophobic stacking attractions between the bases are broken, the ITR comprising nucleic acid sequence is present in a random coil state (e.g. at high temperature, presence of chemical agents, high pH, etc.). In some embodiments, as conditions become more suitable for annealing as described in Section 5.2.5, the ITR can fold on itself into a structure that is non-covalently held together by base pairing while the heterologous non-ITR part of the dsDNA remain intact or the heterologous non-ITR part of the ssDNA molecule can hybridize with a second ssDNA molecule comprising the reverse complement sequence of the heterologous DNA molecule. The resulting complex of two hybridized DNA strands encompass three distinct regions, a first folded single stranded ITR covalently linked to a double stranded DNA region that is in turn covalently linked to a second folded single stranded ITR. In certain embodiments, the ITR sequence can start at one of the restriction site for nicking endonuclease described in Sections 3, 5.2.4, and 5.3.2 and end at the last base before the dsDNA. In one embodiment, as opposed to a linear double stranded DNA molecule, the ITR present at the 5′ and 3′ termini of the top and bottom strand at either end of the DNA molecule can fold in and face each other (e.g. 3′ to 5′, 5′ to 3′ or vice versa) and therefore do not expose a free 5′ or 3′ terminus at either end of the nucleic acid duplex. When the ITR folds on itself, the dsDNA in the folded ITR can be immediately next to the dsDNA of the non-ITR part of the DNA molecule, creating a nick flanked by dsDNA in some embodiments, or the dsDNA in the folded ITR can be one or more nucleotide apart from the dsDNA of the non-ITR part of the DNA molecule, creating a “ssDNA gap” flanked by dsDNA in other embodiments. The two ITRs that flank the non-ITR DNA sequence are referred to an “ITR pair”. In some embodiments, when the ITR assumes its folded state, it is resistant to exonuclease digestion (e.g. exonuclease V), e.g. for over an hour at 37° C.

The boundary between the terminal base of the ITR folded into its secondary structure and the terminal base of the DNA hybridized duplex can further be stabilized by stacking interactions (e.g. coaxial stacking) between base pairs flanking the nick or ssDNA gap and these interactions are sequence-dependent. In the case of a structure resembling a nick, an equilibrium between two conformations can exist wherein, the first conformation is very close to that of the intact double helix where stacking between the base pairs flanking the nick is conserved while the other conformation corresponds to complete loss of stacking at the nick site thus inducing a kink in DNA. Nicked molecules are known to move somewhat slower during polyacrylamide and agarose gel electrophoresis than intact molecules of the same size. In some cases, this retardation is enhanced at higher temperatures. It is thought that the fast equilibration between stacked/straight and unstacked/bent conformations of the nick directly affects the mobility of DNA molecule during gel electrophoreses, leading to differential retardation characteristic to a DNA molecule carrying the nick.

Without being bound by theory, it is thought that cellular proteins can recognize parallel 5′ and 3′ termini as double strand breaks and can engage as well as process these, which can adversely affect the fate of the DNA in a cell. Hence, the ITR can prevent premature, unwanted degradation of the expression cassette with ITRs at one or both of its two ends as provided in Sections 3 and 5.4 and this Section (Section 5.3.1).

By placing a first and a second restriction site for nicking endonucleases on opposite strands and in proximity of the inverted repeats and subsequent separation of the top from the bottom strand of the inverted repeat, the resulting overhang can fold back on itself and form a double stranded end that contains at least one restriction site for the nicking endonuclease. In some embodiments, the folded ITR resembles the secondary structure conformation of viral ITRs. In one embodiment, the ITR is located on both the 5′ and 3′ terminus of the bottom strand (e.g. a left ITR and right ITR). In another embodiment, the ITR is located on both the 5′ and 3′ terminus of the top strand. In yet another embodiment, one ITR is located at the 5′ terminus of the top strand, and the other ITR is located at the opposite end of the bottom strand (e.g. the left ITR at the 5′ terminus on the top strand and the right ITR at the 5′ terminus of the bottom). In yet another embodiment, one ITR is located at the 3′ terminus of the top strand, and the other ITR is located at the 3′ terminus of the bottom strand.

In some aspects, the disclosure provides a DNA molecule comprising palindromic sequences. “Palindromic sequences” or “palindromes” are self-complimentary DNA sequences that can fold back to form a stretch of dsDNA in the self-complimentary region under a condition that favors intramolecular annealing. In some embodiments, a palindromic sequence comprises a contiguous stretch of polynucleotides that is identical when read forwards as when read backwards on the complementary strand. In one embodiment, a palindromic sequence comprises a stretch of polynucleotides that is identical when read forwards as when read backwards on the complementary strand, wherein such stretch is interrupted by one or more stretches of non-palindromic polynucleotides. In another embodiment, a palindromic sequence comprises a stretch of polynucleotides that is 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical when read forwards as when read backwards on the complementary strand. In yet another embodiment, a palindromic sequence comprises a stretch of polynucleotides that is 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical when read forwards as when read backwards on the complementary strand, wherein such stretch is interrupted by one or more stretches of non-palindromic polynucleotides. An ssDNA encoding one or more palindromic sequences can fold back upon itself, to form double stranded base pairs comprising a secondary structure (e.g., a hairpin loop, or a three-way junction).

Under appropriate conditions, for example as described in Sections 5.2.3, 5.2.4, and 5.2.5, An IR or an ITR provided in this Section (Section 5.3.1) can fold and form hairpin structures as described in this Section (Section 5.3.1) and Section 5.4, including stems, a primary stem, loops, turning points, bulges, branches, branch loops, internal loops, and/or any combination or permutation of the structural features described in Section 5.4.

In one embodiment, an IR or ITR for the methods and compositions provided herein comprises one or more palindromic sequences. In some embodiments, an IR or ITR described herein comprises palindromic sequences or domains that in addition to forming the primary stem domain can form branched hairpin structures. In some embodiments, an IR or ITR comprises palindromic sequences that can form any number of branched hairpins. In certain specific embodiments, an IR or ITR comprises palindromic sequences that can form 1 to 30, or any subranges of 1 to 30, branched hairpins. In some specific embodiments, an IR or ITR comprises palindromic sequences that can form 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, or 30 branched hairpins. In some embodiments, an IR or ITR comprises sequence that can form two branched hairpin structures that lead to a three-way junction domain (T-shaped). In some embodiments, an IR or ITR comprises sequence that can form three branched hairpin structures that lead to a four-way junction domain (or cruciform structure). In some embodiments, an IR or ITR comprises sequence that can form a non-T-shaped hairpin structure, e.g., a U-shaped hairpin structure. In some embodiments, an IR or ITR comprises sequence that can form interrupted U-shaped hairpin structure including a series of bulges and base pair mismatches. In some embodiments, the branched hairpins all have the same length of stem and/or loop. In some embodiments, one branched hairpin is smaller (e.g. truncated) than the other branched hairpins. Some exemplar embodiments of the hairpin structures and the structural elements of the hairpin structures are depicted in FIG. 1 .

“Hairpin closing base pair” refers to the first base pair following the unpaired loop sequence. Certain stem loop sequences have preferred closing base pairs (e.g. GC in AAV2 ITRs). In one embodiment, the stem loop sequence comprises G-C pair as the closing base pair. In another embodiment, the stem loop sequence comprises C-G pair as the closing base pair.

“ITR closing base pair” refers to the first and last nucleotide that forms a base pair in a folded ITR. The terminal base pair is usually the pair of nucleotides of the primary stem domain that are most proximal to the non-ITR sequences (e.g. expression cassette) of the DNA molecule. The ITR closing base pair can be any type of base pair (e.g. CG, AT, GC or TA). In one embodiment, the ITR closing base pair is a G-C base pair. In another embodiment, the ITR closing base pair is an A-T base pair. In yet another embodiment, the ITR closing base pair is a C-G base pair. In a further embodiment, the ITR closing base pair is a T-A base pair.

The disclosure provides that the DNA secondary structure can be computationally predicted according as known and practiced in the art. DNA secondary structures can be represented in several ways: squiggle plot, graph representation, dot-bracket notation, circular plot, arc diagram, mountain plot, dot plot, etc. In circular plots, the backbone is represented by a circle, and the base pairs are symbolized by arcs in the interior of the circle. In arc diagrams, the DNA backbone is drawn as a straight line and the nucleotides of each base pair are connected by an arc. Both circular and arc plots allow for the identification of secondary structure similarities and differences.

One of the many methods for DNA secondary structure prediction uses the nearest-neighbor model and minimizes the total free energy associated with a DNA structure. The minimum free energy is estimated by summing individual energy contributions from base pair stacking, hairpins, bulges, internal loops and multi-branch loops. The energy contributions of these elements are sequence- and length-dependent and have been experimentally determined. The segregation of the sequence into a stem loop and sub-stems can be depicted, for example, by displaying the structure as graph plot. In a linear interaction plot, each residue is represented on the abscissa and semi-elliptical lines connect bases that pair with each other (e.g. FIGS. 2A and B).

In some embodiments, the ITR promotes the long-term survival of the nucleic acid molecule in the nucleus of a cell. In some embodiments, the ITR promotes the permanent survival of the nucleic acid molecule in the nucleus of a cell (e.g., for the entire life-span of the cell). In some embodiments, the ITR promotes the stability of the nucleic acid molecule in the nucleus of a cell. In some embodiments, the ITR inhibits or prevents the degradation of the nucleic acid molecule in the nucleus of a cell.

In certain embodiments, IRs or ITRs can comprise any viral ITR. In other embodiments, IRs or ITRs can comprise a synthetic palindromic sequence that can form a palindrome hairpin structure that does not expose a 5′ or 3′ terminus at the outmost apex or turning point of the repeat.

In some embodiments, the single stranded ITR sequence stretching from one nucleotide of the ITR closing base pair to the other nucleotide of the ITR closing base pair has a Gibbs free energy (ΔG) of unfolding under physiological conditions in the range of −10 kcal/mol to −100 kcal/mol. In one embodiment, the Gibbs free energy (ΔG) of unfolding referred to in the preceding sentence is no more than −10 (meaning ≤−10, including e.g. −20, −30, etc.), no more than −11, no more than −12, no more than −13, no more than −14, no more than −15, no more than −16, no more than −17, no more than −18, no more than −19, no more than −20, no more than −21, no more than −22, no more than −23, no more than −24, no more than −25, no more than −26, no more than −27, no more than −28, no more than −29, no more than −30, no more than −31, no more than −32, no more than −33, no more than −34, no more than −35, no more than −36, no more than −37, no more than −38, no more than −39, no more than −40, no more than −41, no more than −42, no more than −43, no more than −44, no more than −45, no more than −46, no more than −47, no more than −48, no more than −49, no more than −50, no more than −51, no more than −52, no more than −53, no more than −54, no more than −55, no more than −56, no more than −57, no more than −58, no more than −59, no more than −60, no more than −61, no more than −62, no more than −63, no more than −64, no more than −65, no more than −66, no more than −67, no more than −68, no more than −69, no more than −70, no more than −71, no more than −72, no more than −73, no more than −74, no more than −75, no more than −76, no more than −77, no more than −78, no more than −79, no more than −80, no more than −81, no more than −82, no more than −83, no more than −84, no more than −85, no more than −86, no more than −87, no more than −88, no more than −89, no more than −90, no more than −91, no more than −92, no more than −93, no more than −94, no more than −95, no more than −96, no more than −97, no more than −98, no more than −99, or no more than −100 kcal/mol. In another embodiment, the Gibbs free energy (ΔG) of unfolding referred to in the preceding sentence is about −10 (meaning ≤−10, including e.g. −20, −30, etc.), about −11, about −12, about −13, about −14, about −15, about −16, about −17, about −18, about −19, about −20, about −21, about −22, about −23, about −24, about −25, about −26, about −27, about −28, about −29, about −30, about −31, about −32, about −33, about −34, about −35, about −36, about −37, about −38, about −39, about −40, about −41, about −42, about −43, about −44, about −45, about −46, about −47, about −48, about −49, about −50, about −51, about −52, about −53, about −54, about −55, about −56, about −57, about −58, about −59, about −60, about −61, about −62, about −63, about −64, about −65, about −66, about −67, about −68, about −69, about −70, about −71, about −72, about −73, about −74, about −75, about −76, about −77, about −78, about −79, about −80, about −81, about −82, about −83, about −84, about −85, about −86, about −87, about −88, about −89, about −90, about −91, about −92, about −93, about −94, about −95, about −96, about −97, about −98, about −99, or about −100 kcal/mol. In some embodiments, the ITR sequence stretching from one nucleotide of the ITR closing base pair to the other nucleotide of the ITR closing base pair has a Gibbs free energy (ΔG) of unfolding under physiological conditions in the range of −26 kcal/mol to −95 kcal/mol. In some embodiments, the ITR sequence stretching from one nucleotide of the ITR closing base pair to the other nucleotide of the ITR closing base pair contribute to all of the Gibbs free energy (ΔG) of unfolding for the ITR sequence under physiological conditions.

In some embodiments, in the folded state, the single stranded IR or ITR has an overall Watson-Crick self-complementarity of approximately 50% to 98%. In one embodiment, in the folded state, the single stranded IR or ITR has an overall Watson-Crick self-complementarity of about 50%, about 51%, about 52%, about 53%, about 54%, about 55%, about 56%, about 57%, about 58%, about 59%, about 60%, about 61%, about 62%, about 63%, about 64%, about 65%, about 66%, about 67%, about 68%, about 69%, about 70%, about 71%, about 72%, about 73%, about 74%, about 75%, about 76%, about 77%, about 78%, about 79%, about 80%, about 81%, about 82%, about 83%, about 84%, about 85%, about 86%, about 87%, about 88%, about 89%, about 90%, about 91%, about 92%, about 93%, about 94%, about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, or about 99%. In another embodiment, in the folded state, the single stranded IR or ITR has an overall Watson-Crick self-complementarity of at least 50%, at least 51%, at least 52%, at least 53%, at least 54%, at least 55%, at least 56%, at least 57%, at least 58%, at least 59%, at least 60%, at least 61%, at least 62%, at least 63%, at least 64%, at least 65%, at least 66%, at least 67%, at least 68%, at least 69%, at least 70%, at least 71%, at least 72%, at least 73%, at least 74%, at least 75%, at least 76%, at least 77%, at least 78%, at least 79%, at least 80%, at least 81%, at least 82%, at least 83%, at least 84%, at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%. In some embodiments, in the folded state, IR or ITR has an overall Watson Crick complementarity of approximately 60% to 98%. In some embodiments, the single stranded IR or ITR has an overall GC content of approximately 60-95%. In certain embodiments, the single stranded IR or ITR has an overall GC content of at least 60%, at least 61%, at least 62%, at least 63%, at least 64%, at least 65%, at least 66%, at least 67%, at least 68%, at least 69%, at least 70%, at least 71%, at least 72%, at least 73%, at least 74%, at least 75%, at least 76%, at least 77%, at least 78%, at least 79%, at least 80%, at least 81%, at least 82%, at least 83%, at least 84%, at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, or at least 95%. In other embodiments, the single stranded IR or ITR has an overall GC content of about 60%, about 61%, about 62%, about 63%, about 64%, about 65%, about 66%, about 67%, about 68%, about 69%, about 70%, about 71%, about 72%, about 73%, about 74%, about 75%, about 76%, about 77%, about 78%, about 79%, about 80%, about 81%, about 82%, about 83%, about 84%, about 85%, about 86%, about 87%, about 88%, about 89%, about 90%, about 91%, about 92%, about 93%, about 94%, or about 95%. In some embodiments, the single stranded IR has an overall GC content of approximately 60-91%.

Table 4 lists the folding free energy, GC content, percent of complementation, length of exemplary ITRs and Table 5 lists the Sequences of the ITRs in Table 4.

TABLE 4 Folding free energy, GC content, percent of complementation, length of exemplary ITRs. Paired GC ΔG Compl. Unpaired ITR Length A-T G-C G-T Total % kcal/mol % % SEQ ID NO: 3 85 8 31 39 79% −83.0 92%  8% SEQ ID NO: 4 77 7 28 35 80% −72.7 91%  9% SEQ ID NO: 5 69 5 26 31 84% −63.6 90% 10% SEQ ID NO: 7 89 7 34 41 83% −90.0 92%  8% SEQ ID NO: 8 71 6 26 32 81% −65.2 90% 10% SEQ ID NO: 9 59 4 22 26 85% −50.7 88% 12% SEQ ID NO: 10 51 2 20 22 91% −41.9 86% 14% SEQ ID NO: 27 70 7 13 20 65% −26.6 57% 43% SEQ ID NO: 29 92 6 18 1 25 75% −52.1 52% 48% SEQ ID NO: 28 102 12 26 38 68% −72.8 75% 25% SEQ ID NO: 31 87 13 23 36 64% −63.0 83% 17% SEQ ID NO: 32 113 18 31 49 63% −93.6 87% 13% SEQ ID NO: 33 83 6 32 38 84% −83.0 92%  8% SEQ ID NO: 34 83 7 31 38 82% −80.0 92%  8% SEQ ID NO: 35 67 6 26 32 81% −79.1 96%  4%

TABLE 5 Sequences of the ITRs in Table 4 SEQ ID NO Sequence SEQ ID NO: 3 GCTCGACTCGCTCACTGAGG CCGGGCGACCAAAGGTCGCC CGACGCCCGGGCTTTGCCCG GGCGGCCTCAGTGAGCGAGT CGAGC SEQ ID NO: 4 GCTCGACTCACTGAGGCCGG GCGACCAAAGGTCGCCCGAC GCCCGGGCTTTGCCCGGGCG GCCTCAGTGAGTCGAGC SEQ ID NO: 5 CGCTGACTCAGGCCGGGCGA CCAAAGGTCGCCCGACGCCC GGGCTTTGCCCGGGCGGCCT GAGTCAGCG SEQ ID NO: 7 CGCGCTCGCTCGCTCACTGA GGCCGGGCGACCAAAGGTCG CCCGACGCCCGGGCTTTGCC CGGGCGGCCTCAGTGAGCGA GCGAGCGCG SEQ ID NO: 8 TCGCTCACTGAGGCCGGGCG ACCAAAGGTCGCCCGACGCC CGGGCTTTGCCCGGGCGGCC TCAGTGAGCGA SEQ ID NO: 9 ACTGAGGCCGGGCGACCAAA GGTCGCCCGACGCCCGGGCT TTGCCCGGGCGGCCTCAGT SEQ ID NO: 10 AGGCCGGGCGACCAAAGGTC GCCCGACGCCCGGGCTTTGC CCGGGCGGCCT SEQ ID NO: 27 CCATGCATCCGGCTTTAAAC GGGCAACTGCGTCTCATTCA CGTTAGAGACTACAACCGTC GGATGCATGG SEQ ID NO: 28 TTCAAACCTGCCGGGGGAGA AGCGGCGTTTTTTCCCGGCC GCCGCTTCTCTTCTTCTCCC GCCGCCGGGAAAAAAGGCGG GAGAAGCCCCGGCAGGTTTG AA SEQ ID NO: 29 GTCCGGGCCATGCTTCAAAC CTGCCGGGGCTTCTCCCGCC TTTTTTCCCGGCGGCGGGAG AAGTAGATTTCTCGTACCTG CATGGCCCGGAC SEQ ID NO: 31 CCAGCGCTTGGGGTTGACGT GCCACTAAGATCAAGCGGCG CGCGCGCGCCGCTTGTCTTA GTGTCAAGGCAACCCCAAGC AAGCTGG SEQ ID NO: 32 GGTTGACTCTGGGCCAGCTT GCTTGGGGTTGCCTTGACAC TAAGACAAGCGGCGCGCGCG CGCCGCTTGATCTTAGTGGC ACGTCAACCCCAAGCGCTGG CCCAGAGTCAACC SEQ ID NO: 33 CGCGCTCGCTCGCTCACTGA GGCCGGGCCAAAGGCCCGAC GCCCGGGCTTTGCCCGGGCG GCCTCAGTGAGCGAGCGAGC GCG SEQ ID NO: 34 CGCGCTCGCTCGCTCACTGA GGCCGGGCGACCAAAGGTCG CCCGACGCCCGTTTCGGGCG GCCTCAGTGAGCGAGCGAGC GCG SEQ ID NO: 35 CGCGCTCGCTCGCTCACTGA GGCCGCCCGGGCTTTGCCCG GGCGGCCTCAGTGAGCGAGC GAGCGCG

The DNA molecules for the methods and compositions provided herein can comprise IR or ITRs of various origins. In one embodiment, the IR or ITR in the DNA molecule is a viral ITR. “Viral ITR” includes any viral terminal repeat or synthetic sequence that comprises at least one minimal required origin of replication and a region comprising a palindrome hairpin structure. In one embodiment, the viral ITR is derived from Parvoviridae. In another embodiment, the viral ITR derived from Parvoviridae comprises a “minimal required origin of replication” that comprises at least one viral replication-associated protein binding sequence (“RABS”). RABS refers to a DNA sequence to which a viral DNA replication-associated protein (“RAP”) or an isoform thereof, encoded by the Parvoviridae gene Rep and/or NS1, can bind. In some embodiments, the RABS is a Rep binding sequence (“RBS”). In some embodiments the RABS comprises a Rep binding sequence (“RBS”), Rep can bind to two elements within the ITR. It can bind to a nucleotide sequence in the stem structure of the ITR (i.e., the nucleotide sequence recognized by a Rep protein for replication of viral nucleic acid molecules). Such an RBS is also referred to as RBE (Rep-binding element). Rep can also bind to a nucleotide sequence. which forms a small palindrome comprising a single tip of an internal hairpin within the ITR, thereby stabilizing the association between Rep and the ITR. Such an RBS is also referred to as RBE′. In another embodiment, the viral ITR derived from Parvoviridae comprises an RABS which comprises NS1-binding elements (“NSBEs”) that replication-associated viral protein NS1 can bind. In another embodiment, the RABS is an NS1-binding element (“NSBE”) to which replication-associated viral protein NS1 can bind. In some embodiments, viral ITR is derived from Parvoviridae and comprises a terminal resolution site (‘TRS”) at which the viral DNA replication-associated proteins NS1 and/or Rep can perform an endonucleolytic nick within a sequence at the TRS. In yet another embodiment, the viral ITR comprises at least one RBS or NSBE and at least one TRS. In the context of a virus or recombinant RAP (i.e. Rep or NS1) based production of viral genomes, the ITRs mediate replication and virus packaging. As unexpectedly found by the inventors and provided herein, duplex linear DNA vectors with ITRs similar to viral ITRs can be produced without the need for Rep or NS1 proteins and consequently independent of the RABS or TRS sequence for DNA replication. Accordingly, the RABS and TRS can optionally be encoded in the nucleotide sequence disclosed herein but are not required and offer flexibility with regard to designing the ITRs. In one embodiment, the ITR for the methods and compositions provided herein does not comprise at least one RABS (e.g., one RABS, two RABS, or more than two RABS). In another embodiment, the ITR for the methods and compositions provided herein does not comprise any RABS. In another embodiment, the ITR for the methods and compositions provided herein does not comprise at least one RBS. In another embodiment, the ITR for the methods and compositions provided herein does not comprise any RBS. In another embodiment, the ITR for the methods and compositions provided herein does not comprise RBE. In another embodiment, the ITR for the methods and compositions provided herein does not comprise RBE′. In another embodiment, the ITR for the methods and compositions provided herein does not comprise RBE and RBE′. In another embodiment, the ITR for the methods and compositions provided herein does not comprise NSBE. In yet another embodiment, the ITR for the methods and compositions provided herein does not comprise TRS. In a further embodiment, the ITR for the methods and compositions provided herein does not comprise at least one RABS (e.g., one RABS, two RABS, or more than two RABS) and does not comprise TRS. In a further embodiment, the ITR for the methods and compositions provided herein does not comprise any RABS and does not comprise TRS. In a further embodiment, the ITR for the methods and compositions provided herein comprises RBS (i.e., RBE and/or RBE′), TRS, or both RBS (i.e., RBE and/or RBE′) and TRS. In a further embodiment, the ITR for the methods and compositions provided herein comprises NBSE, TRS, or both NBSE and TRS.

“An ITR pair” refers to two ITRs within a single DNA molecule. In some embodiments, the two ITRs in the ITR pair are both derived from wild type viral ITRs (e.g. AAV2 ITR) that have an inverse complement sequence across their entire length. An ITR can be considered to be a wild-type sequence, even if it has one or more nucleotides that deviate from the canonical naturally occurring sequence, so long as the changes do not affect the properties and overall three-dimensional structure of the sequence. The disclosure provides that, in some embodiments, the insertion, deletion or substitution of one or more nucleotides can provide the generation of a restriction site for nicking endonuclease without changing the overall three-dimensional structure of the viral ITR. In some aspects, the deviating nucleotides represent conservative sequence changes. In certain embodiments, the sequence of an ITR provided herein can have at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99% sequence identity to the canonical sequence (as measured, e.g., using BLAST at default settings), and also has a restriction site for nicking endonuclease, such that the 3D structures are the same shape in geometrical space. In other embodiments, the sequence of an ITR provided herein can have about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, or about 99% sequence identity to the canonical sequence (as measured, e.g., using BLAST at default settings), and also has a restriction site for nicking endonuclease, such that the 3D structures are the same shape in geometrical space.

In some embodiments, a DNA molecule for the methods and compositions provided herein comprises a pair of wt-ITRs. In certain specific embodiments, a DNA molecule for the methods and compositions provided herein comprises a pair of wt-ITRs selected from the group shown in Table 6. Table 6 shows exemplary ITRs from the same serotype or different serotypes, or different parvoviruses, including AAV serotype 1 (AAV1), AAV serotype 2 (AAV2), AAV serotype 3 (AAV3), AAV serotype 4 (AAV4), AAV serotype 5 (AAVS), AAV serotype 6 (AAV6), AAV serotype 7 (AAV7), AAV serotype 8 (AAV8), AAV serotype 9 (AAV9), AAV serotype 10 (AAV10), AAV serotype 11 (AAV11), or AAV serotype 12 (AAV12); AAVrh8, AAVrhlO, AAV-DJ, and AAV-DJ8 genome (e.g., NCBI: NC 002077; NC 001401; NC001729; NC001829; NC006152; NC 006260; NC 006261), ITRs from warm-blooded animals (avian AAV (AAAV), bovine AAV (BAAV), canine, equine, and ovine AAV), ITRs from B19 parvovirus (GenBank Accession No: NC 000883), Minute Virus from Mouse (MVM) (GenBank Accession No. NC 001510); Goose: goose parvovirus (GenBank Accession No. NC 001701); snake: snake parvovirus 1 (GenBank Accession No. NC 006148).

TABLE 6 Exemplary ITR sequences Virus (accession number) Left ITR Right ITR AAV1 TTGCCCACTCCCTCTCTGCGCGC TTGCCCACTCCCTCTCTGCGCG TCGCTCGCTCGGTGGGGCCTGC CTCGCTCGCTCGGTGGGGCCT GGACCAAAGGTCCGCAGACGGC GCGGACCAAAGGTCCGCAGAC AGAGCTCTGCTCTGCCGGCCCC GGCAGAGCTCTGCTCTGCCGG ACCGAGCGAGCGAGCGCGCAGA CCCCACCGAGCGAGCGAGCGC GAGGGAGTGGGCAA (SEQ ID GCAGAGAGGGAGTGGGCAA NO: 11) (SEQ ID NO: 12) AAV2 TTGGCCACTCCCTCTCTGCGCGC TTGGCCACTCCCTCTCTGCGCG TCGCTCGCTCACTGAGGCCGGG CTCGCTCGCTCACTGAGGCCG CGACCAAAGGTCGCCCGACGCC GGCGACCAAAGGTCGCCCGAC CGGGCTTTGCCCGGGCGGCCTC GCCCGGGCTTTGCCCGGGCGG AGTGAGCGAGCGAGCGCGCAGA CCTCAGTGAGCGAGCGAGCGC GAGGGAGTGGCCAA (SEQ ID GCAGAGAGGGAGTGGCCAA NO: 13) (SEQ ID NO: 14) AAV3 TTGGCCACTCCCTCTATGCGCAC TTGGCCACTCCCTCTATGCGCA TCGCTCGCTCGGTGGGGCCTGG CTCGCTCGCTCGGTGGGGCCT CGACCAAAGGTCGCCAGACGGA GGCGACCAAAGGTCGCCAGAC CGTGCTTTGCACGTCCGGCCCCA GGACGTGCTTTGCACGTCCGG CCGAGCGAGCGAGTGCGCATAG CCCCACCGAGCGAGCGAGTGC AGGGAGTGGCCAA (SEQ ID GCATAGAGGGAGTGGCCAA NO: 15) (SEQ ID NO: 16) AAV4 TTGGCCACTCCCTCTATGCGCGC CTATGCGCGCTCGCTCACTCAC TCGCTCACTCACTCGGCCCTGGA TCGGCCCTGGAGACCAAAGGT GACCAAAGGTCTCCAGACTGCC CTCCAGACTGCCGGCCTCTGG GGCCTCTGGCCGGCAGGGCCGA CCGGCAGGGCCGAGTGAGTGA GTGAGTGAGCGAGCGCGCATAG GCGAGCGCGCATAGAGGGAGT AGGGAGTGGCCAA (SEQ ID GGCCAA (SEQ ID NO: 18) NO: 17) AAV5 CTCTCCCCCCTGTCGCGTTCGCT CTCTCCCCCCTGTCGCGTTCGC (NC_006152) CGCTCGCTGGCTCGTTTGGGGG TCGCTCGCTGGCTCGTTTGGGG GGTGGCAGCTCAAAGAGCTGCC GGGTGGCAGCTCAAAGAGCTG AGACGACGGCCCTCTGGCCGTC CCAGACGACGGCCCTCTGGCC GCCCCCCCAAACGAGCCAGCGA GTCGCCCCCCCAAACGAGCCA GCGAGCGAACGCGACAGGGGG GCGAGCGAGCGAACGCGACAG GAGAG (SEQ ID NO: 19) GGGGGAGAG (SEQ ID NO: 20) AAV7 TTGGCCACTCCCTCTATGCGCGC TTGGCCACTCCCTCTATGCGCG (NC_006260) TCGCTCGCTCGGTGGGGCCTGC CTCGCTCGCTCGGTGGGGCCT GGACCAAAGGTCCGCAGACGGC GCGGACCAAAGGTCCGCAGAC AGAGCTCTGCTCTGCCGGCCCC GGCAGAGCTCTGCTCTGCCGG ACCGAGCGAGCGAGCGCGCATA CCCCACCGAGCGAGCGAGCGC GAGGGAGTGGCCAA (SEQ ID GCATAGAGGGAGTGGCCAA NO: 21) (SEQ ID NO: 22) HBOV GTGGTTGTACAGACGCCATCTTG TTGCTTATGCAATCGCGAAACT (JQ923422) GAATCCAATATGTCTGCCGGCTC CTATATCTTTTAATGTGTTGTT AGTCATGCCTGCGCTGCGCGCA GTTGTACATGCGCCATCTTAGT GCGCGCTGCGCGCGCGCATGAT TTTATATCAGCTGGCGCCTTAG CTAATCGCCGGCAGACATATTG TTATATAACATGCATGTTATAT GATTCCAAGATGGCGTCTGTAC AACTAAGGCGCCAGCTGATAT AACCAC (SEQ ID NO: 23) AAAACTAAGATGGCGCATGTA CAACAACAACACATTAAAAGA TATAGAGTTTCGCGATTGCATA AGCAA (SEQ ID NO: 24) hB19 TGGGCCAGCTTGCTTGGGGTTGC TGGGCCAGCGCTTGGGGTTGA (AY386330) CTTGACACTAAGACAAGCGGCG CGTGCCACTAAGATCAAGCGG CGCCGCTTGATCTTAGTGGCACG CGCGCCGCTTGTCTTAGTGTCA TCAACCCCAAGCGCTGGCCCA AGGCAACCCCAAGCAAGCTGG (SEQ ID NO: 25) CCCA (SEQ ID NO: 26)

In some embodiments, the DNA molecules for the methods and compositions provided herein comprise whole or part of the parvoviral genome. The parvoviral genome is linear, 3.9-6.3 kb in size, and the coding region is bracketed by terminal repeats that can fold into hairpin-like structures, which are either different (heterotelomeric, e.g. HBoV) or identical (homotelomeric, e.g. AAV2). In one embodiment, a DNA molecule for the methods and compositions provided herein comprises 2 different ITRs at the 2 ends of the DNA molecule. In another embodiment, a DNA molecule for the methods and compositions provided herein comprises 2 identical ITRs at the 2 ends of the DNA molecule. In yet another embodiment, a DNA molecule for the methods and compositions provided herein comprises 2 different ITRs at the 2 ends of the DNA molecule corresponding to the 2 HBoV ITRs. In a further embodiment, a DNA molecule for the methods and compositions provided herein comprises 2 identical ITRs at the 2 ends of the DNA molecule corresponding to the AAV2 ITR.

In certain embodiments, the ITR in the DNA molecules provided herein can be an AAV ITR. In other embodiments, the ITR can be a non-AAV ITR. In one embodiment, the ITRs in the DNA molecules provided herein can be derived from an AAV ITR or a non-AAV TR. In some specific embodiments, the ITR can be derived from any one of the family Parvoviridae, which encompasses parvoviruses and dependoviruses (e.g., canine parvovirus, bovine parvovirus, mouse parvovirus, porcine parvovirus, human parvovirus B-19). In other specific embodiments, the ITR can be derived from the SV40 hairpin that serves as the origin of SV40 replication. Parvoviridae family viruses consist of two subfamilies: Parvovirinae, which infect vertebrates, and Densovirinae, which infect invertebrates. As such, in one embodiment, the ITR can be derived from any one of the subfamily Parvovirinae. In another embodiment, the ITR can be derived from any one of the subfamily Densovirinae.

In comparison to the T-shaped AAV ITRs, the human erythrovirus B19 has ITRs that terminate in imperfect, palindromes that can fold into long linear duplexes with a few unpaired nucleotides, creating a series of small, but highly conserved, mismatched bulges. In some embodiments, any parvovirus ITR can be used as an ITR for the DNA molecules provided herein (e.g. wild type or modified ITR) or can act as a template ITR for modification and then incorporation in the DNA molecules provided herein. In some specific embodiments, the parvovirus, from which the ITRs of the DNA molecules are derived, is a dependovirus, an erythroparvovirus, or a bocaparvovirus. In other specific embodiments, the ITRs of the DNA molecules provided herein are derived from AAV, B19 or HBoV. In certain embodiments, the serotype of AAV ITRs chosen for the DNA molecules provided herein can be based upon the tissue tropism of the serotype. AAV2 has a broad tissue tropism, AAV1 preferentially targets to neuronal and skeletal muscle, and AAV5 preferentially targets neuronal, retinal pigmented epithelia, and photoreceptors. AAV6 preferentially targets skeletal muscle and lung. AAV8 preferentially targets liver, skeletal muscle, heart, and pancreatic tissues. AAV9 preferentially targets liver, skeletal and lung tissue. In one embodiment, the ITR or modified ITR of the DNA molecules provided herein is based on an AAV2 ITR. In one embodiment, the ITR or modified ITR of the DNA molecules provided herein is based on an AAV1 ITR. In one embodiment, the ITR or modified ITR of the DNA molecules provided herein is based on an AAV5 ITR. In one embodiment, the ITR or modified ITR of the DNA molecules provided herein is based on an AAV6 ITR. In one embodiment, the ITR or modified ITR of the DNA molecules provided herein is based on an AAV8 ITR. In one embodiment, the ITR or modified ITR of the DNA molecules provided herein is based on an AAV9 ITR.

In one embodiment, the DNA molecules for the methods and compositions provided herein comprise one or more non-AAV ITR. In a further embodiment, such non-AAV ITR can be derived from hairpin sequences found in the mammalian genome. In one specific embodiment, such non-AAV ITR can be derived from the hairpin sequences found in the mitochondrial genome including the OriL hairpin sequence (SEQ ID NO:30:

5′CTTCTCCCGCCGCCGGGAAAAAAGGCGGGAGAAGCCCCGGCAGGTTT GAA′3), which adopts a stem-loop structure and is involved in initiating the DNA synthesis of mitochondrial DNA (see Fuste et al., Molecular Cell, 37, 67-78, Jan. 15, 2010, which is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference). In another specific embodiment, the DNA molecules for the methods and compositions provided herein comprise an ITR derived from the OriL sequence that is mirrored to form a T junction with two self-complimentary palindromic regions and a 12-nucleotide loop at either apex of the hairpin. In one embodiment the DNA molecules for the methods and compositions provided herein comprise an ITR derived from the OriL sequence that maintains OriL hairpin loop followed by an unpaired bulge and a GC-rich stem. Some exemplary embodiments of the ITRs derived from mitochondria OriL are depicted in FIG. 2 .

In one embodiment, the DNA molecules for the methods and compositions provided herein comprise one or more non-AAV ITRs that are derived from aptamer. Similar to viral ITRs, aptamers are composed of ssDNA that folds into a three-dimensional structure and have the ability to recognize biological targets with high affinity and specificity. DNA aptamers can be generated by systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX). For example, it has previously been shown that some aptamers can target the nuclei of human cells (See Shen et al ACS Sens. 2019, 4, 6, 1612-1618, which is herein incorporated in its entirety by reference). In one embodiment, the DNA molecules for the methods and compositions provided herein comprise nucleus targeting aptamer ITRs or their derivatives, wherein the aptamer specifically binds nuclear protein. In some embodiments, the aptamer ITRs fold into a secondary structure that can contain such as hairpins as well as internal loops as well bulges and a stem region. Some exemplary embodiments of aptamers or the ITRs derived from are depicted in FIG. 3 .

In some specific embodiments, the DNA molecules for the methods and compositions provided herein comprise one or more AAV2 ITR, human erythrovirus B19 ITR goose parvovirus ITR, and/or their derivatives in any combination. In other specific embodiments, the DNA molecules for the methods and compositions provided herein comprise two ITRs selected from AAV2 ITR, human erythrovirus B19 ITR goose parvovirus ITR, and their derivatives, in any combination. In some specific embodiments, the DNA molecules for the methods and compositions provided herein comprise one or more AAV2 ITR, human erythrovirus B19 ITR goose parvovirus ITR, and/or their derivatives, in any combination, wherein the ITRs remain functional regardless of whether the palindromic regions of their ITRs are in direct, reverse, or any possible combination of 5′ and 3′ ITR directionality with respect to the expression cassette (as described in WO2019143885, which is herein incorporated in its entirety by reference).

In some embodiments, a modified IR or ITR in the DNA molecules provided herein is a synthetic IR sequence that comprises a restriction site for endonuclease such as 5′-GAGTC-3′ in addition to various palindromic sequence allowing for hairpin secondary structure formation as described in this Section (Section 5.3.1).

In certain embodiments, the IR or ITR in the DNA molecules provided herein can be an IR or ITR having various sequence homology with the IR or ITR sequences described in this Section (Section 5.3.1). In other embodiments, the IR or ITR in the DNA molecules provided herein can be an IR or ITR having various sequence homology with the known IR or ITR sequences of various ITR origins described in this Section (Section 5.3.1) (e.g. viral ITR, mitochondria ITR, artificial or synthetic ITR such as aptamers, etc.). In one embodiment, such homology provided in this paragraph can be a homology of at least 80%, at least 81%, at least 82%, at least 83%, at least 84%, at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%. In another embodiment, such homology provided in this paragraph can be a homology of about 80%, about 81%, about 82%, about 83%, about 84%, about 85%, about 86%, about 87%, about 88%, about 89%, about 90%, about 91%, about 92%, about 93%, about 94%, about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, or about 99%.

In some embodiments, the IR or ITR in the DNA molecules provided herein can comprise any one or more features described in this Section (Section 5.3.1), in various permutations and combinations.

5.3.2 Restriction Enzymes, Nicking Endonucleases, and Their Respective Restriction Sites; Programmable Nicking Enzymes and Their Targeting Sites

Various embodiments for the nicking endonucleases, restriction enzymes, and/or their respective restriction sites as describe in Section 5.2.4 are provided for the DNA molecules provided herein. In some embodiments, the first, second, third, and fourth restriction sites for nicking endonuclease provided for the DNA molecules as described in Section 3 and this Section (Section 5.3) can be all target sequences for the same nicking endonuclease. In some embodiments, the first, second, third, and fourth restriction sites for nicking endonuclease provided for the DNA molecules as described in Section 3 and this Section (Section 5.3) can be target sequences for four different nicking endonucleases. In other embodiments, the first, second, third, and fourth restriction sites for nicking endonucleases are target sequences for two different nicking endonucleases, including all possible combinations of arranging the four sites for two different nicking endonuclease target sequences (e.g. the first restriction site for the first nicking endonuclease and the rest for the second nicking endonuclease, the first and second restriction sites for the first nicking endonuclease and the rest for the second nicking endonuclease, etc.). In certain embodiments, the first, second, third, and fourth restriction sites for nicking endonucleases are target sequences for three different nicking endonucleases, including all possible combinations of arranging the four sites for three different nicking endonuclease target sequences. In some embodiments, the nicking endonuclease and restriction sites for the nicking endonuclease can be any one selected from those described in Section 5.2.4, including Table 2. In further embodiments, each of the first, second, third, and fourth restriction site for nicking endonuclease can be a site for any nicking endonuclease selected from those described in Section 5.2.4, including Table 2.

Table 7 to Table 16 show exemplary modified AAV ITR sequences that harbor two antiparallel recognition sites for the same nicking endonuclease, grouped by nicking endonuclease species. The corresponding alignments for modified sequences of ITRs and wild type of AAV1, AAV2, AAV3, AAV4 left, AAV4 Right, AAV5 and AAV7 are depicted in FIG. 13 to FIG. 19

TABLE 7 Exemplary AAV derived ITRs harboring antiparallel recognition sites for nicking endonuclease Nb.BvCI:  SEQ ID No:  Name Full Sequence SEQ ID source: AAV1; TTGCCCACTCCCCCTCAGCGCGCTCGCTCGCT No: 1 Recogn. Site:  CGGTGGGGCCTGCGGACCAAAGGTCCGCAG Nb.BbvCI; Format:  ACGGCAGAGCTCTGCTCTGCCGGCCCCACCG bl AGCGAGCGAGCGCGCTGAGGGGGAGTGGGC AA SEQ ID source: AAV1; TTGCCCACTCCCGCTGAGGGCGCTCGCTCGC No: 2 Recogn. Site:  TCGGTGGGGCCTGCGGACCAAAGGTCCGCAG Nb.BbvCI; Format:  ACGGCAGAGCTCTGCTCTGCCGGCCCCACCG tl AGCGAGCGAGCGCCCTCAGCGGGAGTGGGC AA SEQ ID source: AAV2; TTGGCCACTCCCCCTCAGCGCGCTCGCTCGCT No: 36 Recogn. Site:  CACTGAGGCCGGGCGACCAAAGGTCGCCCG Nb.BbvCI; Format:  ACGCCCGGGCTTTGCCCGGGCGGCCTCAGTG bl AGCGAGCGAGCGCGCTGAGGGGGAGTGGCC AA SEQ ID source: AAV2; TTGGCCACTCCCGCTGAGGGCGCTCGCTCGC No: 37 Recogn. Site:  TCACTGAGGCCGGGCGACCAAAGGTCGCCCG Nb.BbvCI; Format:  ACGCCCGGGCTTTGCCCGGGCGGCCTCAGTG tl AGCGAGCGAGCGCCCTCAGCGGGAGTGGCC AA SEQ ID source: AAV3; TTGGCCACTCCCCCTCAGCGCACTCGCTCGCT No: 38 Recogn. Site:  CGGTGGGGCCTGGCGACCAAAGGTCGCCAG Nb.BbvCI; Format:  ACGGACGTGCTTTGCACGTCCGGCCCCACCG bl AGCGAGCGAGTGCGCTGAGGGGGAGTGGCC AA SEQ ID source: AAV3; TTGGCCACTCCCGCTGAGGGCACTCGCTCGC No: 39 Recogn. Site:  TCGGTGGGGCCTGGCGACCAAAGGTCGCCAG Nb.BbvCI; Format:  ACGGACGTGCTTTGCACGTCCGGCCCCACCG tl AGCGAGCGAGTGCCCTCAGCGGGAGTGGCC AA SEQ ID source: AAV4 left; TTGGCCACTCCCCCTCAGCGCGCTCGCTCACT No: 40 Recogn. Site:  CACTCGGCCCTGGAGACCAAAGGTCTCCAGA Nb.BbvCI; Format:  CTGCCGGCCTCTGGCCGGCAGGGCCGAGTGA bl GTGAGCGAGCGCGCTGAGGGGGAGTGGCCA A SEQ ID source: AAV4 left; TTGGCCACTCCCGCTGAGGGCGCTCGCTCAC No: 41 Recogn. Site:  TCACTCGGCCCTGGAGACCAAAGGTCTCCAG Nb.BbvCI; Format:  ACTGCCGGCCTCTGGCCGGCAGGGCCGAGTG tl AGTGAGCGAGCGCCCTCAGCGGGAGTGGCC AA SEQ ID source: AAV4 right; TTGGCCACATTACCTCAGCGCGCTCGCTCACT No: 42 Recogn. Site:  CACTCGGCCCTGGAGACCAAAGGTCTCCAGA Nb.BbvCI; Format:  CTGCCGGCCTCTGGCCGGCAGGGCCGAGTGA bl GTGAGCGAGCGCGCTGAGGGGGAGTGGCCA A SEQ ID source: AAV4 right; TTGGCCACATTAGCTGAGGGCGCTCGCTCAC No: 43 Recogn. Site:  TCACTCGGCCCTGGAGACCAAAGGTCTCCAG Nb.BbvCI; Format:  ACTGCCGGCCTCTGGCCGGCAGGGCCGAGTG tl AGTGAGCGAGCGCCCTCAGCGGGAGTGGCC AA SEQ ID source: AAV5; CTCTCCCCTCAGCCGCGTTCGCTCGCTCGCTG No: 44 Recogn. Site:  GCTCGTTTGGGGGGGTGGCAGCTCAAAGAGC Nb.BbvCI; Format:  TGCCAGACGACGGCCCTCTGGCCGTCGCCCC bl CCCAAACGAGCCAGCGAGCGAGCGAACGCG GCTGAGGGGAGAG SEQ ID source: AAV5; CTCTCCCCGCTGAGGCGTTCGCTCGCTCGCTG No: 45 Recogn. Site:  GCTCGTTTGGGGGGGTGGCAGCTCAAAGAGC Nb.BbvCI; Format:  TGCCAGACGACGGCCCTCTGGCCGTCGCCCC tl CCCAAACGAGCCAGCGAGCGAGCGAACGCC TCAGCGGGGAGAG SEQ ID source: AAV7; TTGGCCACTCCCCCTCAGCGCGCTCGCTCGCT No: 46 Recogn. Site:  CGGTGGGGCCTGCGGACCAAAGGTCCGCAG Nb.BbvCI; Format:  ACGGCAGAGCTCTGCTCTGCCGGCCCCACCG bl AGCGAGCGAGCGCGCTGAGGGGGAGTGGCC AA SEQ ID source: AAV7; TTGGCCACTCCCGCTGAGGGCGCTCGCTCGC No: 47 Recogn. Site:  TCGGTGGGGCCTGCGGACCAAAGGTCCGCAG Nb.BbvCI; Format:  ACGGCAGAGCTCTGCTCTGCCGGCCCCACCG tl AGCGAGCGAGCGCCCTCAGCGGGAGTGGCC AA

TABLE 8 Exemplary AAV derived ITRs harboring antiparallel recognition sites for nicking endonuclease Nb.BsmI:  SEQ ID No:  Name Full Sequence SEQ ID source: AAV1; TTGCCCACTCCCTGAATGCGCGCTCGCTCGCT No: 48 Recogn. Site:  CGGTGGGGCCTGCGGACCAAAGGTCCGCAG Nb.BsmI; Format: bl ACGGCAGAGCTCTGCTCTGCCGGCCCCACCG AGCGAGCGAGCGCGCATTCAGGGAGTGGGC AA SEQ ID source: AAV1; TTGCCCACTCCCTCTCTGCGCATTCGCTCGCT No: 49 Recogn. Site:  CGGTGGGGCCTGCGGACCAAAGGTCCGCAG Nb.BsmI; Format: tl ACGGCAGAGCTCTGCTCTGCCGGCCCCACCG AGCGAGCGAATGCGCAGAGAGGGAGTGGGC AA SEQ ID source: AAV2; TTGGCCACTCCCTGAATGCGCGCTCGCTCGCT No: 50 Recogn. Site:  CACTGAGGCCGGGCGACCAAAGGTCGCCCG Nb.BsmI; Format: bl ACGCCCGGGCTTTGCCCGGGCGGCCTCAGTG AGCGAGCGAGCGCGCATTCAGGGAGTGGCC AA SEQ ID source: AAV2; TTGGCCACTCCCTCTCTGCGCATTCGCTCGCT No: 51 Recogn. Site:  CACTGAGGCCGGGCGACCAAAGGTCGCCCG Nb.BsmI; Format: tl ACGCCCGGGCTTTGCCCGGGCGGCCTCAGTG AGCGAGCGAATGCGCAGAGAGGGAGTGGCC AA SEQ ID source: AAV3; TTGGCCACTCCCTGAATGCGCACTCGCTCGCT No: 52 Recogn. Site:  CGGTGGGGCCTGGCGACCAAAGGTCGCCAG Nb.BsmI; Format: bl ACGGACGTGCTTTGCACGTCCGGCCCCACCG AGCGAGCGAGTGCGCATTCAGGGAGTGGCC AA SEQ ID source: AAV3; TTGGCCACTCCCTCTATGCGCATTCGCTCGCT No: 53 Recogn. Site:  CGGTGGGGCCTGGCGACCAAAGGTCGCCAG Nb.BsmI; Format: tl ACGGACGTGCTTTGCACGTCCGGCCCCACCG AGCGAGCGAATGCGCATAGAGGGAGTGGCC AA SEQ ID source: AAV4 left; TTGGCCACTCCCTGAATGCGCGCTCGCTCACT No: 54 Recogn. Site:  CACTCGGCCCTGGAGACCAAAGGTCTCCAGA Nb.BsmI; Format: bl CTGCCGGCCTCTGGCCGGCAGGGCCGAGTGA GTGAGCGAGCGCGCATTCAGGGAGTGGCCA A SEQ ID source: AAV4 left; TTGGCCACTCCCTCTATGCGCATTCGCTCACT No: 55 Recogn. Site:  CACTCGGCCCTGGAGACCAAAGGTCTCCAGA Nb.BsmI; Format: tl CTGCCGGCCTCTGGCCGGCAGGGCCGAGTGA GTGAGCGAATGCGCATAGAGGGAGTGGCCA A SEQ ID source: AAV4 right; TTGGCCACATTAGGAATGCGCGCTCGCTCAC No: 56 Recogn. Site:  TCACTCGGCCCTGGAGACCAAAGGTCTCCAG Nb.BsmI; Format: bl ACTGCCGGCCTCTGGCCGGCAGGGCCGAGTG AGTGAGCGAGCGCGCATTCAGGGAGTGGCC AA SEQ ID source: AAV4 right; TTGGCCACATTAGCTATGCGCATTCGCTCACT No: 57 Recogn. Site:  CACTCGGCCCTGGAGACCAAAGGTCTCCAGA Nb.BsmI; Format: tl CTGCCGGCCTCTGGCCGGCAGGGCCGAGTGA GTGAGCGAATGCGCATAGAGGGAGTGGCCA A SEQ ID source: AAV5; CTCTCCCCGAATGCGCGTTCGCTCGCTCGCTG No: 58 Recogn. Site:  GCTCGTTTGGGGGGGTGGCAGCTCAAAGAGC Nb.BsmI; Format: bl TGCCAGACGACGGCCCTCTGGCCGTCGCCCC CCCAAACGAGCCAGCGAGCGAGCGAACGCG CATTCGGGGAGAG SEQ ID source: AAV5; CTCTCCCCCCTGTCGCATTCGCTCGCTCGCTG No: 59 Recogn. Site:  GCTCGTTTGGGGGGGTGGCAGCTCAAAGAGC Nb.BsmI; Format: tl TGCCAGACGACGGCCCTCTGGCCGTCGCCCC CCCAAACGAGCCAGCGAGCGAGCGAATGCG ACAGGGGGGAGAG SEQ ID source: AAV7; TTGGCCACTCCCTGAATGCGCGCTCGCTCGCT No: 60 Recogn. Site:  CGGTGGGGCCTGCGGACCAAAGGTCCGCAG Nb.BsmI; Format: bl ACGGCAGAGCTCTGCTCTGCCGGCCCCACCG AGCGAGCGAGCGCGCATTCAGGGAGTGGCC AA SEQ ID source: AAV7; TTGGCCACTCCCTCTATGCGCATTCGCTCGCT No: 61 Recogn. Site:  CGGTGGGGCCTGCGGACCAAAGGTCCGCAG Nb.BsmI; Format: tl ACGGCAGAGCTCTGCTCTGCCGGCCCCACCG AGCGAGCGAATGCGCATAGAGGGAGTGGCC AA

TABLE 9 Exemplary AAV derived ITRs harboring antiparallel recognition sites for nicking endonuclease Nb.BsrDI SEQ ID No:  Name Full Sequence SEQ ID source: AAV1; TTGCCCACTCCCGCAATGCGCGCTCGCTCGCT No: 62 Recogn. Site:  CGGTGGGGCCTGCGGACCAAAGGTCCGCAGA Nb.BsrDI; Format: bl CGGCAGAGCTCTGCTCTGCCGGCCCCACCGAG CGAGCGAGCGCGCATTGCGGGAGTGGGCAA SEQ ID source: AAV1; TTGCCCACTCCCTCATTGCGCGCTCGCTCGCT No: 63 Recogn. Site:  CGGTGGGGCCTGCGGACCAAAGGTCCGCAGA Nb.BsrDI; Format: tl CGGCAGAGCTCTGCTCTGCCGGCCCCACCGAG CGAGCGAGCGCGCAATGAGGGAGTGGGCAA SEQ ID source: AAV2; TTGGCCACTCCCGCAATGCGCGCTCGCTCGCT No: 64 Recogn. Site:  CACTGAGGCCGGGCGACCAAAGGTCGCCCGA Nb.BsrDI; Format: bl CGCCCGGGCTTTGCCCGGGCGGCCTCAGTGAG CGAGCGAGCGCGCATTGCGGGAGTGGCCAA SEQ ID source: AAV2; TTGGCCACTCCCTCATTGCGCGCTCGCTCGCT No: 65 Recogn. Site:  CACTGAGGCCGGGCGACCAAAGGTCGCCCGA Nb.BsrDI; Format: tl CGCCCGGGCTTTGCCCGGGCGGCCTCAGTGAG CGAGCGAGCGCGCAATGAGGGAGTGGCCAA SEQ ID source: AAV3; TTGGCCACTCCCGCAATGCGCACTCGCTCGCT No: 66 Recogn. Site:  CGGTGGGGCCTGGCGACCAAAGGTCGCCAGA Nb.BsrDI; Format: bl CGGACGTGCTTTGCACGTCCGGCCCCACCGAG CGAGCGAGTGCGCATTGCGGGAGTGGCCAA SEQ ID source: AAV3; TTGGCCACTCCCTCATTGCGCACTCGCTCGCT No: 67 Recogn. Site:  CGGTGGGGCCTGGCGACCAAAGGTCGCCAGA Nb.BsrDI; Format: tl CGGACGTGCTTTGCACGTCCGGCCCCACCGAG CGAGCGAGTGCGCAATGAGGGAGTGGCCAA SEQ ID source: AAV4 left; TTGGCCACTCCCGCAATGCGCGCTCGCTCACT No: 68 Recogn. Site:  CACTCGGCCCTGGAGACCAAAGGTCTCCAGA Nb.BsrDI; Format: bl CTGCCGGCCTCTGGCCGGCAGGGCCGAGTGA GTGAGCGAGCGCGCATTGCGGGAGTGGCCAA SEQ ID source: AAV4 left; TTGGCCACTCCCTCATTGCGCGCTCGCTCACT No: 69 Recogn. Site:  CACTCGGCCCTGGAGACCAAAGGTCTCCAGA Nb.BsrDI; Format: tl CTGCCGGCCTCTGGCCGGCAGGGCCGAGTGA GTGAGCGAGCGCGCAATGAGGGAGTGGCCAA SEQ ID source: AAV4 right; TTGGCCACATTAGCAATGCGCGCTCGCTCACT No: 70 Recogn. Site:  CACTCGGCCCTGGAGACCAAAGGTCTCCAGA Nb.BsrDI; Format: bl CTGCCGGCCTCTGGCCGGCAGGGCCGAGTGA GTGAGCGAGCGCGCATTGCGGGAGTGGCCAA SEQ ID source: AAV4 right; TTGGCCACATTAGCATTGCGCGCTCGCTCACT No: 71 Recogn. Site:  CACTCGGCCCTGGAGACCAAAGGTCTCCAGA Nb.BsrDI; Format: tl CTGCCGGCCTCTGGCCGGCAGGGCCGAGTGA GTGAGCGAGCGCGCAATGAGGGAGTGGCCAA SEQ ID source: AAV5; CTCTCCGCAATGTCGCGTTCGCTCGCTCGCTG No: 72 Recogn. Site:  GCTCGTTTGGGGGGGTGGCAGCTCAAAGAGC Nb. BsrDI; Format: bl TGCCAGACGACGGCCCTCTGGCCGTCGCCCCC CCAAACGAGCCAGCGAGCGAGCGAACGCGAC ATTGCGGAGAG SEQ ID source: AAV5; CTCTCCCCCATTGCGCGTTCGCTCGCTCGCTG No: 73 Recogn. Site:  GCTCGTTTGGGGGGGTGGCAGCTCAAAGAGC Nb.BsrDI; Format: tl TGCCAGACGACGGCCCTCTGGCCGTCGCCCCC CCAAACGAGCCAGCGAGCGAGCGAACGCGCA ATGGGGGAGAG SEQ ID source: AAV7; TTGGCCACTCCCGCAATGCGCGCTCGCTCGCT No: 74 Recogn. Site:  CGGTGGGGCCTGCGGACCAAAGGTCCGCAGA Nb.BsrDI; Format: bl CGGCAGAGCTCTGCTCTGCCGGCCCCACCGAG CGAGCGAGCGCGCATTGCGGGAGTGGCCAA SEQ ID source: AAV7; TTGGCCACTCCCTCATTGCGCGCTCGCTCGCT No: 75 Recogn. Site:  CGGTGGGGCCTGCGGACCAAAGGTCCGCAGA Nb.BsrDI; Format: tl CGGCAGAGCTCTGCTCTGCCGGCCCCACCGAG CGAGCGAGCGCGCAATGAGGGAGTGGCCAA

TABLE 10 Exemplary AAV derived ITRs harboring antiparallel recognition sites for nicking endonuclease Nb.BssSi SEQ ID No:  Name Full Sequence SEQ ID source: AAV1; TTGCCCACGAGCTCTCTGCGCGCTCGCTCGCT No: 76 Recogn. Site:  CGGTGGGGCCTGCGGACCAAAGGTCCGCAGA Nb.BssSI; Format: bl CGGCAGAGCTCTGCTCTGCCGGCCCCACCGAG CGAGCGAGCGCGCAGAGAGCTCGTGGGCAA SEQ ID source: AAV1; TTGCCCACTCCCTCGTGGCGCGCTCGCTCGCT No: 77 Recogn. Site:  CGGTGGGGCCTGCGGACCAAAGGTCCGCAGA Nb.BssSI; Format: tl CGGCAGAGCTCTGCTCTGCCGGCCCCACCGAG CGAGCGAGCGCGCCACGAGGGAGTGGGCAA SEQ ID source: AAV2; TTGGCCACGAGCTCTCTGCGCGCTCGCTCGCT No: 78 Recogn. Site:  CACTGAGGCCGGGCGACCAAAGGTCGCCCGA Nb.BssSI; Format: bl CGCCCGGGCTTTGCCCGGGCGGCCTCAGTGAG CGAGCGAGCGCGCAGAGAGCTCGTGGCCAA SEQ ID source: AAV2; TTGGCCACTCCCTCGTGGCGCGCTCGCTCGCT No: 79 Recogn. Site:  CACTGAGGCCGGGCGACCAAAGGTCGCCCGA Nb.BssSI; Format: tl CGCCCGGGCTTTGCCCGGGCGGCCTCAGTGAG CGAGCGAGCGCGCCACGAGGGAGTGGCCAA SEQ ID source: AAV3; TTGGCCACGAGCTCTATGCGCACTCGCTCGCT No: 80 Recogn. Site:  CGGTGGGGCCTGGCGACCAAAGGTCGCCAGA Nb.BssSI; Format: bl CGGACGTGCTTTGCACGTCCGGCCCCACCGAG CGAGCGAGTGCGCATAGAGCTCGTGGCCAA SEQ ID source: AAV3; TTGGCCACTCCCTCGTGGCGCACTCGCTCGCT No: 81 Recogn. Site:  CGGTGGGGCCTGGCGACCAAAGGTCGCCAGA Nb.BssSI; Format: tl CGGACGTGCTTTGCACGTCCGGCCCCACCGAG CGAGCGAGTGCGCCACGAGGGAGTGGCCAA SEQ ID source: AAV4 left; TTGGCCACGAGCTCTATGCGCGCTCGCTCACT No: 82 Recogn. Site:  CACTCGGCCCTGGAGACCAAAGGTCTCCAGA Nb.BssSI; Format: bl CTGCCGGCCTCTGGCCGGCAGGGCCGAGTGA GTGAGCGAGCGCGCATAGAGCTCGTGGCCAA SEQ ID source: AAV4 left; TTGGCCACTCCCTCGTGGCGCGCTCGCTCACT No: 83 Recogn. Site:  CACTCGGCCCTGGAGACCAAAGGTCTCCAGA Nb.BssSI; Format: tl CTGCCGGCCTCTGGCCGGCAGGGCCGAGTGA GTGAGCGAGCGCGCCACGAGGGAGTGGCCAA SEQ ID source: AAV4 right; TTGGCCACGAGAGCTATGCGCGCTCGCTCACT No: 84 Recogn. Site:  CACTCGGCCCTGGAGACCAAAGGTCTCCAGA Nb.BssSI; Format: bl CTGCCGGCCTCTGGCCGGCAGGGCCGAGTGA GTGAGCGAGCGCGCATAGAGCTCGTGGCCAA SEQ ID source: AAV4 right; TTGGCCACATTCTCGTGGCGCGCTCGCTCACT No: 85 Recogn. Site:  CACTCGGCCCTGGAGACCAAAGGTCTCCAGA Nb.BssSI; Format: tl CTGCCGGCCTCTGGCCGGCAGGGCCGAGTGA GTGAGCGAGCGCGCCACGAGGGAGTGGCCAA SEQ ID source: AAV5; CTCACGAGCCTGTCGCGTTCGCTCGCTCGCTG No: 86 Recogn. Site:  GCTCGTTTGGGGGGGTGGCAGCTCAAAGAGC Nb.BssSI; Format: bl TGCCAGACGACGGCCCTCTGGCCGTCGCCCCC CCAAACGAGCCAGCGAGCGAGCGAACGCGAC AGGCTCGTGAG SEQ ID source: AAV5; CTCTCCCTCGTGTCGCGTTCGCTCGCTCGCTG No: 87 Recogn. Site:  GCTCGTTTGGGGGGGTGGCAGCTCAAAGAGC Nb.BssSI; Format: tl TGCCAGACGACGGCCCTCTGGCCGTCGCCCCC CCAAACGAGCCAGCGAGCGAGCGAACGCGAC ACGAGGGAGAG SEQ ID source: AAV7; TTGGCCACGAGCTCTATGCGCGCTCGCTCGCT No: 88 Recogn. Site:  CGGTGGGGCCTGCGGACCAAAGGTCCGCAGA Nb.BssSI; Format: bl CGGCAGAGCTCTGCTCTGCCGGCCCCACCGAG CGAGCGAGCGCGCATAGAGCTCGTGGCCAA SEQ ID source: AAV7; TTGGCCACTCCCTCGTGGCGCGCTCGCTCGCT No: 89 Recogn. Site:  CGGTGGGGCCTGCGGACCAAAGGTCCGCAGA Nb.BssSI; Format: tl CGGCAGAGCTCTGCTCTGCCGGCCCCACCGAG CGAGCGAGCGCGCCACGAGGGAGTGGCCAA

TABLE 11 Exemplary AAV derived ITRs harboring antiparallel recognition sites for nicking endonuclease Nb.BtsI:  SEQ ID No:  Name Full Sequence SEQ ID source: AAV1; TTGCCCACTCCCGCAGTGCGCGCTCGCTCGCT No: 90 Recogn. Site:  CGGTGGGGCCTGCGGACCAAAGGTCCGCAGA Nb.BtsI; Format: bl CGGCAGAGCTCTGCTCTGCCGGCCCCACCGAG CGAGCGAGCGCGCACTGCGGGAGTGGGCAA SEQ ID source: AAV1; TTGCCCACTCCCTCACTGCGCGCTCGCTCGCT No: 91 Recogn. Site:  CGGTGGGGCCTGCGGACCAAAGGTCCGCAGA Nb.BtsI; Format: tl CGGCAGAGCTCTGCTCTGCCGGCCCCACCGAG CGAGCGAGCGCGCAGTGAGGGAGTGGGCAA SEQ ID source: AAV2; TTGGCCACTCCCGCAGTGCGCGCTCGCTCGCT No: 92 Recogn. Site:  CACTGAGGCCGGGCGACCAAAGGTCGCCCGA Nb.BtsI; Format: bl CGCCCGGGCTTTGCCCGGGCGGCCTCAGTGAG CGAGCGAGCGCGCACTGCGGGAGTGGCCAA SEQ ID source: AAV2; TTGGCCACTCCCTCACTGCGCGCTCGCTCGCT No: 93 Recogn. Site:  CACTGAGGCCGGGCGACCAAAGGTCGCCCGA Nb.BtsI; Format: tl CGCCCGGGCTTTGCCCGGGCGGCCTCAGTGAG CGAGCGAGCGCGCAGTGAGGGAGTGGCCAA SEQ ID source: AAV3; TTGGCCACTCCCGCAGTGCGCACTCGCTCGCT No: 94 Recogn. Site:  CGGTGGGGCCTGGCGACCAAAGGTCGCCAGA Nb.BtsI; Format: bl CGGACGTGCTTTGCACGTCCGGCCCCACCGAG CGAGCGAGTGCGCACTGCGGGAGTGGCCAA SEQ ID source: AAV3; TTGGCCACTCCCTCACTGCGCACTCGCTCGCT No: 95 Recogn. Site:  CGGTGGGGCCTGGCGACCAAAGGTCGCCAGA Nb.BtsI; Format: tl CGGACGTGCTTTGCACGTCCGGCCCCACCGAG CGAGCGAGTGCGCAGTGAGGGAGTGGCCAA SEQ ID source: AAV4 left; TTGGCCACTCCCGCAGTGCGCGCTCGCTCACT No: 96 Recogn. Site:  CACTCGGCCCTGGAGACCAAAGGTCTCCAGA Nb.BtsI; Format: bl CTGCCGGCCTCTGGCCGGCAGGGCCGAGTGA GTGAGCGAGCGCGCACTGCGGGAGTGGCCAA SEQ ID source: AAV4 left; TTGGCCACTCCCTCACTGCGCGCTCGCTCACT No: 97 Recogn. Site:  CACTCGGCCCTGGAGACCAAAGGTCTCCAGA Nb.BtsI; Format: tl CTGCCGGCCTCTGGCCGGCAGGGCCGAGTGA GTGAGCGAGCGCGCAGTGAGGGAGTGGCCAA SEQ ID source: AAV4 right; TTGGCCACATTAGCAGTGCGCGCTCGCTCACT No: 98 Recogn. Site:  CACTCGGCCCTGGAGACCAAAGGTCTCCAGA Nb.BtsI; Format: bl CTGCCGGCCTCTGGCCGGCAGGGCCGAGTGA GTGAGCGAGCGCGCACTGCGGGAGTGGCCAA SEQ ID source: AAV4 right; TTGGCCACATTAGCACTGCGCGCTCGCTCACT No: 99 Recogn. Site:  CACTCGGCCCTGGAGACCAAAGGTCTCCAGA Nb.BtsI; Format: tl CTGCCGGCCTCTGGCCGGCAGGGCCGAGTGA GTGAGCGAGCGCGCAGTGAGGGAGTGGCCAA SEQ ID source: AAV5; CTCTCCGCAGTGTCGCGTTCGCTCGCTCGCTG No: 100 Recogn. Site:  GCTCGTTTGGGGGGGTGGCAGCTCAAAGAGC Nb.BtsI; Format: bl TGCCAGACGACGGCCCTCTGGCCGTCGCCCCC CCAAACGAGCCAGCGAGCGAGCGAACGCGAC ACTGCGGAGAG SEQ ID source: AAV5; CTCTCCCCACTGCCGCGTTCGCTCGCTCGCTG No: 101 Recogn. Site:  GCTCGTTTGGGGGGGTGGCAGCTCAAAGAGC Nb.BtsI; Format: tl TGCCAGACGACGGCCCTCTGGCCGTCGCCCCC CCAAACGAGCCAGCGAGCGAGCGAACGCGGC AGTGGGGAGAG SEQ ID source: AAV7; TTGGCCACTCCCGCAGTGCGCGCTCGCTCGCT No: 102 Recogn. Site:  CGGTGGGGCCTGCGGACCAAAGGTCCGCAGA Nb.BtsI; Format: bl CGGCAGAGCTCTGCTCTGCCGGCCCCACCGAG CGAGCGAGCGCGCACTGCGGGAGTGGCCAA SEQ ID source: AAV7; TTGGCCACTCCCTCACTGCGCGCTCGCTCGCT No: 103 Recogn. Site:  CGGTGGGGCCTGCGGACCAAAGGTCCGCAGA Nb.BtsI; Format: tl CGGCAGAGCTCTGCTCTGCCGGCCCCACCGAG CGAGCGAGCGCGCAGTGAGGGAGTGGCCAA

TABLE 12 Exemplary AAV derived ITRs harboring antiparallel recognition sites for nicking endonuclease Nt.AlwI:  SEQ ID No:  Name Full Sequence SEQ ID source: AAV1; TTGCCCACTCCCTCGATCCGCGCTCGCTCGCT No: 104 Recogn. Site:  CGGTGGGGCCTGCGGACCAAAGGTCCGCAGA Nt.AlwI; Format: bl CGGCAGAGCTCTGCTCTGCCGGCCCCACCGAG CGAGCGAGCGCGGATCGAGGGAGTGGGCAA SEQ ID source: AAV1; TTGCCCACTGGATCTCTGCGCGCTCGCTCGCT No: 105 Recogn. Site:  CGGTGGGGCCTGCGGACCAAAGGTCCGCAGA Nt.AlwI; Format: tl CGGCAGAGCTCTGCTCTGCCGGCCCCACCGAG CGAGCGAGCGCGCAGAGATCCAGTGGGCAA SEQ ID source: AAV2; TTGGCCACTCCCTCGATCCGCGCTCGCTCGCT No: 106 Recogn. Site:  CACTGAGGCCGGGCGACCAAAGGTCGCCCGA Nt.AlwI; Format: bl CGCCCGGGCTTTGCCCGGGCGGCCTCAGTGAG CGAGCGAGCGCGGATCGAGGGAGTGGCCAA SEQ ID source: AAV2; TTGGCCACTGGATCTCTGCGCGCTCGCTCGCT No: 107 Recogn. Site:  CACTGAGGCCGGGCGACCAAAGGTCGCCCGA Nt.AlwI; Format: tl CGCCCGGGCTTTGCCCGGGCGGCCTCAGTGAG CGAGCGAGCGCGCAGAGATCCAGTGGCCAA SEQ ID source: AAV3; TTGGCCACTCCCTCGATCCGCACTCGCTCGCT No: 108 Recogn. Site:  CGGTGGGGCCTGGCGACCAAAGGTCGCCAGA Nt.AlwI; Format: bl CGGACGTGCTTTGCACGTCCGGCCCCACCGAG CGAGCGAGTGCGGATCGAGGGAGTGGCCAA SEQ ID source: AAV3; TTGGCCACTGGATCTATGCGCACTCGCTCGCT No: 109 Recogn. Site:  CGGTGGGGCCTGGCGACCAAAGGTCGCCAGA Nt.AlwI; Format: tl CGGACGTGCTTTGCACGTCCGGCCCCACCGAG CGAGCGAGTGCGCATAGATCCAGTGGCCAA SEQ ID source: AAV4 left; TTGGCCACTCCCTCGATCCGCGCTCGCTCACT No: 110 Recogn. Site:  CACTCGGCCCTGGAGACCAAAGGTCTCCAGA Nt.AlwI; Format: bl CTGCCGGCCTCTGGCCGGCAGGGCCGAGTGA GTGAGCGAGCGCGGATCGAGGGAGTGGCCAA SEQ ID source: AAV4 left; TTGGCCACTGGATCTATGCGCGCTCGCTCACT No: 111 Recogn. Site:  CACTCGGCCCTGGAGACCAAAGGTCTCCAGA Nt.AlwI; Format: tl CTGCCGGCCTCTGGCCGGCAGGGCCGAGTGA GTGAGCGAGCGCGCATAGATCCAGTGGCCAA SEQ ID source: AAV4 right; TTGGCCACATTAGCGATCCGCGCTCGCTCACT No: 112 Recogn. Site:  CACTCGGCCCTGGAGACCAAAGGTCTCCAGA Nt.AlwI; Format: bl CTGCCGGCCTCTGGCCGGCAGGGCCGAGTGA GTGAGCGAGCGCGGATCGAGGGAGTGGCCAA SEQ ID source: AAV4 right; TTGGCCACAGGATCTATGCGCGCTCGCTCACT No: 113 Recogn. Site:  CACTCGGCCCTGGAGACCAAAGGTCTCCAGA Nt.AlwI; Format: tl CTGCCGGCCTCTGGCCGGCAGGGCCGAGTGA GTGAGCGAGCGCGCATAGATCCAGTGGCCAA SEQ ID source: AAV5; CTCTCCCCCCTGTCGCGATCCCTCGCTCGCTG No: 114 Recogn. Site:  GCTCGTTTGGGGGGGTGGCAGCTCAAAGAGC Nt.AlwI; Format: bl TGCCAGACGACGGCCCTCTGGCCGTCGCCCCC CCAAACGAGCCAGCGAGCGAGGGATCGCGAC AGGGGGGAGAG SEQ ID source: AAV5; CTCTCCCCCGGATCGCGTTCGCTCGCTCGCTG No: 115 Recogn. Site:  GCTCGTTTGGGGGGGTGGCAGCTCAAAGAGC Nt.AlwI; Format: tl TGCCAGACGACGGCCCTCTGGCCGTCGCCCCC CCAAACGAGCCAGCGAGCGAGCGAACGCGAT CCGGGGGAGAG SEQ ID source: AAV7; TTGGCCACTCCCTCGATCCGCGCTCGCTCGCT No: 116 Recogn. Site:  CGGTGGGGCCTGCGGACCAAAGGTCCGCAGA Nt.AlwI; Format: bl CGGCAGAGCTCTGCTCTGCCGGCCCCACCGAG CGAGCGAGCGCGGATCGAGGGAGTGGCCAA SEQ ID source: AAV7; TTGGCCACTGGATCTATGCGCGCTCGCTCGCT No: 117 Recogn. Site:  CGGTGGGGCCTGCGGACCAAAGGTCCGCAGA Nt.AlwI; Format: tl CGGCAGAGCTCTGCTCTGCCGGCCCCACCGAG CGAGCGAGCGCGCATAGATCCAGTGGCCAA

TABLE 13 Exemplary AAV derived ITRs harboring antiparallel recognition sites for nicking endonuclease Nt.BbvCI:  SEQ ID No:  Name Full Sequence SEQ ID source: AAV1; TTGCCCACTCCCGCTGAGGGCGCTCGCTCGCT No: 118 Recogn. Site:  CGGTGGGGCCTGCGGACCAAAGGTCCGCAGA Nt.BbvCI; Format: bl CGGCAGAGCTCTGCTCTGCCGGCCCCACCGAG CGAGCGAGCGCCCTCAGCGGGAGTGGGCAA SEQ ID source: AAV1; TTGCCCACTCCCCCTCAGCGCGCTCGCTCGCT No: 119 Recogn. Site:  CGGTGGGGCCTGCGGACCAAAGGTCCGCAGA Nt.BbvCI; Format: tl CGGCAGAGCTCTGCTCTGCCGGCCCCACCGAG CGAGCGAGCGCGCTGAGGGGGAGTGGGCAA SEQ ID source: AAV2; TTGGCCACTCCCGCTGAGGGCGCTCGCTCGCT No: 120 Recogn. Site:  CACTGAGGCCGGGCGACCAAAGGTCGCCCGA Nt.BbvCI; Format: bl CGCCCGGGCTTTGCCCGGGCGGCCTCAGTGAG CGAGCGAGCGCCCTCAGCGGGAGTGGCCAA SEQ ID source: AAV2; TTGGCCACTCCCCCTCAGCGCGCTCGCTCGCT No: 121 Recogn. Site:  CACTGAGGCCGGGCGACCAAAGGTCGCCCGA Nt.BbvCI; Format: tl CGCCCGGGCTTTGCCCGGGCGGCCTCAGTGAG CGAGCGAGCGCGCTGAGGGGGAGTGGCCAA SEQ ID source: AAV3; TTGGCCACTCCCGCTGAGGGCACTCGCTCGCT No: 122 Recogn. Site:  CGGTGGGGCCTGGCGACCAAAGGTCGCCAGA Nt.BbvCI; Format: bl CGGACGTGCTTTGCACGTCCGGCCCCACCGAG CGAGCGAGTGCCCTCAGCGGGAGTGGCCAA SEQ ID source: AAV3; TTGGCCACTCCCCCTCAGCGCACTCGCTCGCT No: 123 Recogn. Site:  CGGTGGGGCCTGGCGACCAAAGGTCGCCAGA Nt.BbvCI; Format: tl CGGACGTGCTTTGCACGTCCGGCCCCACCGAG CGAGCGAGTGCGCTGAGGGGGAGTGGCCAA SEQ ID source: AAV4 left; TTGGCCACTCCCGCTGAGGGCGCTCGCTCACT No: 124 Recogn. Site:  CACTCGGCCCTGGAGACCAAAGGTCTCCAGA Nt.BbvCI; Format: bl CTGCCGGCCTCTGGCCGGCAGGGCCGAGTGA GTGAGCGAGCGCCCTCAGCGGGAGTGGCCAA SEQ ID source: AAV4 left; TTGGCCACTCCCCCTCAGCGCGCTCGCTCACT No: 125 Recogn. Site:  CACTCGGCCCTGGAGACCAAAGGTCTCCAGA Nt.BbvCI; Format: tl CTGCCGGCCTCTGGCCGGCAGGGCCGAGTGA GTGAGCGAGCGCGCTGAGGGGGAGTGGCCAA SEQ ID source: AAV4 right; TTGGCCACATTAGCTGAGGGCGCTCGCTCACT No: 126 Recogn. Site:  CACTCGGCCCTGGAGACCAAAGGTCTCCAGA Nt.BbvCI; Format: bl CTGCCGGCCTCTGGCCGGCAGGGCCGAGTGA GTGAGCGAGCGCCCTCAGCGGGAGTGGCCAA SEQ ID source: AAV4 right; TTGGCCACATTACCTCAGCGCGCTCGCTCACT No: 127 Recogn. Site:  CACTCGGCCCTGGAGACCAAAGGTCTCCAGA Nt.BbvCI; Format: tl CTGCCGGCCTCTGGCCGGCAGGGCCGAGTGA GTGAGCGAGCGCGCTGAGGGGGAGTGGCCAA SEQ ID source: AAV5; CTCTCCCCGCTGAGGCGTTCGCTCGCTCGCTG No: 128 Recogn. Site:  GCTCGTTTGGGGGGGTGGCAGCTCAAAGAGC Nt.BbvCI; Format: bl TGCCAGACGACGGCCCTCTGGCCGTCGCCCCC CCAAACGAGCCAGCGAGCGAGCGAACGCCTC AGCGGGGAGAG SEQ ID source: AAV5; CTCTCCCCTCAGCCGCGTTCGCTCGCTCGCTG No: 129 Recogn. Site:  GCTCGTTTGGGGGGGTGGCAGCTCAAAGAGC Nt.BbvCI; Format: tl TGCCAGACGACGGCCCTCTGGCCGTCGCCCCC CCAAACGAGCCAGCGAGCGAGCGAACGCGGC TGAGGGGAGAG SEQ ID source: AAV7; TTGGCCACTCCCGCTGAGGGCGCTCGCTCGCT No: 130 Recogn. Site:  CGGTGGGGCCTGCGGACCAAAGGTCCGCAGA Nt.BbvCI; Format: bl CGGCAGAGCTCTGCTCTGCCGGCCCCACCGAG CGAGCGAGCGCCCTCAGCGGGAGTGGCCAA SEQ ID source: AAV7; TTGGCCACTCCCCCTCAGCGCGCTCGCTCGCT No: 131 Recogn. Site:  CGGTGGGGCCTGCGGACCAAAGGTCCGCAGA Nt.BbvCI; Format: tl CGGCAGAGCTCTGCTCTGCCGGCCCCACCGAG CGAGCGAGCGCGCTGAGGGGGAGTGGCCAA

TABLE 14 Exemplary AAV derived ITRs harboring antiparallel recognition sites for nicking endonuclease Nt.BsmAI:  SEQ ID No:  Name Full Sequence SEQ ID source: AAV1; TTGCCCACTGAGACTCTGCGCGCTCGCTCGCT No: 132 Recogn. Site:  CGGTGGGGCCTGCGGACCAAAGGTCCGCAGA Nt.BsmAI; Format:  CGGCAGAGCTCTGCTCTGCCGGCCCCACCGAG bl CGAGCGAGCGCGCAGAGTCTCAGTGGGCAA SEQ ID source: AAV1; TTGCCCACTCCGTCTCTGCGCGCTCGCTCGCT No: 133 Recogn. Site:  CGGTGGGGCCTGCGGACCAAAGGTCCGCAGA Nt.BsmAI; Format: tl CGGCAGAGCTCTGCTCTGCCGGCCCCACCGAG CGAGCGAGCGCGCAGAGACGGAGTGGGCAA SEQ ID source: AAV2; TTGGCCACTGAGACTCTGCGCGCTCGCTCGCT No: 134 Recogn. Site:  CACTGAGGCCGGGCGACCAAAGGTCGCCCGA Nt.BsmAI; Format:  CGCCCGGGCTTTGCCCGGGCGGCCTCAGTGAG bl CGAGCGAGCGCGCAGAGTCTCAGTGGCCAA SEQ ID source: AAV2; TTGGCCACTCCGTCTCTGCGCGCTCGCTCGCT No: 135 Recogn. Site:  CACTGAGGCCGGGCGACCAAAGGTCGCCCGA Nt.BsmAI; Format: tl CGCCCGGGCTTTGCCCGGGCGGCCTCAGTGAG CGAGCGAGCGCGCAGAGACGGAGTGGCCAA SEQ ID source: AAV3; TTGGCCACTGAGACTATGCGCACTCGCTCGCT No: 136 Recogn. Site:  CGGTGGGGCCTGGCGACCAAAGGTCGCCAGA Nt.BsmAI; Format:  CGGACGTGCTTTGCACGTCCGGCCCCACCGAG bl CGAGCGAGTGCGCATAGTCTCAGTGGCCAA SEQ ID source: AAV3; TTGGCCACTCCGTCTCTGCGCACTCGCTCGCT No: 137 Recogn. Site:  CGGTGGGGCCTGGCGACCAAAGGTCGCCAGA Nt.BsmAI; Format: tl CGGACGTGCTTTGCACGTCCGGCCCCACCGAG CGAGCGAGTGCGCAGAGACGGAGTGGCCAA SEQ ID source: AAV4 left; TTGGCCACTGAGACTATGCGCGCTCGCTCACT No: 138 Recogn. Site:  CACTCGGCCCTGGAGACCAAAGGTCTCCAGA Nt.BsmAI; Format:  CTGCCGGCCTCTGGCCGGCAGGGCCGAGTGA bl GTGAGCGAGCGCGCATAGTCTCAGTGGCCAA SEQ ID source: AAV4 left; TTGGCCACTCCGTCTCTGCGCGCTCGCTCACT No: 139 Recogn. Site:  CACTCGGCCCTGGAGACCAAAGGTCTCCAGA Nt.BsmAI; Format: tl CTGCCGGCCTCTGGCCGGCAGGGCCGAGTGA GTGAGCGAGCGCGCAGAGACGGAGTGGCCAA SEQ ID source: AAV4 right; TTGGCCACAGAGACTATGCGCGCTCGCTCACT No: 140 Recogn. Site:  CACTCGGCCCTGGAGACCAAAGGTCTCCAGA Nt.BsmAI; Format:  CTGCCGGCCTCTGGCCGGCAGGGCCGAGTGA bl GTGAGCGAGCGCGCATAGTCTCAGTGGCCAA SEQ ID source: AAV4 right; TTGGCCACATTGTCTCTGCGCGCTCGCTCACT No: 141 Recogn. Site:  CACTCGGCCCTGGAGACCAAAGGTCTCCAGA Nt.BsmAI; Format: tl CTGCCGGCCTCTGGCCGGCAGGGCCGAGTGA GTGAGCGAGCGCGCAGAGACGGAGTGGCCAA SEQ ID source: AAV5; CTCTCCCCCGAGACGCGTTCGCTCGCTCGCTG No: 142 Recogn. Site:  GCTCGTTTGGGGGGGTGGCAGCTCAAAGAGC Nt.BsmAI; Format:  TGCCAGACGACGGCCCTCTGGCCGTCGCCCCC bl CCAAACGAGCCAGCGAGCGAGCGAACGCGTC TCGGGGGAGAG SEQ ID source: AAV5; CTCTCCCCCGTCTCGCGTTCGCTCGCTCGCTG No: 143 Recogn. Site:  GCTCGTTTGGGGGGGTGGCAGCTCAAAGAGC Nt.BsmAI; Format: tl TGCCAGACGACGGCCCTCTGGCCGTCGCCCCC CCAAACGAGCCAGCGAGCGAGCGAACGCGAG ACGGGGGAGAG SEQ ID source: AAV7; TTGGCCACTGAGACTATGCGCGCTCGCTCGCT No: 144 Recogn. Site:  CGGTGGGGCCTGCGGACCAAAGGTCCGCAGA Nt.BsmAI; Format:  CGGCAGAGCTCTGCTCTGCCGGCCCCACCGAG bl CGAGCGAGCGCGCATAGTCTCAGTGGCCAA SEQ ID source: AAV7; TTGGCCACTCCGTCTCTGCGCGCTCGCTCGCT No: 145 Recogn. Site:  CGGTGGGGCCTGCGGACCAAAGGTCCGCAGA Nt.BsmAI; Format: tl CGGCAGAGCTCTGCTCTGCCGGCCCCACCGAG CGAGCGAGCGCGCAGAGACGGAGTGGCCAA

TABLE 15 Exemplary AAV derived ITRs harboring antiparallel recognition sites for nicking endonuclease Nt.BspQI:  SEQ ID No:  Name Full Sequence SEQ ID source: AAV1; TTGCCCACTCCCGAAGAGCGCGCTCGCTCGCT No: 146 Recogn. Site:  CGGTGGGGCCTGCGGACCAAAGGTCCGCAGA Nt.BspQI; Format: bl CGGCAGAGCTCTGCTCTGCCGGCCCCACCGAG CGAGCGAGCGCGCTCTTCGGGAGTGGGCAA SEQ ID source: AAV1; TTGCCCACTCCCGCTCTTCGCGCTCGCTCGCTC No: 147 Recogn. Site:  GGTGGGGCCTGCGGACCAAAGGTCCGCAGAC Nt.BspQI; Format: tl GGCAGAGCTCTGCTCTGCCGGCCCCACCGAGC GAGCGAGCGCGAAGAGCGGGAGTGGGCAA SEQ ID source: AAV2; TTGGCCACTCCCGAAGAGCGCGCTCGCTCGCT No: 148 Recogn. Site:  CACTGAGGCCGGGCGACCAAAGGTCGCCCGA Nt.BspQI; Format: bl CGCCCGGGCTTTGCCCGGGCGGCCTCAGTGAG CGAGCGAGCGCGCTCTTCGGGAGTGGCCAA SEQ ID source: AAV2; TTGGCCACTCCCGCTCTTCGCGCTCGCTCGCT No: 149 Recogn. Site:  CACTGAGGCCGGGCGACCAAAGGTCGCCCGA Nt.BspQI; Format: tl CGCCCGGGCTTTGCCCGGGCGGCCTCAGTGAG CGAGCGAGCGCGAAGAGCGGGAGTGGCCAA SEQ ID source: AAV3; TTGGCCACTCCCGAAGAGCGCACTCGCTCGCT No: 150 Recogn. Site:  CGGTGGGGCCTGGCGACCAAAGGTCGCCAGA Nt.BspQI; Format: bl CGGACGTGCTTTGCACGTCCGGCCCCACCGAG CGAGCGAGTGCGCTCTTCGGGAGTGGCCAA SEQ ID source: AAV3; TTGGCCACTCCCGCTCTTCGCACTCGCTCGCT No: 151 Recogn. Site:  CGGTGGGGCCTGGCGACCAAAGGTCGCCAGA Nt.BspQI; Format: tl CGGACGTGCTTTGCACGTCCGGCCCCACCGAG CGAGCGAGTGCGAAGAGCGGGAGTGGCCAA SEQ ID source: AAV4 left; TTGGCCACTCCCGAAGAGCGCGCTCGCTCACT No: 152 Recogn. Site:  CACTCGGCCCTGGAGACCAAAGGTCTCCAGA Nt.BspQI; Format: bl CTGCCGGCCTCTGGCCGGCAGGGCCGAGTGA GTGAGCGAGCGCGCTCTTCGGGAGTGGCCAA SEQ ID source: AAV4 left; TTGGCCACTCCCGCTCTTCGCGCTCGCTCACT No: 153 Recogn. Site:  CACTCGGCCCTGGAGACCAAAGGTCTCCAGA Nt.BspQI; Format: tl CTGCCGGCCTCTGGCCGGCAGGGCCGAGTGA GTGAGCGAGCGCGAAGAGCGGGAGTGGCCAA SEQ ID source: AAV4 right; TTGGCCACATTAGAAGAGCGCGCTCGCTCACT No: 154 Recogn. Site:  CACTCGGCCCTGGAGACCAAAGGTCTCCAGA Nt.BspQI; Format: bl CTGCCGGCCTCTGGCCGGCAGGGCCGAGTGA GTGAGCGAGCGCGCTCTTCGGGAGTGGCCAA SEQ ID source: AAV4 right; TTGGCCACATTAGCTCTTCGCGCTCGCTCACT No: 155 Recogn. Site:  CACTCGGCCCTGGAGACCAAAGGTCTCCAGA Nt.BspQI; Format: tl CTGCCGGCCTCTGGCCGGCAGGGCCGAGTGA GTGAGCGAGCGCGAAGAGCGGGAGTGGCCAA SEQ ID source: AAV5; CTCTCCCGAAGAGCGCGTTCGCTCGCTCGCTG No: 156 Recogn. Site:  GCTCGTTTGGGGGGGTGGCAGCTCAAAGAGC Nt.BspQI; Format: bl TGCCAGACGACGGCCCTCTGGCCGTCGCCCCC CCAAACGAGCCAGCGAGCGAGCGAACGCGCT CTTCGGGAGAG SEQ ID source: AAV5; CTCTCCCGCTCTTCGCGTTCGCTCGCTCGCTGG No: 157 Recogn. Site:  CTCGTTTGGGGGGGTGGCAGCTCAAAGAGCT Nt.BspQI; Format: tl GCCAGACGACGGCCCTCTGGCCGTCGCCCCCC CAAACGAGCCAGCGAGCGAGCGAACGCGAAG AGCGGGAGAG SEQ ID source: AAV7; TTGGCCACTCCCGAAGAGCGCGCTCGCTCGCT No: 158 Recogn. Site:  CGGTGGGGCCTGCGGACCAAAGGTCCGCAGA Nt.BspQI; Format: bl CGGCAGAGCTCTGCTCTGCCGGCCCCACCGAG CGAGCGAGCGCGCTCTTCGGGAGTGGCCAA SEQ ID source: AAV7; TTGGCCACTCCCGCTCTTCGCGCTCGCTCGCT No: 159 Recogn. Site:  CGGTGGGGCCTGCGGACCAAAGGTCCGCAGA Nt.BspQI; Format: tl CGGCAGAGCTCTGCTCTGCCGGCCCCACCGAG CGAGCGAGCGCGAAGAGCGGGAGTGGCCAA

TABLE 16 Exemplary AAV derived ITRs harboring antiparallel recognition sites for nicking endonuclease Nt.BstNBI:  SEQ ID No:  Name Full Sequence SEQ ID source: AAV1; TTGCCCACTCCCTCTCTGCGCGACTCGCTCGC No: 160 Recogn. Site:  TCGGTGGGGCCTGCGGACCAAAGGTCCGCAG Nt.BstNBI; Format:  ACGGCAGAGCTCTGCTCTGCCGGCCCCACCGA bl GCGAGCGAGTCGCGCAGAGAGGGAGTGGGCA A SEQ ID source: AAV1; TTGCCGAGTCCCTCTCTGCGCGCTCGCTCGCT No: 161 Recogn. Site:  CGGTGGGGCCTGCGGACCAAAGGTCCGCAGA Nt.BstNBI; Format:  CGGCAGAGCTCTGCTCTGCCGGCCCCACCGAG tl CGAGCGAGCGCGCAGAGAGGGACTCGGCAA SEQ ID source: AAV2; TTGGCCACTCCCTCTCTGCGCGACTCGCTCGC No: 162 Recogn. Site:  TCACTGAGGCCGGGCGACCAAAGGTCGCCCG Nt.BstNBI; Format:  ACGCCCGGGCTTTGCCCGGGCGGCCTCAGTGA bl GCGAGCGAGTCGCGCAGAGAGGGAGTGGCCA A SEQ ID source: AAV2; TTGGCGAGTCCCTCTCTGCGCGCTCGCTCGCT No: 163 Recogn. Site:  CACTGAGGCCGGGCGACCAAAGGTCGCCCGA Nt.BstNBI; Format:  CGCCCGGGCTTTGCCCGGGCGGCCTCAGTGAG tl CGAGCGAGCGCGCAGAGAGGGACTCGCCAA SEQ ID source: AAV3; TTGGCCACTCCCTCTATGCGCGACTCGCTCGC No: 164 Recogn. Site:  TCGGTGGGGCCTGGCGACCAAAGGTCGCCAG Nt.BstNBI; Format:  ACGGACGTGCTTTGCACGTCCGGCCCCACCGA bl GCGAGCGAGTCGCGCATAGAGGGAGTGGCCA A SEQ ID source: AAV3; TTGGCGAGTCCCTCTATGCGCACTCGCTCGCT No: 165 Recogn. Site:  CGGTGGGGCCTGGCGACCAAAGGTCGCCAGA Nt.BstNBI; Format:  CGGACGTGCTTTGCACGTCCGGCCCCACCGAG tl CGAGCGAGTGCGCATAGAGGGACTCGCCAA SEQ ID source: AAV4 left; TTGGCCACTCCCTCTATGCGCGACTCGCTCAC No: 166 Recogn. Site:  TCACTCGGCCCTGGAGACCAAAGGTCTCCAG Nt.BstNBI; Format:  ACTGCCGGCCTCTGGCCGGCAGGGCCGAGTG bl AGTGAGCGAGTCGCGCATAGAGGGAGTGGCC AA SEQ ID source: AAV4 left; TTGGCGAGTCCCTCTATGCGCGCTCGCTCACT No: 167 Recogn. Site:  CACTCGGCCCTGGAGACCAAAGGTCTCCAGA Nt.BstNBI; Format:  CTGCCGGCCTCTGGCCGGCAGGGCCGAGTGA tl GTGAGCGAGCGCGCATAGAGGGACTCGCCAA SEQ ID source: AAV4 right; TTGGCCACATTAGCTATGCGCGACTCGCTCAC No: 168 Recogn. Site:  TCACTCGGCCCTGGAGACCAAAGGTCTCCAG Nt.BstNBI; Format:  ACTGCCGGCCTCTGGCCGGCAGGGCCGAGTG bl AGTGAGCGAGTCGCGCATAGAGGGAGTGGCC AA SEQ ID source: AAV4 right; TTGGCCAGAGTCGCTATGCGCGCTCGCTCACT No: 169 Recogn. Site:  CACTCGGCCCTGGAGACCAAAGGTCTCCAGA Nt.BstNBI; Format:  CTGCCGGCCTCTGGCCGGCAGGGCCGAGTGA tl GTGAGCGAGCGCGCATAGAGACTCTGGCCAA SEQ ID source: AAV5; CTCTCCCCCCTGTCGCGACTCGCTCGCTCGCT No: 170 Recogn. Site:  GGCTCGTTTGGGGGGGTGGCAGCTCAAAGAG Nt.BstNBI; Format:  CTGCCAGACGACGGCCCTCTGGCCGTCGCCCC bl CCCAAACGAGCCAGCGAGCGAGCGAGTCGCG ACAGGGGGGAGAG SEQ ID source: AAV5; CTCTCCCCCGAGTCGCGTTCGCTCGCTCGCTG No: 171 Recogn. Site:  GCTCGTTTGGGGGGGTGGCAGCTCAAAGAGC Nt.BstNBI; Format:  TGCCAGACGACGGCCCTCTGGCCGTCGCCCCC tl CCAAACGAGCCAGCGAGCGAGCGAACGCGAC TCGGGGGAGAG SEQ ID source: AAV7; TTGGCCACTCCCTCTATGCGCGACTCGCTCGC No: 172 Recogn. Site:  TCGGTGGGGCCTGCGGACCAAAGGTCCGCAG Nt.BstNBI; Format:  ACGGCAGAGCTCTGCTCTGCCGGCCCCACCGA bl GCGAGCGAGTCGCGCATAGAGGGAGTGGCCA A SEQ ID source: AAV7; TTGGCGAGTCCCTCTATGCGCGCTCGCTCGCT No: 173 Recogn. Site:  CGGTGGGGCCTGCGGACCAAAGGTCCGCAGA Nt.BstNBI; Format:  CGGCAGAGCTCTGCTCTGCCGGCCCCACCGAG tl CGAGCGAGCGCGCATAGAGGGACTCGCCAA

TABLE 17 Reverse Complement of Nicking Enzyme Targets SEQ ID:  Name Sequence SEQ ID wt_AAV1 AACGGGTGAGGGAGAGACGCGCGAGCGAGCG No: 186 AGCCACCCCGGACGCCTGGTTTCCAGGCGTCTG CCGTCTCGAGACGAGACGGCCGGGGTGGCTCG CTC SEQ ID AAV1_Nb.BbvCI_ AACGGGTGAGGGGGAGTCGCGCGAGCGAGCGA No: 187 BL GCCACCCCGGACGCCTGGTTTCCAGGCGTCTGC CGTCTCGAGACGAGACGGCCGGGGTGGCTCGC TC SEQ ID AAV1_Nb.BbvCI_ AACGGGTGAGGGCGACTCCCGCGAGCGAGCGA No: 188 TL GCCACCCCGGACGCCTGGTTTCCAGGCGTCTGC CGTCTCGAGACGAGACGGCCGGGGTGGCTCGC TC SEQ ID AAV1_Nb.BsmI_ AACGGGTGAGGGACTTACGCGCGAGCGAGCGA No: 189 BL GCCACCCCGGACGCCTGGTTTCCAGGCGTCTGC CGTCTCGAGACGAGACGGCCGGGGTGGCTCGC TC SEQ ID AAV1_Nb.BsmI_ AACGGGTGAGGGAGAGACGCGTAAGCGAGCG No: 190 TL AGCCACCCCGGACGCCTGGTTTCCAGGCGTCTG CCGTCTCGAGACGAGACGGCCGGGGTGGCTCG CTC SEQ ID AAV1_Nb.BsrDI_ AACGGGTGAGGGCGTTACGCGCGAGCGAGCGA No: 191 BL GCCACCCCGGACGCCTGGTTTCCAGGCGTCTGC CGTCTCGAGACGAGACGGCCGGGGTGGCTCGC TC SEQ ID AAV1_Nb.BsrDI_ AACGGGTGAGGGAGTAACGCGCGAGCGAGCGA No: 192 TL GCCACCCCGGACGCCTGGTTTCCAGGCGTCTGC CGTCTCGAGACGAGACGGCCGGGGTGGCTCGC TC SEQ ID AAV1_Nb.BssSI_ AACGGGTGCTCGAGAGACGCGCGAGCGAGCGA No: 193 BL GCCACCCCGGACGCCTGGTTTCCAGGCGTCTGC CGTCTCGAGACGAGACGGCCGGGGTGGCTCGC TC SEQ ID AAV1_Nb.BssSI_ AACGGGTGAGGGAGCACCGCGCGAGCGAGCGA No: 194 TL GCCACCCCGGACGCCTGGTTTCCAGGCGTCTGC CGTCTCGAGACGAGACGGCCGGGGTGGCTCGC TC SEQ ID AAV1_Nb.BtsI_ AACGGGTGAGGGCGTCACGCGCGAGCGAGCGA No: 195 BL GCCACCCCGGACGCCTGGTTTCCAGGCGTCTGC CGTCTCGAGACGAGACGGCCGGGGTGGCTCGC TC SEQ ID AAV1_Nb.BtsI_ AACGGGTGAGGGAGTGACGCGCGAGCGAGCGA No: 196 TL GCCACCCCGGACGCCTGGTTTCCAGGCGTCTGC CGTCTCGAGACGAGACGGCCGGGGTGGCTCGC TC SEQ ID AAV1_Nt.AlwI_ AACGGGTGAGGGAGCTAGGCGCGAGCGAGCGA No: 197 BL GCCACCCCGGACGCCTGGTTTCCAGGCGTCTGC CGTCTCGAGACGAGACGGCCGGGGTGGCTCGC TC SEQ ID AAV1_Nt.AlwI_ AACGGGTGACCTAGAGACGCGCGAGCGAGCGA No: 198 BL GCCACCCCGGACGCCTGGTTTCCAGGCGTCTGC CGTCTCGAGACGAGACGGCCGGGGTGGCTCGC TC SEQ ID AAV1_Nt.BbvCI_ AACGGGTGAGGGCGACTCCCGCGAGCGAGCGA No: 199 TL GCCACCCCGGACGCCTGGTTTCCAGGCGTCTGC CGTCTCGAGACGAGACGGCCGGGGTGGCTCGC TC SEQ ID AAV1_Nt.BbvCI_ AACGGGTGAGGGGGAGTCGCGCGAGCGAGCGA No: 200 BL GCCACCCCGGACGCCTGGTTTCCAGGCGTCTGC CGTCTCGAGACGAGACGGCCGGGGTGGCTCGC TC SEQ ID AAV1_Nt.BsmAI_ AACGGGTGACTCTGAGACGCGCGAGCGAGCGA No: 201 TL GCCACCCCGGACGCCTGGTTTCCAGGCGTCTGC CGTCTCGAGACGAGACGGCCGGGGTGGCTCGC TC SEQ ID AAV1_Nt.BsmAI_ AACGGGTGAGGCAGAGACGCGCGAGCGAGCG No: 202 BL AGCCACCCCGGACGCCTGGTTTCCAGGCGTCTG CCGTCTCGAGACGAGACGGCCGGGGTGGCTCG CTC SEQ ID AAV1_Nt.BspQI_ AACGGGTGAGGGCTTCTCGCGCGAGCGAGCGA No: 203 TL GCCACCCCGGACGCCTGGTTTCCAGGCGTCTGC CGTCTCGAGACGAGACGGCCGGGGTGGCTCGC TC SEQ ID AAV1_Nt.BspQI_ AACGGGTGAGGGCGAGAAGCGCGAGCGAGCG No: 204 BL AGCCACCCCGGACGCCTGGTTTCCAGGCGTCTG CCGTCTCGAGACGAGACGGCCGGGGTGGCTCG CTC SEQ ID AAV1_Nt.BstNBI_ AACGGGTGAGGGAGAGACGCGCTGAGCGAGCG No: 205 TL AGCCACCCCGGACGCCTGGTTTCCAGGCGTCTG CCGTCTCGAGACGAGACGGCCGGGGTGGCTCG CTC SEQ ID AAV1_Nt.BstNBI_ AACGGCTCAGGGAGAGACGCGCGAGCGAGCGA No: 206 BL GCCACCCCGGACGCCTGGTTTCCAGGCGTCTGC CGTCTCGAGACGAGACGGCCGGGGTGGCTCGC TC SEQ ID wt_AAV2 AACCGGTGAGGGAGAGACGCGCGAGCGAGCG No: 207 AGTGACTCCGGCCCGCTGGTTTCCAGCGGGCTG CGGGCCCGAAACGGGCCCGCCGGAGTCACTCG CTC SEQ ID AAV2_Nb.BbvCI_ AACCGGTGAGGGGGAGTCGCGCGAGCGAGCGA No: 208 BL GTGACTCCGGCCCGCTGGTTTCCAGCGGGCTGC GGGCCCGAAACGGGCCCGCCGGAGTCACTCGC TC SEQ ID AAV2_Nb.BbvCI_ AACCGGTGAGGGCGACTCCCGCGAGCGAGCGA No: 209 TL GTGACTCCGGCCCGCTGGTTTCCAGCGGGCTGC GGGCCCGAAACGGGCCCGCCGGAGTCACTCGC TC SEQ ID AAV2_Nb.BsmI_ AACCGGTGAGGGACTTACGCGCGAGCGAGCGA No: 210 BL GTGACTCCGGCCCGCTGGTTTCCAGCGGGCTGC GGGCCCGAAACGGGCCCGCCGGAGTCACTCGC TC SEQ ID AAV2_Nb.BsmI_ AACCGGTGAGGGAGAGACGCGTAAGCGAGCGA No: 211 TL GTGACTCCGGCCCGCTGGTTTCCAGCGGGCTGC GGGCCCGAAACGGGCCCGCCGGAGTCACTCGC TC SEQ ID AAV2_Nb.BsrDI_ AACCGGTGAGGGCGTTACGCGCGAGCGAGCGA No: 212 LB GTGACTCCGGCCCGCTGGTTTCCAGCGGGCTGC GGGCCCGAAACGGGCCCGCCGGAGTCACTCGC TC SEQ ID AAV2_Nb.BsrDI_ AACCGGTGAGGGAGTAACGCGCGAGCGAGCGA No: 213 TL GTGACTCCGGCCCGCTGGTTTCCAGCGGGCTGC GGGCCCGAAACGGGCCCGCCGGAGTCACTCGC TC SEQ ID AAV2_Nb.BssSI_ AACCGGTGCTCGAGAGACGCGCGAGCGAGCGA No: 214 BL GTGACTCCGGCCCGCTGGTTTCCAGCGGGCTGC GGGCCCGAAACGGGCCCGCCGGAGTCACTCGC TC SEQ ID AAV2_Nb.BssSI_ AACCGGTGAGGGAGCACCGCGCGAGCGAGCGA No: 215 TL GTGACTCCGGCCCGCTGGTTTCCAGCGGGCTGC GGGCCCGAAACGGGCCCGCCGGAGTCACTCGC TC SEQ ID AAV2_Nb.BtsI_ AACCGGTGAGGGCGTCACGCGCGAGCGAGCGA No: 216 BL GTGACTCCGGCCCGCTGGTTTCCAGCGGGCTGC GGGCCCGAAACGGGCCCGCCGGAGTCACTCGC TC SEQ ID AAV2_Nb.BtsI_ AACCGGTGAGGGAGTGACGCGCGAGCGAGCGA No: 217 TL GTGACTCCGGCCCGCTGGTTTCCAGCGGGCTGC GGGCCCGAAACGGGCCCGCCGGAGTCACTCGC TC SEQ ID AAV2_Nt.AlwI_ AACCGGTGAGGGAGCTAGGCGCGAGCGAGCGA No: 218 BL GTGACTCCGGCCCGCTGGTTTCCAGCGGGCTGC GGGCCCGAAACGGGCCCGCCGGAGTCACTCGC TC SEQ ID AAV2_Nt.AlwI_ AACCGGTGACCTAGAGACGCGCGAGCGAGCGA No: 219 BL GTGACTCCGGCCCGCTGGTTTCCAGCGGGCTGC GGGCCCGAAACGGGCCCGCCGGAGTCACTCGC TC SEQ ID AAV2_Nt.BbvCI_ AACCGGTGAGGGCGACTCCCGCGAGCGAGCGA No: 220 TL GTGACTCCGGCCCGCTGGTTTCCAGCGGGCTGC GGGCCCGAAACGGGCCCGCCGGAGTCACTCGC TC SEQ ID AAV2_Nt.BbvCI_ AACCGGTGAGGGGGAGTCGCGCGAGCGAGCGA No: 221 BL GTGACTCCGGCCCGCTGGTTTCCAGCGGGCTGC GGGCCCGAAACGGGCCCGCCGGAGTCACTCGC TC SEQ ID AAV2_Nt.BsmAI_ AACCGGTGACTCTGAGACGCGCGAGCGAGCGA No: 222 TL GTGACTCCGGCCCGCTGGTTTCCAGCGGGCTGC GGGCCCGAAACGGGCCCGCCGGAGTCACTCGC TC SEQ ID AAV2_Nt.BsmAI_ AACCGGTGAGGCAGAGACGCGCGAGCGAGCGA No: 223 BL GTGACTCCGGCCCGCTGGTTTCCAGCGGGCTGC GGGCCCGAAACGGGCCCGCCGGAGTCACTCGC TC SEQ ID AAV2_Nt.BspQI_ AACCGGTGAGGGCTTCTCGCGCGAGCGAGCGA No: 224 TL GTGACTCCGGCCCGCTGGTTTCCAGCGGGCTGC GGGCCCGAAACGGGCCCGCCGGAGTCACTCGC TC SEQ ID AAV2_Nt.BspQI_ AACCGGTGAGGGCGAGAAGCGCGAGCGAGCG No: 225 BL AGTGACTCCGGCCCGCTGGTTTCCAGCGGGCTG CGGGCCCGAAACGGGCCCGCCGGAGTCACTCG CTC SEQ ID AAV2_Nt.BstNBI_ AACCGGTGAGGGAGAGACGCGCTGAGCGAGCG No: 226 TL AGTGACTCCGGCCCGCTGGTTTCCAGCGGGCTG CGGGCCCGAAACGGGCCCGCCGGAGTCACTCG CTC SEQ ID AAV2_Nt.BstNBI_ AACCGCTCAGGGAGAGACGCGCGAGCGAGCGA No: 227 BL GTGACTCCGGCCCGCTGGTTTCCAGCGGGCTGC GGGCCCGAAACGGGCCCGCCGGAGTCACTCGC TC SEQ ID wt_AAV3 AACCGGTGAGGGAGATACGCGTGAGCGAGCGA No: 228 GCCACCCCGGACCGCTGGTTTCCAGCGGTCTGC CTGCACGAAACGTGCAGGCCGGGGTGGCTCGC TC SEQ ID AAV3_Nb.BbvCI_ AACCGGTGAGGGGGAGTCGCGTGAGCGAGCGA No: 229 BL GCCACCCCGGACCGCTGGTTTCCAGCGGTCTGC CTGCACGAAACGTGCAGGCCGGGGTGGCTCGC TC SEQ ID AAV3_Nb.BbvCI_ AACCGGTGAGGGCGACTCCCGTGAGCGAGCGA No: 230 TL GCCACCCCGGACCGCTGGTTTCCAGCGGTCTGC CTGCACGAAACGTGCAGGCCGGGGTGGCTCGC TC SEQ ID AAV3_Nb.BsmI_ AACCGGTGAGGGACTTACGCGTGAGCGAGCGA No: 231 BL GCCACCCCGGACCGCTGGTTTCCAGCGGTCTGC CTGCACGAAACGTGCAGGCCGGGGTGGCTCGC TC SEQ ID AAV3_Nb.BsmI_ AACCGGTGAGGGAGATACGCGTAAGCGAGCGA No: 232 TL GCCACCCCGGACCGCTGGTTTCCAGCGGTCTGC CTGCACGAAACGTGCAGGCCGGGGTGGCTCGC TC SEQ ID AAV3_Nb.BsrDI_ AACCGGTGAGGGCGTTACGCGTGAGCGAGCGA No: 233 BL GCCACCCCGGACCGCTGGTTTCCAGCGGTCTGC CTGCACGAAACGTGCAGGCCGGGGTGGCTCGC TC SEQ ID AAV3_Nb.BsrDI_ AACCGGTGAGGGAGTAACGCGTGAGCGAGCGA No: 234 TL GCCACCCCGGACCGCTGGTTTCCAGCGGTCTGC CTGCACGAAACGTGCAGGCCGGGGTGGCTCGC TC SEQ ID AAV3_Nb.BssSI_ AACCGGTGCTCGAGATACGCGTGAGCGAGCGA No: 235 BL GCCACCCCGGACCGCTGGTTTCCAGCGGTCTGC CTGCACGAAACGTGCAGGCCGGGGTGGCTCGC TC SEQ ID AAV3_Nb.BssSI_ AACCGGTGAGGGAGCACCGCGTGAGCGAGCGA No: 236 TL GCCACCCCGGACCGCTGGTTTCCAGCGGTCTGC CTGCACGAAACGTGCAGGCCGGGGTGGCTCGC TC SEQ ID AAV3_Nb.BtsI_ AACCGGTGAGGGCGTCACGCGTGAGCGAGCGA No: 237 BL GCCACCCCGGACCGCTGGTTTCCAGCGGTCTGC CTGCACGAAACGTGCAGGCCGGGGTGGCTCGC TC SEQ ID AAV3_Nb.BtsI_ AACCGGTGAGGGAGTGACGCGTGAGCGAGCGA No: 238 TL GCCACCCCGGACCGCTGGTTTCCAGCGGTCTGC CTGCACGAAACGTGCAGGCCGGGGTGGCTCGC TC SEQ ID AAV3_Nt.AlwI_ AACCGGTGAGGGAGCTAGGCGTGAGCGAGCGA No: 239 BL GCCACCCCGGACCGCTGGTTTCCAGCGGTCTGC CTGCACGAAACGTGCAGGCCGGGGTGGCTCGC TC SEQ ID AAV3_Nt.AlwI_ AACCGGTGACCTAGATACGCGTGAGCGAGCGA No: 240 BL GCCACCCCGGACCGCTGGTTTCCAGCGGTCTGC CTGCACGAAACGTGCAGGCCGGGGTGGCTCGC TC SEQ ID AAV3_Nt.BbvCI_ AACCGGTGAGGGCGACTCCCGTGAGCGAGCGA No: 241 TL GCCACCCCGGACCGCTGGTTTCCAGCGGTCTGC CTGCACGAAACGTGCAGGCCGGGGTGGCTCGC TC SEQ ID AAV3_Nt.BbvCI_ AACCGGTGAGGGGGAGTCGCGTGAGCGAGCGA No: 242 BL GCCACCCCGGACCGCTGGTTTCCAGCGGTCTGC CTGCACGAAACGTGCAGGCCGGGGTGGCTCGC TC SEQ ID AAV3_Nt.BsmAI_ AACCGGTGACTCTGATACGCGTGAGCGAGCGA No: 243 TL GCCACCCCGGACCGCTGGTTTCCAGCGGTCTGC CTGCACGAAACGTGCAGGCCGGGGTGGCTCGC TC SEQ ID AAV3_Nt.BsmAI_ AACCGGTGAGGCAGAGACGCGTGAGCGAGCGA No: 244 BL GCCACCCCGGACCGCTGGTTTCCAGCGGTCTGC CTGCACGAAACGTGCAGGCCGGGGTGGCTCGC TC SEQ ID AAV3_Nt.BspQI_ AACCGGTGAGGGCTTCTCGCGTGAGCGAGCGA No: 245 TL GCCACCCCGGACCGCTGGTTTCCAGCGGTCTGC CTGCACGAAACGTGCAGGCCGGGGTGGCTCGC TC SEQ ID AAV3_Nt.BspQI_ AACCGGTGAGGGCGAGAAGCGTGAGCGAGCGA No: 246 BL GCCACCCCGGACCGCTGGTTTCCAGCGGTCTGC CTGCACGAAACGTGCAGGCCGGGGTGGCTCGC TC SEQ ID AAV3_Nt.BstNBI_ AACCGGTGAGGGAGATACGCGCTGAGCGAGCG No: 247 TL AGCCACCCCGGACCGCTGGTTTCCAGCGGTCTG CCTGCACGAAACGTGCAGGCCGGGGTGGCTCG CTC SEQ ID AAV3_Nt.BstNBI_ AACCGCTCAGGGAGATACGCGTGAGCGAGCGA No: 248 BL GCCACCCCGGACCGCTGGTTTCCAGCGGTCTGC CTGCACGAAACGTGCAGGCCGGGGTGGCTCGC TC SEQ ID wt_AAV4_left AACCGGTGAGGGAGATACGCGCGAGCGAGTGA No: 249 GTGAGCCGGGACCTCTGGTTTCCAGAGGTCTGA CGGCCGGAGACCGGCCGTCCCGGCTCACTCACT CGCTCGCGCGTATCTCCCTCACCGGTT SEQ ID AAV4_left_ AACCGGTGAGGGGGAGTCGCGCGAGCGAGTGA No: 250 Nb.BbvCI_BL GTGAGCCGGGACCTCTGGTTTCCAGAGGTCTGA CGGCCGGAGACCGGCCGTCCCGGCTCACTCACT CGCTCGCGCGACTCCCCCTCACCGGTT SEQ ID AAV4_left_ AACCGGTGAGGGCGACTCCCGCGAGCGAGTGA No: 251 Nb.BbvCI_TL GTGAGCCGGGACCTCTGGTTTCCAGAGGTCTGA CGGCCGGAGACCGGCCGTCCCGGCTCACTCACT CGCTCGCGGGAGTCGCCCTCACCGGTT SEQ ID AAV4_left_ AACCGGTGAGGGACTTACGCGCGAGCGAGTGA No: 252 Nb.BsmI_BL GTGAGCCGGGACCTCTGGTTTCCAGAGGTCTGA CGGCCGGAGACCGGCCGTCCCGGCTCACTCACT CGCTCGCGCGTAAGTCCCTCACCGGTT SEQ ID AAV4_left_ AACCGGTGAGGGAGATACGCGTAAGCGAGTGA No: 253 Nb.BsmI_TL GTGAGCCGGGACCTCTGGTTTCCAGAGGTCTGA CGGCCGGAGACCGGCCGTCCCGGCTCACTCACT CGCTTACGCGTATCTCCCTCACCGGTT SEQ ID AAV4_left_ AACCGGTGAGGGCGTTACGCGCGAGCGAGTGA No: 254 Nb.BsrDI_BL GTGAGCCGGGACCTCTGGTTTCCAGAGGTCTGA CGGCCGGAGACCGGCCGTCCCGGCTCACTCACT CGCTCGCGCGTAACGCCCTCACCGGTT SEQ ID AAV4_left_ AACCGGTGAGGGAGTAACGCGCGAGCGAGTGA No: 255 Nb.BsrDI_TL GTGAGCCGGGACCTCTGGTTTCCAGAGGTCTGA CGGCCGGAGACCGGCCGTCCCGGCTCACTCACT CGCTCGCGCGTTACTCCCTCACCGGTT SEQ ID AAV4_left_ AACCGGTGCTCGAGATACGCGCGAGCGAGTGA No: 256 Nb.BssSI_BL GTGAGCCGGGACCTCTGGTTTCCAGAGGTCTGA CGGCCGGAGACCGGCCGTCCCGGCTCACTCACT CGCTCGCGCGTATCTCGAGCACCGGTT SEQ ID AAV4_left_ AACCGGTGAGGGAGCACCGCGCGAGCGAGTGA No: 257 Nb.BssSI_TL GTGAGCCGGGACCTCTGGTTTCCAGAGGTCTGA CGGCCGGAGACCGGCCGTCCCGGCTCACTCACT CGCTCGCGCGGTGCTCCCTCACCGGTT SEQ ID AAV4_left_ AACCGGTGAGGGCGTCACGCGCGAGCGAGTGA No: 258 Nb.BtsI_BL GTGAGCCGGGACCTCTGGTTTCCAGAGGTCTGA CGGCCGGAGACCGGCCGTCCCGGCTCACTCACT CGCTCGCGCGTGACGCCCTCACCGGTT SEQ ID AAV4_left_ AACCGGTGAGGGAGTGACGCGCGAGCGAGTGA No: 259 Nb.BtsI_TL GTGAGCCGGGACCTCTGGTTTCCAGAGGTCTGA CGGCCGGAGACCGGCCGTCCCGGCTCACTCACT CGCTCGCGCGTCACTCCCTCACCGGTT SEQ ID AAV4_left_ AACCGGTGAGGGAGCTAGGCGCGAGCGAGTGA No: 260 Nt.AlwI_BL GTGAGCCGGGACCTCTGGTTTCCAGAGGTCTGA CGGCCGGAGACCGGCCGTCCCGGCTCACTCACT CGCTCGCGCCTAGCTCCCTCACCGGTT SEQ ID AAV4_left_ AACCGGTGACCTAGATACGCGCGAGCGAGTGA No: 261 Nt.AlwI_BL GTGAGCCGGGACCTCTGGTTTCCAGAGGTCTGA CGGCCGGAGACCGGCCGTCCCGGCTCACTCACT CGCTCGCGCGTATCTAGGTCACCGGTT SEQ ID AAV4_left_ AACCGGTGAGGGCGACTCCCGCGAGCGAGTGA No: 262 Nt.BbvCI_TL GTGAGCCGGGACCTCTGGTTTCCAGAGGTCTGA CGGCCGGAGACCGGCCGTCCCGGCTCACTCACT CGCTCGCGGGAGTCGCCCTCACCGGTT SEQ ID AAV4_left_ AACCGGTGAGGGGGAGTCGCGCGAGCGAGTGA No: 263 Nt.BbvCI_BL GTGAGCCGGGACCTCTGGTTTCCAGAGGTCTGA CGGCCGGAGACCGGCCGTCCCGGCTCACTCACT CGCTCGCGCGACTCCCCCTCACCGGTT SEQ ID AAV4_left_ AACCGGTGACTCTGATACGCGCGAGCGAGTGA No: 264 Nt.BsmAI_TL GTGAGCCGGGACCTCTGGTTTCCAGAGGTCTGA CGGCCGGAGACCGGCCGTCCCGGCTCACTCACT CGCTCGCGCGTATCAGAGTCACCGGTT SEQ ID AAV4_left_ AACCGGTGAGGCAGAGACGCGCGAGCGAGTGA No: 265 Nt.BsmAI_BL GTGAGCCGGGACCTCTGGTTTCCAGAGGTCTGA CGGCCGGAGACCGGCCGTCCCGGCTCACTCACT CGCTCGCGCGTCTCTGCCTCACCGGTT SEQ ID AAV4_left_ AACCGGTGAGGGCTTCTCGCGCGAGCGAGTGA No: 266 Nt.BspQI_TL GTGAGCCGGGACCTCTGGTTTCCAGAGGTCTGA CGGCCGGAGACCGGCCGTCCCGGCTCACTCACT CGCTCGCGCGAGAAGCCCTCACCGGTT SEQ ID AAV4_left_ AACCGGTGAGGGCGAGAAGCGCGAGCGAGTGA No: 267 Nt.BspQI_BL GTGAGCCGGGACCTCTGGTTTCCAGAGGTCTGA CGGCCGGAGACCGGCCGTCCCGGCTCACTCACT CGCTCGCGCTTCTCGCCCTCACCGGTT SEQ ID AAV4_left_ AACCGGTGAGGGAGATACGCGCTGAGCGAGTG No: 268 Nt.BstNBI_TL AGTGAGCCGGGACCTCTGGTTTCCAGAGGTCTG ACGGCCGGAGACCGGCCGTCCCGGCTCACTCA CTCGCTCAGCGCGTATCTCCCTCACCGGTT SEQ ID AAV4_left_ AACCGCTCAGGGAGATACGCGCGAGCGAGTGA No: 269 Nt.BstNBI_BL GTGAGCCGGGACCTCTGGTTTCCAGAGGTCTGA CGGCCGGAGACCGGCCGTCCCGGCTCACTCACT CGCTCGCGCGTATCTCCCTGAGCGGTT SEQ ID wt_AAV4_Right AACCGGTGTAATCGATACGCGCGAGCGAGTGA No: 270 GTGAGCCGGGACCTCTGGTTTCCAGAGGTCTGA CGGCCGGAGACCGGCCGTCCCGGCTCACTCACT CGCTCGCGCGTATCTCCCTCACCGGTT SEQ ID AAV4_Right_ AACCGGTGTAATGGAGTCGCGCGAGCGAGTGA No: 271 bNb.BvCI_BL GTGAGCCGGGACCTCTGGTTTCCAGAGGTCTGA CGGCCGGAGACCGGCCGTCCCGGCTCACTCACT CGCTCGCGCGACTCCCCCTCACCGGTT SEQ ID AAV4_Right_ AACCGGTGTAATCGACTCCCGCGAGCGAGTGA No: 272 Nb.BbvCI_TL GTGAGCCGGGACCTCTGGTTTCCAGAGGTCTGA CGGCCGGAGACCGGCCGTCCCGGCTCACTCACT CGCTCGCGGGAGTCGCCCTCACCGGTT SEQ ID AAV4_Right_ AACCGGTGTAATCCTTACGCGCGAGCGAGTGA No: 273 Nb.BsmI_BL GTGAGCCGGGACCTCTGGTTTCCAGAGGTCTGA CGGCCGGAGACCGGCCGTCCCGGCTCACTCACT CGCTCGCGCGTAAGTCCCTCACCGGTT SEQ ID AAV4_Right_ AACCGGTGTAATCGATACGCGTAAGCGAGTGA No: 274 Nb.BsmI_TL GTGAGCCGGGACCTCTGGTTTCCAGAGGTCTGA CGGCCGGAGACCGGCCGTCCCGGCTCACTCACT CGCTTACGCGTATCTCCCTCACCGGTT SEQ ID AAV4_Right_ AACCGGTGTAATCGTTACGCGCGAGCGAGTGA No: 275 Nb.BsrDI_BL GTGAGCCGGGACCTCTGGTTTCCAGAGGTCTGA CGGCCGGAGACCGGCCGTCCCGGCTCACTCACT CGCTCGCGCGTAACGCCCTCACCGGTT SEQ ID AAV4_Right_ AACCGGTGTAATCGTAACGCGCGAGCGAGTGA No: 276 Nb.BsrDI_TL GTGAGCCGGGACCTCTGGTTTCCAGAGGTCTGA CGGCCGGAGACCGGCCGTCCCGGCTCACTCACT CGCTCGCGCGTTACTCCCTCACCGGTT SEQ ID AAV4_Right_ AACCGGTGCTCTCGATACGCGCGAGCGAGTGA No: 277 Nb.BsSSI_BL GTGAGCCGGGACCTCTGGTTTCCAGAGGTCTGA CGGCCGGAGACCGGCCGTCCCGGCTCACTCACT CGCTCGCGCGTATCTCGAGCACCGGTT SEQ ID AAV4_Right_ AACCGGTGTAAGAGCACCGCGCGAGCGAGTGA No: 278 Nb.BsSSI_TL GTGAGCCGGGACCTCTGGTTTCCAGAGGTCTGA CGGCCGGAGACCGGCCGTCCCGGCTCACTCACT CGCTCGCGCGGTGCTCCCTCACCGGTT SEQ ID AAV4_Right_ AACCGGTGTAATCGTCACGCGCGAGCGAGTGA No: 279 Nb.BtSI_BL GTGAGCCGGGACCTCTGGTTTCCAGAGGTCTGA CGGCCGGAGACCGGCCGTCCCGGCTCACTCACT CGCTCGCGCGTGACGCCCTCACCGGTT SEQ ID AAV4_Right_ AACCGGTGTAATCGTGACGCGCGAGCGAGTGA No: 280 Nb.BtSI_TL GTGAGCCGGGACCTCTGGTTTCCAGAGGTCTGA CGGCCGGAGACCGGCCGTCCCGGCTCACTCACT CGCTCGCGCGTCACTCCCTCACCGGTT SEQ ID AAV4_Right_ AACCGGTGTAATCGCTAGGCGCGAGCGAGTGA No: 281 Nt.AlWI_BL GTGAGCCGGGACCTCTGGTTTCCAGAGGTCTGA CGGCCGGAGACCGGCCGTCCCGGCTCACTCACT CGCTCGCGCCTAGCTCCCTCACCGGTT SEQ ID AAV4_Right_ AACCGGTGTCCTAGATACGCGCGAGCGAGTGA No: 282 Nt.AlWI_BL GTGAGCCGGGACCTCTGGTTTCCAGAGGTCTGA CGGCCGGAGACCGGCCGTCCCGGCTCACTCACT CGCTCGCGCGTATCTAGGTCACCGGTT SEQ ID AAV4_Right_ AACCGGTGTAATCGACTCCCGCGAGCGAGTGA No: 283 Nt.BbvCI_TL GTGAGCCGGGACCTCTGGTTTCCAGAGGTCTGA CGGCCGGAGACCGGCCGTCCCGGCTCACTCACT CGCTCGCGGGAGTCGCCCTCACCGGTT SEQ ID AAV4_Right_ AACCGGTGTAATGGAGTCGCGCGAGCGAGTGA No: 284 Nt.BbvCI_BL GTGAGCCGGGACCTCTGGTTTCCAGAGGTCTGA CGGCCGGAGACCGGCCGTCCCGGCTCACTCACT CGCTCGCGCGACTCCCCCTCACCGGTT SEQ ID AAV4_Right_ AACCGGTGTCTCTGATACGCGCGAGCGAGTGA No: 285 Nt.BsmAI_TL GTGAGCCGGGACCTCTGGTTTCCAGAGGTCTGA CGGCCGGAGACCGGCCGTCCCGGCTCACTCACT CGCTCGCGCGTATCAGAGTCACCGGTT SEQ ID AAV4_Right_ AACCGGTGTAACAGAGACGCGCGAGCGAGTGA No: 286 Nt.BsmAI_BL GTGAGCCGGGACCTCTGGTTTCCAGAGGTCTGA CGGCCGGAGACCGGCCGTCCCGGCTCACTCACT CGCTCGCGCGTCTCTGCCTCACCGGTT SEQ ID AAV4_Right_ AACCGGTGTAATCTTCTCGCGCGAGCGAGTGA No: 287 Nt.BspQI_TL GTGAGCCGGGACCTCTGGTTTCCAGAGGTCTGA CGGCCGGAGACCGGCCGTCCCGGCTCACTCACT CGCTCGCGCGAGAAGCCCTCACCGGTT SEQ ID AAV4_Right_ AACCGGTGTAATCGAGAAGCGCGAGCGAGTGA No: 288 Nt.BspQI_BL GTGAGCCGGGACCTCTGGTTTCCAGAGGTCTGA CGGCCGGAGACCGGCCGTCCCGGCTCACTCACT CGCTCGCGCTTCTCGCCCTCACCGGTT SEQ ID AAV4_Right_ AACCGGTGTAATCGATACGCGCTGAGCGAGTG No: 289 Nt.BstNBI_TL AGTGAGCCGGGACCTCTGGTTTCCAGAGGTCTG ACGGCCGGAGACCGGCCGTCCCGGCTCACTCA CTCGCTCAGCGCGTATCTCCCTCACCGGTT SEQ ID AAV4_Right_ AACCGGTCTCAGCGATACGCGCGAGCGAGTGA No: 290 Nt.BstNBI_BL GTGAGCCGGGACCTCTGGTTTCCAGAGGTCTGA CGGCCGGAGACCGGCCGTCCCGGCTCACTCACT CGCTCGCGCGTATCTCTGAGACCGGTT SEQ ID wt_AAV5 GAGAGGGGGGACAGCGCAAGCGAGCGAGCGA No: 291 CCGAGCAAACCCCCCCACCGTCGAGTTTCTCGA CGGTCTGCTGCCGGGAGACCGGCAGCGGGGGG GTTTGCTCGGTCGCTCGCTCGCTTGCGCTGTCC CCCCTCTC SEQ ID AAV5_Nb.BbvCI_ GAGAGGGGAGTCGGCGCAAGCGAGCGAGCGA No: 292 BL CCGAGCAAACCCCCCCACCGTCGAGTTTCTCGA CGGTCTGCTGCCGGGAGACCGGCAGCGGGGGG GTTTGCTCGGTCGCTCGCTCGCTTGCGCCGACT CCCCTCTC SEQ ID AAV5_Nb.BbvCI_ GAGAGGGGCGACTCCGCAAGCGAGCGAGCGAC No: 293 TL CGAGCAAACCCCCCCACCGTCGAGTTTCTCGAC GGTCTGCTGCCGGGAGACCGGCAGCGGGGGGG TTTGCTCGGTCGCTCGCTCGCTTGCGGAGTCGC CCCTCTC SEQ ID AAV5_Nb.BsmI_ GAGAGGGGCTTACGCGCAAGCGAGCGAGCGAC No: 294 BL CGAGCAAACCCCCCCACCGTCGAGTTTCTCGAC GGTCTGCTGCCGGGAGACCGGCAGCGGGGGGG TTTGCTCGGTCGCTCGCTCGCTTGCGCGTAAGC CCCTCTC SEQ ID AAV5_Nb.BsmI_ GAGAGGGGGGACAGCGTAAGCGAGCGAGCGA No: 295 TL CCGAGCAAACCCCCCCACCGTCGAGTTTCTCGA CGGTCTGCTGCCGGGAGACCGGCAGCGGGGGG GTTTGCTCGGTCGCTCGCTCGCTTACGCTGTCC CCCCTCTC SEQ ID AAV5_Nb.BsrDI_ GAGAGGCGTTACAGCGCAAGCGAGCGAGCGAC No: 296 LB CGAGCAAACCCCCCCACCGTCGAGTTTCTCGAC GGTCTGCTGCCGGGAGACCGGCAGCGGGGGGG TTTGCTCGGTCGCTCGCTCGCTTGCGCTGTAAC GCCTCTC SEQ ID AAV5_Nb.BsrDI_ GAGAGGGGGTAACGCGCAAGCGAGCGAGCGA No: 297 TL CCGAGCAAACCCCCCCACCGTCGAGTTTCTCGA CGGTCTGCTGCCGGGAGACCGGCAGCGGGGGG GTTTGCTCGGTCGCTCGCTCGCTTGCGCGTTAC CCCCTCTC SEQ ID AAV5_Nb.BssSI_ GAGTGCTCGGACAGCGCAAGCGAGCGAGCGAC No: 298 BL CGAGCAAACCCCCCCACCGTCGAGTTTCTCGAC GGTCTGCTGCCGGGAGACCGGCAGCGGGGGGG TTTGCTCGGTCGCTCGCTCGCTTGCGCTGTCCG AGCACTC SEQ ID AAV5_Nb.BssSI_ GAGAGGGAGCACAGCGCAAGCGAGCGAGCGA No: 299 TL CCGAGCAAACCCCCCCACCGTCGAGTTTCTCGA CGGTCTGCTGCCGGGAGACCGGCAGCGGGGGG GTTTGCTCGGTCGCTCGCTCGCTTGCGCTGTGC TCCCTCTC SEQ ID AAV5_Nb.BtsI_ GAGAGGCGTCACAGCGCAAGCGAGCGAGCGAC No: 300 BL CGAGCAAACCCCCCCACCGTCGAGTTTCTCGAC GGTCTGCTGCCGGGAGACCGGCAGCGGGGGGG TTTGCTCGGTCGCTCGCTCGCTTGCGCTGTGAC GCCTCTC SEQ ID AAV5_Nb.BtsI_ GAGAGGGGTGACGGCGCAAGCGAGCGAGCGA No: 301 TL CCGAGCAAACCCCCCCACCGTCGAGTTTCTCGA CGGTCTGCTGCCGGGAGACCGGCAGCGGGGGG GTTTGCTCGGTCGCTCGCTCGCTTGCGCCGTCA CCCCTCTC SEQ ID AAV5_Nt.AlwI_ GAGAGGGGGGACAGCGCTAGGGAGCGAGCGA No: 302 BL CCGAGCAAACCCCCCCACCGTCGAGTTTCTCGA CGGTCTGCTGCCGGGAGACCGGCAGCGGGGGG GTTTGCTCGGTCGCTCGCTCCCTAGCGCTGTCC CCCCTCTC SEQ ID AAV5_Nt.AlwI_ GAGAGGGGGCCTAGCGCAAGCGAGCGAGCGAC No: 303 BL CGAGCAAACCCCCCCACCGTCGAGTTTCTCGAC GGTCTGCTGCCGGGAGACCGGCAGCGGGGGGG TTTGCTCGGTCGCTCGCTCGCTTGCGCTAGGCC CCCTCTC SEQ ID AAV5_Nt.BbvCI_ GAGAGGGGCGACTCCGCAAGCGAGCGAGCGAC No: 304 TL CGAGCAAACCCCCCCACCGTCGAGTTTCTCGAC GGTCTGCTGCCGGGAGACCGGCAGCGGGGGGG TTTGCTCGGTCGCTCGCTCGCTTGCGGAGTCGC CCCTCTC SEQ ID AAV5_Nt.BbvCI_ GAGAGGGGAGTCGGCGCAAGCGAGCGAGCGA No: 305 BL CCGAGCAAACCCCCCCACCGTCGAGTTTCTCGA CGGTCTGCTGCCGGGAGACCGGCAGCGGGGGG GTTTGCTCGGTCGCTCGCTCGCTTGCGCCGACT CCCCTCTC SEQ ID AAV5_Nt.BsmAI_ GAGAGGGGGCTCTGCGCAAGCGAGCGAGCGAC No: 306 TL CGAGCAAACCCCCCCACCGTCGAGTTTCTCGAC GGTCTGCTGCCGGGAGACCGGCAGCGGGGGGG TTTGCTCGGTCGCTCGCTCGCTTGCGCAGAGCC CCCTCTC SEQ ID AAV5_Nt.BsmAI_ GAGAGGGGGCAGAGCGCAAGCGAGCGAGCGA No: 307 BL CCGAGCAAACCCCCCCACCGTCGAGTTTCTCGA CGGTCTGCTGCCGGGAGACCGGCAGCGGGGGG GTTTGCTCGGTCGCTCGCTCGCTTGCGCTCTGC CCCCTCTC SEQ ID AAV5_Nt.BspQI_ GAGAGGGCTTCTCGCGCAAGCGAGCGAGCGAC No: 308 TL CGAGCAAACCCCCCCACCGTCGAGTTTCTCGAC GGTCTGCTGCCGGGAGACCGGCAGCGGGGGGG TTTGCTCGGTCGCTCGCTCGCTTGCGCGAGAAG CCCTCTC SEQ ID AAV5_Nt.BspQI_ GAGAGGGCGAGAAGCGCAAGCGAGCGAGCGA No: 309 BL CCGAGCAAACCCCCCCACCGTCGAGTTTCTCGA CGGTCTGCTGCCGGGAGACCGGCAGCGGGGGG GTTTGCTCGGTCGCTCGCTCGCTTGCGCTTCTCG CCCTCTC SEQ ID AAV5_Nt.BstNBI_ GAGAGGGGGGACAGCGCTGAGCGAGCGAGCG No: 310 TL ACCGAGCAAACCCCCCCACCGTCGAGTTTCTCG ACGGTCTGCTGCCGGGAGACCGGCAGCGGGGG GGTTTGCTCGGTCGCTCGCTCGCTCAGCGCTGT CCCCCCTCTC SEQ ID AAV5_Nt.BstNBI_ GAGAGGGGGCTCAGCGCAAGCGAGCGAGCGAC No: 311 BL CGAGCAAACCCCCCCACCGTCGAGTTTCTCGAC GGTCTGCTGCCGGGAGACCGGCAGCGGGGGGG TTTGCTCGGTCGCTCGCTCGCTTGCGCTGAGCC CCCTCTC SEQ ID wt_AAV7 AACCGGTGAGGGAGATACGCGCGAGCGAGCGA No: 312 GCCACCCCGGACGCCTGGTTTCCAGGCGTCTGC CGTCTCGAGACGAGACGGCCGGGGTGGCTCGC TCGCTCGCGCGTATCTCCCTCACCGGTT SEQ ID AAV7_Nb.BbvCI_ AACCGGTGAGGGGGAGTCGCGCGAGCGAGCGA No: 313 BL GCCACCCCGGACGCCTGGTTTCCAGGCGTCTGC CGTCTCGAGACGAGACGGCCGGGGTGGCTCGC TCGCTCGCGCGACTCCCCCTCACCGGTT SEQ ID AAV7_Nb.BbvCI_ AACCGGTGAGGGCGACTCCCGCGAGCGAGCGA No: 314 TL GCCACCCCGGACGCCTGGTTTCCAGGCGTCTGC CGTCTCGAGACGAGACGGCCGGGGTGGCTCGC TCGCTCGCGGGAGTCGCCCTCACCGGTT SEQ ID AAV7_Nb.BsmI_ AACCGGTGAGGGACTTACGCGCGAGCGAGCGA No: 315 BL GCCACCCCGGACGCCTGGTTTCCAGGCGTCTGC CGTCTCGAGACGAGACGGCCGGGGTGGCTCGC TCGCTCGCGCGTAAGTCCCTCACCGGTT SEQ ID AAV7_Nb.BsmI_ AACCGGTGAGGGAGATACGCGTAAGCGAGCGA No: 316 TL GCCACCCCGGACGCCTGGTTTCCAGGCGTCTGC CGTCTCGAGACGAGACGGCCGGGGTGGCTCGC TCGCTTACGCGTATCTCCCTCACCGGTT SEQ ID AAV7_Nb.BsrDI_ AACCGGTGAGGGCGTTACGCGCGAGCGAGCGA No: 317 BL GCCACCCCGGACGCCTGGTTTCCAGGCGTCTGC CGTCTCGAGACGAGACGGCCGGGGTGGCTCGC TCGCTCGCGCGTAACGCCCTCACCGGTT SEQ ID AAV7_Nb.BsrDI_ AACCGGTGAGGGAGTAACGCGCGAGCGAGCGA No: 318 TL GCCACCCCGGACGCCTGGTTTCCAGGCGTCTGC CGTCTCGAGACGAGACGGCCGGGGTGGCTCGC TCGCTCGCGCGTTACTCCCTCACCGGTT SEQ ID AAV7_Nb.BssSI_ AACCGGTGCTCGAGATACGCGCGAGCGAGCGA No: 319 BL GCCACCCCGGACGCCTGGTTTCCAGGCGTCTGC CGTCTCGAGACGAGACGGCCGGGGTGGCTCGC TCGCTCGCGCGTATCTCGAGCACCGGTT SEQ ID AAV7_Nb.BssSI_ AACCGGTGAGGGAGCACCGCGCGAGCGAGCGA No: 320 TL GCCACCCCGGACGCCTGGTTTCCAGGCGTCTGC CGTCTCGAGACGAGACGGCCGGGGTGGCTCGC TCGCTCGCGCGGTGCTCCCTCACCGGTT SEQ ID AAV7_Nb.BtsI_ AACCGGTGAGGGCGTCACGCGCGAGCGAGCGA No: 321 BL GCCACCCCGGACGCCTGGTTTCCAGGCGTCTGC CGTCTCGAGACGAGACGGCCGGGGTGGCTCGC TCGCTCGCGCGTGACGCCCTCACCGGTT SEQ ID AAV7_Nb.BtsI_ AACCGGTGAGGGAGTGACGCGCGAGCGAGCGA No: 322 TL GCCACCCCGGACGCCTGGTTTCCAGGCGTCTGC CGTCTCGAGACGAGACGGCCGGGGTGGCTCGC TCGCTCGCGCGTCACTCCCTCACCGGTT SEQ ID AAV7_Nt.AlwI_ AACCGGTGAGGGAGCTAGGCGCGAGCGAGCGA No: 323 BL GCCACCCCGGACGCCTGGTTTCCAGGCGTCTGC CGTCTCGAGACGAGACGGCCGGGGTGGCTCGC TCGCTCGCGCCTAGCTCCCTCACCGGTT SEQ ID AAV7_Nt.AlwI_ AACCGGTGACCTAGATACGCGCGAGCGAGCGA No: 324 BL GCCACCCCGGACGCCTGGTTTCCAGGCGTCTGC CGTCTCGAGACGAGACGGCCGGGGTGGCTCGC TCGCTCGCGCGTATCTAGGTCACCGGTT SEQ ID AAV7_Nt.BbvCI_ AACCGGTGAGGGCGACTCCCGCGAGCGAGCGA No: 325 TL GCCACCCCGGACGCCTGGTTTCCAGGCGTCTGC CGTCTCGAGACGAGACGGCCGGGGTGGCTCGC TCGCTCGCGGGAGTCGCCCTCACCGGTT SEQ ID AAV7_Nt.BbvCI_ AACCGGTGAGGGGGAGTCGCGCGAGCGAGCGA No: 326 BL GCCACCCCGGACGCCTGGTTTCCAGGCGTCTGC CGTCTCGAGACGAGACGGCCGGGGTGGCTCGC TCGCTCGCGCGACTCCCCCTCACCGGTT SEQ ID AAV7_Nt.BsmAI_ AACCGGTGACTCTGATACGCGCGAGCGAGCGA No: 327 TL GCCACCCCGGACGCCTGGTTTCCAGGCGTCTGC CGTCTCGAGACGAGACGGCCGGGGTGGCTCGC TCGCTCGCGCGTATCAGAGTCACCGGTT SEQ ID AAV7_Nt.BsmAI_ AACCGGTGAGGCAGAGACGCGCGAGCGAGCGA No: 328 BL GCCACCCCGGACGCCTGGTTTCCAGGCGTCTGC CGTCTCGAGACGAGACGGCCGGGGTGGCTCGC TCGCTCGCGCGTCTCTGCCTCACCGGTT SEQ ID AAV7_Nt.BspQI_ AACCGGTGAGGGCTTCTCGCGCGAGCGAGCGA No: 329 TL GCCACCCCGGACGCCTGGTTTCCAGGCGTCTGC CGTCTCGAGACGAGACGGCCGGGGTGGCTCGC TCGCTCGCGCGAGAAGCCCTCACCGGTT SEQ ID AAV7_Nt.BspQI_ AACCGGTGAGGGCGAGAAGCGCGAGCGAGCG No: 330 BL AGCCACCCCGGACGCCTGGTTTCCAGGCGTCTG CCGTCTCGAGACGAGACGGCCGGGGTGGCTCG CTCGCTCGCGCTTCTCGCCCTCACCGGTT SEQ ID AAV7_Nt.BstNBI_ AACCGGTGAGGGAGATACGCGCTGAGCGAGCG No: 331 TL AGCCACCCCGGACGCCTGGTTTCCAGGCGTCTG CCGTCTCGAGACGAGACGGCCGGGGTGGCTCG CTCGCTCAGCGCGTATCTCCCTCACCGGTT SEQ ID AAV7_Nt.BstNBI_ AACCGCTCAGGGAGATACGCGCGAGCGAGCGA No: 332 BL GCCACCCCGGACGCCTGGTTTCCAGGCGTCTGC CGTCTCGAGACGAGACGGCCGGGGTGGCTCGC TCGCTCGCGCGTATCTCCCTGAGCGGTT

The first, second, third, and fourth restriction sites for nicking endonuclease can be arranged in various configurations. In some embodiments, the first and the second restriction sites for nicking endonuclease are at least 10, at least 11, at least 12, at least 13, at least 14, at least 15, at least 16, at least 17, at least 18, at least 19, at least 20, at least 21, at least 22, at least 23, at least 24, at least 25, at least 26, at least 27, at least 28, at least 29, at least 30, at least 31, at least 32, at least 33, at least 34, at least 35, at least 36, at least 37, at least 38, at least 39, at least 40, at least 41, at least 42, at least 43, at least 44, at least 45, at least 46, at least 47, at least 48, at least 49, at least 50, at least 51, at least 52, at least 53, at least 54, at least 55, at least 56, at least 57, at least 58, at least 59, at least 60, at least 61, at least 62, at least 63, at least 64, at least 65, at least 66, at least 67, at least 68, at least 69, at least 70, at least 71, at least 72, at least 73, at least 74, at least 75, at least 76, at least 77, at least 78, at least 79, at least 80, at least 81, at least 82, at least 83, at least 84, at least 85, at least 86, at least 87, at least 88, at least 89, at least 90, at least 91, at least 92, at least 93, at least 94, at least 95, at least 96, at least 97, at least 98, at least 99, at least 100, at least 105, at least 110, at least 115, at least 120, at least 125, at least 130, at least 135, at least 140, at least 145, at least 150, at least 155, at least 160, at least 165, at least 170, at least 175, at least 180, at least 185, at least 190, at least 195, or at least 200 nucleotides apart. In other embodiments, the first and the second restriction sites for nicking endonuclease are about 10, about 11, about 12, about 13, about 14, about 15, about 16, about 17, about 18, about 19, about 20, about 21, about 22, about 23, about 24, about 25, about 26, about 27, about 28, about 29, about 30, about 31, about 32, about 33, about 34, about 35, about 36, about 37, about 38, about 39, about 40, about 41, about 42, about 43, about 44, about 45, about 46, about 47, about 48, about 49, about 50, about 51, about 52, about 53, about 54, about 55, about 56, about 57, about 58, about 59, about 60, about 61, about 62, about 63, about 64, about 65, about 66, about 67, about 68, about 69, about 70, about 71, about 72, about 73, about 74, about 75, about 76, about 77, about 78, about 79, about 80, about 81, about 82, about 83, about 84, about 85, about 86, about 87, about 88, about 89, about 90, about 91, about 92, about 93, about 94, about 95, about 96, about 97, about 98, about 99, about 100, about 105, about 110, about 115, about 120, about 125, about 130, about 135, about 140, about 145, about 150, about 155, about 160, about 165, about 170, about 175, about 180, about 185, about 190, about 195, or about 200 nucleotides apart.

Similarly, in certain embodiments, the third and the fourth restriction sites for nicking endonuclease are at least 10, at least 11, at least 12, at least 13, at least 14, at least 15, at least 16, at least 17, at least 18, at least 19, at least 20, at least 21, at least 22, at least 23, at least 24, at least 25, at least 26, at least 27, at least 28, at least 29, at least 30, at least 31, at least 32, at least 33, at least 34, at least 35, at least 36, at least 37, at least 38, at least 39, at least 40, at least 41, at least 42, at least 43, at least 44, at least 45, at least 46, at least 47, at least 48, at least 49, at least 50, at least 51, at least 52, at least 53, at least 54, at least 55, at least 56, at least 57, at least 58, at least 59, at least 60, at least 61, at least 62, at least 63, at least 64, at least 65, at least 66, at least 67, at least 68, at least 69, at least 70, at least 71, at least 72, at least 73, at least 74, at least 75, at least 76, at least 77, at least 78, at least 79, at least 80, at least 81, at least 82, at least 83, at least 84, at least 85, at least 86, at least 87, at least 88, at least 89, at least 90, at least 91, at least 92, at least 93, at least 94, at least 95, at least 96, at least 97, at least 98, at least 99, at least 100, at least 105, at least 110, at least 115, at least 120, at least 125, at least 130, at least 135, at least 140, at least 145, at least 150, at least 155, at least 160, at least 165, at least 170, at least 175, at least 180, at least 185, at least 190, at least 195, or at least 200 nucleotides apart. In further embodiments, the third and the fourth restriction sites for nicking endonuclease are about 10, about 11, about 12, about 13, about 14, about 15, about 16, about 17, about 18, about 19, about 20, about 21, about 22, about 23, about 24, about 25, about 26, about 27, about 28, about 29, about 30, about 31, about 32, about 33, about 34, about 35, about 36, about 37, about 38, about 39, about 40, about 41, about 42, about 43, about 44, about 45, about 46, about 47, about 48, about 49, about 50, about 51, about 52, about 53, about 54, about 55, about 56, about 57, about 58, about 59, about 60, about 61, about 62, about 63, about 64, about 65, about 66, about 67, about 68, about 69, about 70, about 71, about 72, about 73, about 74, about 75, about 76, about 77, about 78, about 79, about 80, about 81, about 82, about 83, about 84, about 85, about 86, about 87, about 88, about 89, about 90, about 91, about 92, about 93, about 94, about 95, about 96, about 97, about 98, about 99, about 100, about 105, about 110, about 115, about 120, about 125, about 130, about 135, about 140, about 145, about 150, about 155, about 160, about 165, about 170, about 175, about 180, about 185, about 190, about 195, or about 200 nucleotides apart.

The disclosure provides that the overhang described in Sections 3, 5.2 (including 5.2.3), and 5.3 (including 5.3.1) can be the result of the nicking at the first and second restriction sites by nicking endonucleases and denaturing as described in Sections 3 and 5.2 (including 5.2.3). Thus, in some embodiments, the overhang resulted from the nicking at the first and second restriction sites can be the same length as the first and second restriction sites are apart (in number of nucleotides) as described in the preceding paragraphs of this Section (Section 5.3.2). As the nicking endonucleases can cut the DNA within or outside the restriction sites for the nicking endonucleases, in certain embodiments, the overhang resulted from the nicking at the first and second restriction sites can be longer or shorter than the first and second restriction sites are apart by at least 10, at least 11, at least 12, at least 13, at least 14, at least 15, at least 16, at least 17, at least 18, at least 19, at least 20, at least 21, at least 22, at least 23, at least 24, at least 25, at least 26, at least 27, at least 28, at least 29, or at least 30 nucleotides. In other embodiments, the overhang resulted from the nicking at the first and second restriction sites can be longer or shorter than the first and second restriction sites are apart by about 10, about 11, about 12, about 13, about 14, about 15, about 16, about 17, about 18, about 19, about 20, about 21, about 22, about 23, about 24, about 25, about 26, about 27, about 28, about 29, or about 30 nucleotides.

Similarly, the disclosure provides that the overhang described in Sections 3, 5.2 (including 5.2.3), and 5.3 (including 5.3.1) can be the result of the nicking at the third and fourth restriction sites by nicking endonucleases and denaturing as described in Sections 3 and 5.2 (including 5.2.3). Thus, in some embodiments, the overhang resulted from the nicking at the third and fourth restriction sites can be the same length as the third and fourth restriction sites are apart (in number of nucleotides) as described in the preceding paragraphs of this Section (Section 5.3.2). As the nicking endonucleases can cut the DNA within or outside the restriction sites for the nicking endonucleases, in certain embodiments, the overhang resulted from the nicking at the third and fourth restriction sites can be longer or shorter than the third and fourth restriction sites are apart by at least 10, at least 11, at least 12, at least 13, at least 14, at least 15, at least 16, at least 17, at least 18, at least 19, at least 20, at least 21, at least 22, at least 23, at least 24, at least 25, at least 26, at least 27, at least 28, at least 29, or at least 30 nucleotides. In other embodiments, the overhang resulted from the nicking at the third and fourth restriction sites can be longer or shorter than the third and fourth restriction sites are apart by about 10, about 11, about 12, about 13, about 14, about 15, about 16, about 17, about 18, about 19, about 20, about 21, about 22, about 23, about 24, about 25, about 26, about 27, about 28, about 29, or about 30 nucleotides.

As is clear from the description in Sections 3 and 5.4 and this Section (Section 5.3), the DNA molecules provided herein comprise an expression cassette. In some embodiments, the expression cassette is located between the first and second restriction sites for nicking endonuclease(s) at one end and the third and fourth restriction sites for nicking endonuclease(s) at the other end. In other embodiments, the expression cassette is located within the dsDNA segment of the DNA molecules produced by performing the method steps a to d as described in Sections 3 and 5.2, including the denaturing step described in Section 5.2.3 to provide two ssDNA overhangs. In certain embodiments, the first, second, third, and fourth restriction sites for the nicking endonucleases are arranged such that the length of the dsDNA segment described in this paragraph is at least 0.2 kb, at least 0.3 kb, at least 0.4 kb, at least 0.5 kb, at least 0.6, at least kb, at least 0.7 kb, at least 0.8 kb, at least 0.9 kb, at least 1 kb, at least 1.5 kb, at least 2 kb, at least 2.5 kb, at least 3 kb, at least 3.5 kb, at least 4 kb, at least 4.5 kb, at least 5 kb, at least 5.5 kb, at least 6 kb, at least 6.5 kb, at least 7 kb, at least 7.5 kb, at least 8 kb, at least 8.5 kb, at least 9 kb, at least 9.5 kb, or at least 10 kb. In other embodiments, the first, second, third, and fourth restriction sites for the nicking endonucleases are arranged such that the length of the dsDNA segment described in this paragraph is about 0.2 kb, about 0.3 kb, about 0.4 kb, about 0.5 kb, about 0.6, about kb, about 0.7 kb, about 0.8 kb, about 0.9 kb, about 1 kb, about 1.5 kb, about 2 kb, about 2.5 kb, about 3 kb, about 3.5 kb, about 4 kb, about 4.5 kb, about 5 kb, about 5.5 kb, about 6 kb, about 6.5 kb, about 7 kb, about 7.5 kb, about 8 kb, about 8.5 kb, about 9 kb, about 9.5 kb, or about 10 kb.

As described in Section 5.2.4, incubation with nicking endonucleases will result in a first nick corresponding to the first restriction site for the nicking endonuclease, a second nick corresponding to the second restriction site for the nicking endonuclease, a third nick corresponding to the third restriction site for the nicking endonuclease, and/or a fourth nick corresponding to the fourth restriction site for the nicking endonuclease. The disclosure provides that the first, second, third, and/or fourth nicks can be at various positions relative to the inverted repeat. In one embodiment, the first nick is within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, or 50 nucleotides from the 5′ nucleotide of the ITR closing base pair of the first inverted repeat. In another embodiment, the first nick is within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, or 50 nucleotides from the 3′ nucleotide of the ITR closing base pair of the first inverted repeat. In yet another embodiment, the second nick is within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, or 50 nucleotides from the 5′ nucleotide of the ITR closing base pair of the first inverted repeat. In a further embodiment, the second nick is within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, or 50 nucleotides from the 3′ nucleotide of the ITR closing base pair of the first inverted repeat. In one embodiment, the third nick is within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, or 50 nucleotides from the 5′ nucleotide of the ITR closing base pair of the second inverted repeat. In another embodiment, the third nick is within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, or 50 nucleotides from the 3′ nucleotide of the ITR closing base pair of the second inverted repeat. In yet another embodiment, the fourth nick is within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, or 50 nucleotides from the 5′ nucleotide of the ITR closing base pair of the second inverted repeat. In a further embodiment, the fourth nick is within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, or 50 nucleotides from the 3′ nucleotide of the ITR closing base pair of the second inverted repeat. In some embodiments, any or any combinations of the first, second, third, and fourth nicks are inside the inverted repeat. In certain embodiments, any or any combinations of the first, second, third, and fourth nicks are outside the inverted repeat. In some additional embodiments, the first, second, third, and fourth nicks can have any relative positions amongst themselves, between any of them and the inverted repeat, and/or between any of them and the expression cassette as described in this Section (Section 5.3.2), in any combination or permutation. In some further embodiments, the first, second, third, and fourth restriction sites for nicking endonucleases can have any relative positions amongst themselves, between any of them and the inverted repeat, and/or between any of them and the expression cassette as described in this Section (Section 5.3.2), in any combination or permutation.

5.3.3 Expression Cassette

As is clear from the description in Sections 3 and 5.4 and this Section (Section 5.3), the DNA molecules provided herein comprise an expression cassette An “expression cassette” is a nucleic acid molecule or a part of nucleic acid molecule containing sequences or other information that directs the cellular machinery to make RNA and protein. In some embodiments, an expression cassette comprises a promoter sequence. In certain embodiments, an expression cassette comprises a transcription unit. In yet some other embodiments, an expression cassette comprises a promoter operatively linked to a transcription unit. In one embodiment, the transcription unit comprises an open reading frame (ORF). Embodiments for ORFs for use with the methods and compositions provided herein are further described in the last paragraph of this Section (Section 5.3.3). The expression cassette can further comprise features to direct the cellular machinery to make RNA and protein. In one embodiment, the expression cassette comprises a posttranscriptional regulatory element. In another embodiment, the expression cassette further comprises a polyadenylation and/or termination signal. In yet another embodiment, the expression cassette comprises regulatory elements known and used in the art to regulate (promote, inhibit and/or turn on/off the expression of the ORF). Such regulatory elements include, for example, 5′-untranslated region (UTR), 3′-UTR, or both the 5′UTR and the 3′UTR. In some further embodiments, the expression cassette comprises any one or more features provided in this Section (Section 5.3.3) in any combination or permutation.

The expression cassette can comprise a protein coding sequence in its ORF (sense strand). Alternatively, the expression cassette can comprise the complementary sequence of the protein coding ORF (anti-sense strand) and the regulatory components and/or other signals for the cellular machinery to produce a sense strand DNA/RNA and the corresponding protein. In some embodiments, the expression cassette comprises a protein sequence without intron. In other embodiments, the expression cassette comprises a protein sequence with intron, which is removed upon transcription and splicing. The expression cassette can also comprise various numbers of ORFs or transcription units. In one embodiment, the expression cassette comprises 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 ORFs. In another embodiment, the expression cassette comprises 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 transcription units.

The expression cassettes can also comprise one or more transcriptional regulatory element, one or more posttranscriptional regulatory elements, or both one or more transcriptional regulatory element and one or more posttranscriptional regulatory elements. Such regulatory elements are any sequences that allow, contribute or modulate the functional regulation of the nucleic acid molecule, including replication, duplication, transcription, splicing, translation, stability and/or transport of the nucleic acid or one of its derivative (e.g. mRNA) into the host cell or organism. Such regulatory elements include, but are not limited to, a promoter, an enhancer, a polyadenylation signal, translation stop codon, a ribosome binding element, a transcription terminator, selection markers, origin of replication, etc.

In some embodiments, the expression cassette comprises an enhancer. Any enhancer sequence known to those skilled in the art in view of the present disclosure can be used. In some embodiments, an enhancer sequence can be human actin, human myosin, human hemoglobin, human muscle creatine, or a viral enhancer, such as one from CMV, HA, RSV, or EBV. In certain specific embodiments, the enhance can be Woodchuck HBV Post-transcriptional regulatory element (WPRE), intron/exon sequence derived from human apolipoprotein A1 precursor (ApoAI), untranslated R-U5 domain of the human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) long terminal repeat (LTR), a splicing enhancer, a synthetic rabbit β-globin intron, a P5 promoter of an AAV, or any combination thereof.

As described above, the expression cassette can comprise a promoter to control expression of a protein of interest. Promoters include any nucleotide sequence that initiates the transcription of an operably linked nucleotide sequence. Promoters can be a constitutive, inducible, or repressible. A promoter can be derived from sources including viral, bacterial, fungal, plants, insects, and animals. A promoter can be a homologous promoter (e.g., derived from the same genetic source) or a heterologous promoter (e.g., derived from a different genetic source). In some embodiments, a promoters can be a promoter from simian virus 40 (SV40), a mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) promoter, a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) promoter such as the bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV) long terminal repeat (LTR) promoter, a Moloney virus promoter, an avian leukosis virus (ALV) promoter, a cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter such as the CMV immediate early promoter (CMV-IE), Epstein Barr virus (EBV) promoter, or a Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) promoter. In other embodiments, a promoter can be a promoter from a human gene such as human actin, human myosin, human hemoglobin, human muscle creatine, or human metalothionein. In further embodiments, a promoter can also be a tissue specific promoter, such as a muscle or skin specific promoter, natural or synthetic.

As described above, the expression cassette can comprise a polyadenylation, termination signal, or both a polyadenylation and termination signal. Any polyadenylation signal known to those skilled in the art in view of the present disclosure can be used. In some embodiments, the polyadenylation signal can be a SV40 polyadenylation signal, AAV2 polyadenylation signal (bp 4411-4466, NC 001401), a polyadenylation signal from the Herpes Simplex Virus Thymidine Kinase Gene, LTR polyadenylation signal, bovine growth hormone (bGH) polyadenylation signal, human growth hormone (hGH) polyadenylation signal, or human β-globin polyadenylation signal.

The expression cassette can have various sizes to accommodate one or more ORFs of various lengths. In certain embodiments, the size of expression cassette is at least 0.2 kb, at least 0.3 kb, at least 0.4 kb, at least 0.5 kb, at least 0.6, at least kb, at least 0.7 kb, at least 0.8 kb, at least 0.9 kb, at least 1 kb, at least 1.5 kb, at least 2 kb, at least 2.5 kb, at least 3 kb, at least 3.5 kb, at least 4 kb, at least 4.5 kb, at least 5 kb, at least 5.5 kb, at least 6 kb, at least 6.5 kb, at least 7 kb, at least 7.5 kb, at least 8 kb, at least 8.5 kb, at least 9 kb, at least 9.5 kb, at least 10 kb, at least 15 kb, at least 20 kb, at least 25 kb, at least 30 kb, at least 35 kb, at least 40 kb, at least 45 kb, at least 50 kb, at least 55 kb, at least 60 kb, at least 65 kb, at least 70 kb, at least 75 kb, or at least 80 kb. In one specific embodiment, the expression cassette is at least 4.5 kb. In another specific embodiment, the expression cassette is at least 4.6 kb. In yet another specific embodiment, the expression cassette is at least 4.7 kb. In a further specific embodiment, the expression cassette is at least 4.8 kb. In one specific embodiment, the expression cassette is at least 4.9 kb. In another specific embodiment, the expression cassette is at least 5 kb. In other embodiments, the size of the expression cassette is about 0.2 kb, about 0.3 kb, about 0.4 kb, about 0.5 kb, about 0.6, about kb, about 0.7 kb, about 0.8 kb, about 0.9 kb, about 1 kb, about 1.5 kb, about 2 kb, about 2.5 kb, about 3 kb, about 3.5 kb, about 4 kb, about 4.5 kb, about 5 kb, about 5.5 kb, about 6 kb, about 6.5 kb, about 7 kb, about 7.5 kb, about 8 kb, about 8.5 kb, about 9 kb, about 9.5 kb, about 10 kb, about 15 kb, about 20 kb, about 25 kb, about 30 kb, about 35 kb, about 40 kb, about 45 kb, about 50 kb, about 55 kb, about 60 kb, about 65 kb, about 70 kb, about 75 kb, or about 80 kb. In one specific embodiment, the expression cassette is about 4.5 kb. In another specific embodiment, the expression cassette is about 4.6 kb. In yet another specific embodiment, the expression cassette is about 4.7 kb. In a further specific embodiment, the expression cassette is about 4.8 kb. In one specific embodiment, the expression cassette is about 4.9 kb. In another specific embodiment, the expression cassette is about 5 kb. The expression cassette can also comprise various numbers of genes of interest (“transgenes”). In one embodiment, the expression cassette comprises 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 transgenes. In some specific embodiment, the expression cassette comprise one transgene. In some embodiments, the transgenes are recombinant genes. In some further embodiments, the transgenes comprise cDNA sequences (e.g. no introns in the transgenes).

In some embodiment, the DNA molecules provided herein do not have the size limitations of encapsidated AAV vectors, thus enabling delivery of a large-size expression cassette to provide efficient transgene. In certain embodiments, the DNA molecules provided herein comprise an expression cassette equal to or larger than the size of any natural AAV genome.

The expression cassette can have various positions relative to the inverted repeat. In some embodiments, the expression cassette is at least 1, at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, at least 10, at least 11, at least 12, at least 13, at least 14, at least 15, at least 16, at least 17, at least 18, at least 19, at least 20, at least 21, at least 22, at least 23, at least 24, at least 25, at least 26, at least 27, at least 28, at least 29, at least 30, at least 31, at least 32, at least 33, at least 34, at least 35, at least 36, at least 37, at least 38, at least 39, at least 40, at least 41, at least 42, at least 43, at least 44, at least 45, at least 46, at least 47, at least 48, at least 49, at least 50, at least 51, at least 52, at least 53, at least 54, at least 55, at least 56, at least 57, at least 58, at least 59, at least 60, at least 61, at least 62, at least 63, at least 64, at least 65, at least 66, at least 67, at least 68, at least 69, at least 70, at least 71, at least 72, at least 73, at least 74, at least 75, at least 76, at least 77, at least 78, at least 79, at least 80, at least 81, at least 82, at least 83, at least 84, at least 85, at least 86, at least 87, at least 88, at least 89, at least 90, at least 91, at least 92, at least 93, at least 94, at least 95, at least 96, at least 97, at least 98, at least 99, or at least 100 nucleotides apart from the inverted repeat. In certain embodiments, the expression cassette is at least 0.2 kb, at least 0.3 kb, at least 0.4 kb, at least 0.5 kb, at least 0.6, at least 0.7 kb, at least 0.8 kb, at least 0.9 kb, at least 1 kb, at least 1.5 kb, or at least 2 kb apart from the inverted repeat. In other embodiments, the expression cassette is about 1, about 2, about 3, about 4, about 5, about 6, about 7, about 8, about 9, about 10, about 11, about 12, about 13, about 14, about 15, about 16, about 17, about 18, about 19, about 20, about 21, about 22, about 23, about 24, about 25, about 26, about 27, about 28, about 29, about 30, about 31, about 32, about 33, about 34, about 35, about 36, about 37, about 38, about 39, about 40, about 41, about 42, about 43, about 44, about 45, about 46, about 47, about 48, about 49, about 50, about 51, about 52, about 53, about 54, about 55, about 56, about 57, about 58, about 59, about 60, about 61, about 62, about 63, about 64, about 65, about 66, about 67, about 68, about 69, about 70, about 71, about 72, about 73, about 74, about 75, about 76, about 77, about 78, about 79, about 80, about 81, about 82, about 83, about 84, about 85, about 86, about 87, about 88, about 89, about 90, about 91, about 92, about 93, about 94, about 95, about 96, about 97, about 98, about 99, or about 100 nucleotides apart from the inverted repeat. In further embodiments, the expression cassette is about 0.2 kb, about 0.3 kb, about 0.4 kb, about 0.5 kb, about 0.6, about 0.7 kb, about 0.8 kb, about 0.9 kb, about 1 kb, about 1.5 kb, or about 2 kb apart from the inverted repeat. In one embodiment, the inverted repeat in this paragraph is the first inverted repeat as described in Sections 3 and 5.3 (including 5.3.1). In another embodiment, the inverted repeat in this paragraph is the second inverted repeat as described in Sections 3 and 5.3 (including 5.3.1) In yet another embodiment, the inverted repeat in this paragraph is both the first and the second inverted repeat as described in Sections 3 and 5.3 (including 5.3.1)

In one aspect, provided herein is a double-stranded DNA molecule comprising in 5′ to 3′ direction of the sense strand: i) a first inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Section 5.3.1), wherein a first and a second restriction site for nicking endonuclease are arranged on opposite strands in proximity of the first inverted repeat such that nicking results in a sense strand 5′ overhang comprising the first inverted repeat upon separation of the sense from the antisense strand of the first inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Sections 5.2.3, 5.2.4 and 5.3.2); ii) a sense expression cassette; and iii) a second inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Section 5.3.1), wherein a third and a fourth restriction site for nicking endonuclease are arranged on opposite strands in proximity of the second inverted repeat such that nicking results in a sense strand 3′ overhang comprising the second inverted repeat upon separation of the top from the antisense strand of the second inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Sections 5.2.3, 5.2.4 and 5.3.2)

In another aspect, provided herein is a double strand DNA molecule comprising in the 5′ to 3′ direction of the sense strand: i) a first inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Section 5.3.1), wherein a first and a second restriction site for nicking endonuclease are arranged on opposite strands in proximity of the first inverted repeat such that nicking results in an antisense strand 3′ overhang comprising the first inverted repeat upon separation of the sense from the antisense strand of the first inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Sections 5.2.3, 5.2.4 and 5.3.2); ii) a sense expression cassette; and iii) a second inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Section 5.3.1), wherein a third and a fourth restriction site for nicking endonuclease are arranged on opposite strands in proximity of the second inverted repeat such that nicking results in an antisense strand 5′ overhang comprising the second inverted repeat upon separation of the sense from the antisense of the second inverted repeat

In yet another aspect, provided herein is a double-stranded DNA molecule comprising in 5′ to 3′ direction of the sense strand: i) a first inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Section 5.3.1), wherein a first and a second restriction site for nicking endonuclease are arranged on opposite strands in proximity of the first inverted repeat such that nicking results in a sense strand 5′ overhang comprising the first inverted repeat upon separation of the sense from the antisense strand of the first inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Sections 5.2.3, 5.2.4 and 5.3.2); ii) a sense expression cassette; and iii) a second inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Section 5.3.1), wherein a third and a fourth restriction site for nicking endonuclease are arranged on opposite strands in proximity of the second inverted repeat such that nicking results in an antisense strand 5′ overhang comprising the second inverted repeat upon separation of the sense from the antisense strand of the second inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Sections 5.2.3, 5.2.4 and 5.3.2).

In a further aspect, provide herein is a double stranded DNA molecule comprising in the 5′ to 3′ direction of the sense strand: i) a first inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Section 5.3.1), wherein a first and a second restriction site for nicking endonuclease are arranged on opposite strands in proximity of the first inverted repeat such that nicking results in an antisense strand 3′ overhang comprising the first inverted repeat upon separation of the sense from the antisense strand of the first inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Sections 5.2.3, 5.2.4 and 5.3.2); ii) a sense expression cassette; and iii) a second inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Section 5.3.1), wherein a third and a fourth restriction site for nicking endonuclease are arranged on opposite strands in proximity of the second inverted repeat such that nicking results in a sense strand 3′ overhang comprising the second inverted repeat upon separation of the sense from the antisense strand of the second inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Sections 5.2.3, 5.2.4 and 5.3.2 or depicted in FIGS. 2B and 2C).

In one aspect, provided herein is a double-stranded DNA molecule comprising in the 5′ to 3′ direction of the sense strand: i) a first inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Section 5.3.1), wherein a first and a second target site for the guide nucleic acids for programmable nicking enzyme are arranged on opposite strands in proximity of the first inverted repeat such that nicking by programmable nicking enzyme results in a sense strand 5′ overhang comprising the first inverted repeat upon separation of the sense from the antisense strand of the first inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Sections 5.2.3, 5.2.4 and 5.3.2); ii) a sense expression cassette; and iii) a second inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Section 5.3.1), wherein a third and a fourth target site for the guide nucleic acids for programmable nicking enzyme are arranged on opposite strands in proximity of the second inverted repeat such that nicking by programmable nicking enzyme results in a sense strand 3′ overhang comprising the second inverted repeat upon separation of the sense from the antisense of the second inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Sections 5.2.3, 5.2.4 and 5.3.2).

In another aspect, provided herein is a double strand DNA molecule comprising in the 5′ to 3′ direction of the sense strand: i) a first inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Section 5.3.1), wherein a first and a second target site for the guide nucleic acids for programmable nicking enzyme are arranged on opposite strands in proximity of the first inverted repeat such that nicking by programmable nicking enzyme results in an antisense strand 3′ overhang comprising the first inverted repeat upon separation of the sense from the antisense strand of the first inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Sections 5.2.3, 5.2.4 and 5.3.2); ii) a sense expression cassette; and iii) a second inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Section 5.3.1), wherein a third and a fourth target site for the guide nucleic acids for programmable nicking enzyme are arranged on opposite strands in proximity of the second inverted repeat such that nicking by programmable nicking enzyme results in an antisense strand 5′ overhang comprising the second inverted repeat upon separation of the sense from the antisense strand of the second inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Sections 5.2.3, 5.2.4 and 5.3.2).

In yet another aspect, provided herein is a double-stranded DNA molecule comprising in the 5′ to 3′ direction of the sense strand: i) a first inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Section 5.3.1), wherein a first and a second target site for the guide nucleic acids for programmable nicking enzyme are arranged on opposite strands in proximity of the first inverted repeat such that nicking by programmable nicking enzyme results in a sense strand 5′ overhang comprising the first inverted repeat upon separation of the sense from the antisense strand of the first inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Sections 5.2.3, 5.2.4 and 5.3.2); ii) a sense expression cassette; and iii) a second inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Section 5.3.1), wherein a third and a fourth target site for the guide nucleic acids for programmable nicking enzyme are arranged on opposite strands in proximity of the second inverted repeat such that nicking by programmable nicking enzyme results in an antisense strand 5′ overhang comprising the second inverted repeat upon separation of the sense from the antisense strand of the second inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Sections 5.2.3, 5.2.4 and 5.3.2).

In a further aspect, provide herein is a double strand DNA molecule comprising in the 5′ to 3′ direction of the sense strand: i) a first inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Section 5.3.1), wherein a first and a second target site for the guide nucleic acids for programmable nicking enzyme are arranged on opposite strands in proximity of the first inverted repeat such that nicking by programmable nicking enzyme results in an antisense strand 3′ overhang comprising the first inverted repeat upon separation of the sense from the antisense strand of the first inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Sections 5.2.3, 5.2.4 and 5.3.2); ii) a sense expression cassette; and iii) a second inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Section 5.3.1), wherein a third and a fourth target site for the guide nucleic acids for programmable nicking enzyme are arranged on opposite strands in proximity of the second inverted repeat such that nicking by programmable nicking enzyme results in a sense strand 3′ overhang comprising the second inverted repeat upon separation of the sense from the antisense strand of the second inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Sections 5.2.3, 5.2.4 and 5.3.2 or depicted in FIGS. 2B and 2C).

The expression cassettes can also comprise one or more transcriptional regulatory element(s), one or more posttranscriptional regulatory element(s), or both one or more transcriptional regulatory element(s) and one or more posttranscriptional regulatory element(s). Such regulatory elements are any sequences that allow, contribute or modulate the functional regulation of the nucleic acid molecule, including replication, duplication, transcription, splicing, translation, stability and/or transport of the nucleic acid or one of its derivative (e.g. mRNA) into the host cell or organism. Such regulatory elements include, but are not limited to, a promoter, an enhancer, a polyadenylation signal, translation stop codon, a ribosome binding element, a transcription terminator, selection markers, and/or origin of replication.

The expression cassette can have various sizes to accommodate one or more ORFs of various lengths. In certain embodiments, the size of expression cassette is at least at least 2 kb, at least 2.5 kb, at least 3 kb, at least 3.5 kb, at least 4 kb, at least 4.5 kb, at least 5 kb, at least 5.5 kb, at least 6 kb, at least 6.5 kb, at least 7 kb, at least 7.5 kb, at least 8 kb, at least 8.5 kb, at least 9 kb, at least 9.5 kb, at least 10 kb, at least 15 kb, at least 20 kb, at least 25 kb, at least 30 kb, at least 35 kb, at least 40 kb, at least 45 kb, at least 50 kb, at least 55 kb, at least 60 kb, at least 65 kb, at least 70 kb, at least 75 kb, or at least 80 kb. In one specific embodiment, the expression cassette is at least 7.5 kb. In another specific embodiment, the expression cassette is at least 7.6 kb. In yet another specific embodiment, the expression cassette is at least 7.7 kb. In a further specific embodiment, the expression cassette is at least 7.8 kb. In one specific embodiment, the expression cassette is at least 7.9 kb. In another specific embodiment, the expression cassette is at least 8 kb. In other embodiments, the size of the expression cassette is about about 2 kb, about 2.5 kb, about 3 kb, about 3.5 kb, about 4 kb, about 4.5 kb, about 5 kb, about 5.5 kb, about 6 kb, about 6.5 kb, about 7 kb, about 7.5 kb, about 8 kb, about 8.5 kb, about 9 kb, about 9.5 kb, about 10 kb, about 15 kb, about 20 kb, about 25 kb, about 30 kb, about 35 kb, about 40 kb, about 45 kb, about 50 kb, about 55 kb, about 60 kb, about 65 kb, about 70 kb, about 75 kb, or about 80 kb. In one specific embodiment, the expression cassette is about 7.5 kb. In another specific embodiment, the expression cassette is about 7.6 kb. In yet another specific embodiment, the expression cassette is about 7.7 kb. In a further specific embodiment, the expression cassette is about 7.8 kb. In one specific embodiment, the expression cassette is about 7.9 kb. In another specific embodiment, the expression cassette is about 8 kb. The expression cassette can also comprise various numbers of genes of interest (“transgenes”). In one embodiment, the expression cassette comprises 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 transgenes. In some specific embodiment, the expression cassette comprise one transgene. In some embodiments, the transgenes are recombinant genes. In some further embodiments, the transgenes comprise cDNA sequences (e.g. no introns in the transgenes).

Additionally, the expression cassette can comprise at least 4000 nucleotides, at least 5000 nucleotides, at least 10,000 nucleotides, at least 20,000 nucleotides, at least 30,000 nucleotides, at least 40,000 nucleotides, or at least 50,000 nucleotides. In some embodiments, the expression cassette can comprise any range of from about 4000 to about 10,000 nucleotides from about 10,000 to about 50,000 nucleotides, or more than 50,000 nucleotides. In some embodiments, the expression cassette can comprise a transgene in the range of from about 500 to about 50,000 nucleotides in length. In some embodiments, the expression cassette can comprise a transgene in the range of from about 500 to about 75,000 nucleotides in length. In some embodiments, the expression cassette can comprise a transgene that is in the range of from about 500 to about 10,000 nucleotides in length. In some embodiments, the expression cassette can comprise a transgene that is in the range of from about 1000 to about 10,000 nucleotides in length. In some embodiments, the expression cassette can comprise a transgene that is in the range of from about 500 to about 5,000 nucleotides in length. In some embodiment, the DNA molecules provided herein do not have the size limitations of encapsidated AAV vectors, thus enabling delivery of a large-size expression cassette to provide efficient transgene. In certain embodiments, the DNA molecules provided herein comprise expression cassette equal to or larger than the size of any natural AAV genome.

The expression cassette can have various positions relative to the inverted repeat. In some embodiments, the expression cassette is at least 1, at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, at least 10, at least 11, at least 12, at least 13, at least 14, at least 15, at least 16, at least 17, at least 18, at least 19, at least 20, at least 21, at least 22, at least 23, at least 24, at least 25, at least 26, at least 27, at least 28, at least 29, at least 30, at least 31, at least 32, at least 33, at least 34, at least 35, at least 36, at least 37, at least 38, at least 39, at least 40, at least 41, at least 42, at least 43, at least 44, at least 45, at least 46, at least 47, at least 48, at least 49, at least 50, at least 51, at least 52, at least 53, at least 54, at least 55, at least 56, at least 57, at least 58, at least 59, at least 60, at least 61, at least 62, at least 63, at least 64, at least 65, at least 66, at least 67, at least 68, at least 69, at least 70, at least 71, at least 72, at least 73, at least 74, at least 75, at least 76, at least 77, at least 78, at least 79, at least 80, at least 81, at least 82, at least 83, at least 84, at least 85, at least 86, at least 87, at least 88, at least 89, at least 90, at least 91, at least 92, at least 93, at least 94, at least 95, at least 96, at least 97, at least 98, at least 99, or at least 100 nucleotides apart from the inverted repeat. In certain embodiments, the expression cassette is at least 0.2 kb, at least 0.3 kb, at least 0.4 kb, at least 0.5 kb, at least 0.6, at least kb, at least 0.7 kb, at least 0.8 kb, at least 0.9 kb, at least 1 kb, at least 1.5 kb, or at least 2 kb apart from the inverted repeat. In other embodiments, the expression cassette is about 1, about 2, about 3, about 4, about 5, about 6, about 7, about 8, about 9, about 10, about 11, about 12, about 13, about 14, about 15, about 16, about 17, about 18, about 19, about 20, about 21, about 22, about 23, about 24, about 25, about 26, about 27, about 28, about 29, about 30, about 31, about 32, about 33, about 34, about 35, about 36, about 37, about 38, about 39, about 40, about 41, about 42, about 43, about 44, about 45, about 46, about 47, about 48, about 49, about 50, about 51, about 52, about 53, about 54, about 55, about 56, about 57, about 58, about 59, about 60, about 61, about 62, about 63, about 64, about 65, about 66, about 67, about 68, about 69, about 70, about 71, about 72, about 73, about 74, about 75, about 76, about 77, about 78, about 79, about 80, about 81, about 82, about 83, about 84, about 85, about 86, about 87, about 88, about 89, about 90, about 91, about 92, about 93, about 94, about 95, about 96, about 97, about 98, about 99, or about 100 nucleotides apart from the inverted repeat. In further embodiments, the expression cassette is about 0.2 kb, about 0.3 kb, about 0.4 kb, about 0.5 kb, about 0.6, about kb, about 0.7 kb, about 0.8 kb, about 0.9 kb, about 1 kb, about 1.5 kb, or about 2 kb apart from the inverted repeat. In one embodiment, the inverted repeat in this paragraph is the first inverted repeat as described in Sections 3 and 5.3 (including 5.3.1). In another embodiment, the inverted repeat in this paragraph is the second inverted repeat as described in Sections 3 and 5.3 (including 5.3.1) In yet another embodiment, the inverted repeat in this paragraph is both the first and the second inverted repeat as described in Sections 3 and 5.3 (including 5.3.1)

As described above this Section (Section 5.3.3), the expression cassette can comprise one or more ORFs. In one embodiment, the ORF is an ORF of a human gene wherein genetic mutations in the human gene are known to cause a disease. In another embodiment, the ORF is an ORF of a human gene wherein genetic mutations in the human gene are known to cause a hereditary disease. In yet another embodiment, the ORF encodes a therapeutic protein. In a further embodiment, the ORF encodes an enzyme. In certain embodiments, the ORF encodes a metabolic enzyme. In some embodiments, the ORF encodes an enzyme, wherein the enzyme replaces or supplements the function of a defective enzyme in human. In one embodiment, the ORF encodes an antibody. In another embodiment, the ORF encodes a therapeutic antibody. In a further embodiment, the ORF encodes a cytokine. In yet another embodiment, the ORF encodes a RNA. In one embodiment, the ORF encodes a regulatory RNA. In another embodiment, the ORF encodes an anti-sense RNA. In yet another embodiment, the ORF encodes a siRNA. In a further embodiment, the ORF encodes a shRNA. In one embodiment, the ORF encodes a miRNA. In another embodiment, the ORF encodes a piRNA (PIWI-interacting RNA). In some embodiments, the expression cassette comprises any one or more features described in this Section (Section 5.3.3), in various permutations and combinations.

The various embodiments described in this Section (Section 5.3.3) with nicking endonucleases and/or restriction sites for nicking endonucleases are additionally provided with nicking endonucleases replaced by programmable nicking enzyme and restriction sites replaced by targeting sites for programmable nicking enzyme. The programmable nicking enzymes and their targeting sites for this paragraph and this Section (Section 5.3.3) have been provided in Section 5.2.4.

5.3.4 Viral DNA Sequence Features Absent in the DNA Molecules Provided Herein

As further described in Sections 3, 5.2, 5.3.1, 5.3.2, 5.3.3, 5.3.5, 5.3.6 and 5.4, the DNA molecules provided can be produced either synthetically or recombinantly with or without certain sequence elements or features. As such, certain suitable and desired sequence features or elements can be included in the DNA molecules provided herein or excluded from the DNA molecules provided herein. The corresponding methods for making such DNA molecules including or excluding the sequence features or elements are also provided herein as described by applying the methods of 5.2 with the DNA molecules of 5.3, which can produce various DNA molecules described in 5.4.

As described in Sections 3, 5.3.1, 5.5, and 6, such DNA sequence elements or features that can be excluded from the DNA molecules provided herein can be a viral replication-associated protein binding sequence (“RABS”), which refers to a DNA sequence to which a viral DNA replication-associated protein (“RAP”) or an isoform thereof, encoded by the Parvoviridae gene Rep or NS1 can bind. In some embodiments, the RABS is a Rep binding sequence (“RBS”). Rep can bind to two elements within the ITR. It can bind to a nucleotide sequence in the stem structure of the ITR (i.e., the nucleotide sequence recognized by a Rep protein for replication of viral nucleic acid molecules). Such a RBS is also referred to as RBE (Rep-binding element). Rep can also bind to a nucleotide sequence which forms a small palindrome comprising a single tip of an internal hairpin within the ITR, thereby stabilizing the association between Rep and the ITR. Such a RBS is also referred to as RBE′. In other embodiments, the RABS is an NS1-binding element (“NSBE”) to which replication-associated viral protein NS1 can bind. In some embodiments, Rep can bind to a nucleotide sequence in the stem structure of the ITR (i.e., the nucleotide sequence recognized by a Rep or NS1 protein (for replication of viral nucleic acid molecules) and/or the site of specific interaction between the Rep and/or NS1 protein and the nucleotide sequence. A RABS can be a sequence of 5 nucleotides to 300 nucleotides. In some embodiments of the DNA molecules provided herein including those provided in this Section 5.3.4, the RABS can be a sequence of at least 5, at least 10, at least 15, at least 20, at least 25, at least 30, at least 35, at least 40, at least 45, at least 50, at least 55, at least 60, at least 65, at least 70, at least 75, at least 80, at least 85, at least 90, at least 95, at least 100, at least 105, at least 110, at least 115, at least 120, at least 125, at least 130, at least 135, at least 140, at least 145, at least 150, at least 155, at least 160, at least 165, at least 170, at least 175, at least 180, at least 185, at least 190, at least 195, at least 200, at least 205, at least 210, at least 215, at least 220, at least 225, at least 230, at least 235, at least 240, at least 245, at least 250, at least 255, at least 260, at least 265, at least 270, at least 275, at least 280, at least 285, at least 290, at least 295, at least 300, at least 305, at least 310, at least 315, at least 320, at least 325, at least 330, at least 335, at least 340, at least 345, at least 350, at least 355, at least 360, at least 365, at least 370, at least 375, at least 380, at least 385, at least 390, at least 395, or at least 400 nucleotides. In some other embodiments, the RABS can be a sequence of about 5, about 10, about 15, about 20, about 25, about 30, about 35, about 40, about 45, about 50, about 55, about 60, about 65, about 70, about 75, about 80, about 85, about 90, about 95, about 100, about 105, about 110, about 115, about 120, about 125, about 130, about 135, about 140, about 145, about 150, about 155, about 160, about 165, about 170, about 175, about 180, about 185, about 190, about 195, about 200, about 205, about 210, about 215, about 220, about 225, about 230, about 235, about 240, about 245, about 250, about 255, about 260, about 265, about 270, about 275, about 280, about 285, about 290, about 295, about 300, about 305, about 310, about 315, about 320, about 325, about 330, about 335, about 340, about 345, about 350, about 355, about 360, about 365, about 370, about 375, about 380, about 385, about 390, about 395, or about 400 nucleotides. In some further embodiments, any embodiment of the DNA molecules lacking an RABS described in this paragraph can be combined with any methods or DNA molecules provided herein including those provided in Sections 3, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, and 6.

Alternatively, the DNA molecules provided herein, including those in Sections 3, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, and 6, can lack a functional RABS by functionally inactivating the RABS sequence present in the DNA molecules with mutations, insertions, and/or deletions (including partial deletions or truncations), such that the RABS can no longer serve as a recognition and/or binding site for the Rep protein or NS1 protein. As such, in some embodiments of the DNA molecules provided herein, including those in Sections 3, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, and 6, the DNA molecule comprise a functionally inactivated RABS. Such functional inactivation can be assess by measuring and comparing the binding between the Rep or NS1 protein and the DNA molecules comprising the functionally inactivated RABS with that between the Rep or NS1 proteins and a reference molecule comprising the wild type (wt) RBS or NSBE sequences (e.g. the same DNA molecule but with wt RBS or wt NSBE sequences). Such binding can be determined by any binding measurements known and used in the field of molecular biology, for example, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays, DNA electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), DNA pull-down assays, or Microplate capture and detection assays, as further described in Matthew J. Guille & G. Geoff Kneale, Molecular Biotechnology 8:35-52 (1997); Bipasha Dey et al., Mol Cell Biochem. 2012 June; 365(1-2):279-99, both of which are hereby incorporated in their entireties by reference. In one embodiment, the binding between the RAPs and the functionally inactivated RABS in the DNA molecule is at most 0.001%, at most 0.01%, at most 0.1%, at most 1%, at most 1.5%, at most 2%, at most 2.5%, at most 3%, at most 3.5, at most 4%, at most 4.5%, at most 5%, at most 5.5%, at most 6%, at most 6.5%, at most 7%, at most 7.5%, at most 8%, at most 8.5%, at most 9%, at most 9.5%, or at most 10%, compared to the binding between the RAPs and the wild type RBS or NSBE in a reference DNA molecule (e.g. the same DNA molecule but with a wild type RBS or NSBE sequence). In another embodiment, the binding between the RAPs and the functionally inactivated RABS in the DNA molecule is about 0.001%, about 0.01%, about 0.1%, about 1%, about 1.5%, about 2%, about 2.5%, about 3%, about 3.5, about 4%, about 4.5%, about 5%, about 5.5%, about 6%, about 6.5%, about 7%, about 7.5%, about 8%, about 8.5%, about 9%, about 9.5%, or about 10%, compared to the binding between the RAPs and the wild type RABS in a reference DNA molecule (e.g. the same DNA molecule but with a wt RBS or NSBE sequence). In yet another embodiment, the binding between the RAPs and the functionally inactivated RABS in the DNA molecule is 0.001%, 0.01%, 0.1%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, 3%, 3.5, 4%, 4.5%, 5%, 5.5%, 6%, 6.5%, 7%, 7.5%, 8%, 8.5%, 9%, 9.5%, or 10%, compared to the binding between the RAPs and the wild type RABS in a reference DNA molecule (e.g. the same DNA molecule but with a wt RBS or NSBE sequence).

Furthermore, the DNA molecules provided herein, including those in Sections 3, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, and 6, can lack a functional RAPs or viral capsid encoding sequence by functionally inactivating the Rep protein, NS1 or viral capsid encoding sequence present in the DNA molecules with mutations, insertions, and/or deletions (including partial deletions or truncations), such that the RAPs or viral capsid encoding sequence can no longer functionally express the Rep protein, NS1 protein or viral capsid protein. Such functional inactivating mutations, insertions, or deletions can be achieved, for example, by using mutations, insertions, and/or deletions to shift the open reading frame of Rep protein, NS1 protein or viral capsid encoding sequence, by using mutations, insertions, and/or deletions to remove the start codon, by using mutations, insertions, and/or deletions to remove the promoter or transcription initiation site, by using mutations, insertions, and/or deletions to remove the RNA polymerase binding sites, by using mutations, insertions, and/or deletions to remove the ribosome recognition or binding sites, or other means known and used in the field.

In one embodiment, the DNA molecule comprise an RBS inactivated by mutation. In one embodiment, the DNA molecule comprise an RBS inactivated by a mutation of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 10, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, or 40 nucleotides in the RBS. In another embodiment, the DNA molecule comprise an RBS inactivated by a mutation of 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%, 10%, 31%, 32%, 33%, 34%, 35%, 36%, 37%, 38%, 39%, or 40% of the nucleotides in the RBS. In a further embodiment, the DNA molecule comprise an RBS inactivated by a deletion of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 10, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, or 40 nucleotides in the RBS. In yet another embodiment, the DNA molecule comprise an RBS inactivated by a deletion of 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%, 10%, 31%, 32%, 33%, 34%, 35%, 36%, 37%, 38%, 39%, or 40% of the nucleotides in the RBS. In some embodiments, the deletion of the preceding sentence is an internal deletion, a deletion from the 5′ end, or a deletion from the 3′ end. In some embodiments, the deletion of this paragraph can be any combination of internal deletions, deletion from the 5′ end, and/or deletions from the 3′ end. In certain embodiments, the DNA molecule comprise an RBS inactivated by a deletion of the entire RBS sequences. In some additional embodiments, the DNA molecule comprise an RBS inactivated by a partial deletion of the RBS sequences.

In one embodiment, the DNA molecule comprise an NBSE inactivated by mutation. In one embodiment, the DNA molecule comprise an NSBE inactivated by a mutation of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 10, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, or 40 nucleotides in the NSBE. In another embodiment, the DNA molecule comprise an NSBE inactivated by a mutation of 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%, 10%, 31%, 32%, 33%, 34%, 35%, 36%, 37%, 38%, 39%, or 40% of the nucleotides in the NSBE. In a further embodiment, the DNA molecule comprise an NSBE inactivated by a deletion of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 10, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, or 40 nucleotides in the NSBE. In yet another embodiment, the DNA molecule comprise an NSBE inactivated by a deletion of 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%, 10%, 31%, 32%, 33%, 34%, 35%, 36%, 37%, 38%, 39%, or 40% of the nucleotides in the NSBE. In some embodiments, the deletion of the preceding sentence is an internal deletion, a deletion from the 5′ end, or a deletion from the 3′ end. In some embodiments, the deletion of this paragraph can be any combination of internal deletions, deletion from the 5′ end, and/or deletions from the 3′ end. In certain embodiments, the DNA molecule comprise an NSBE inactivated by a deletion of the entire NSBE sequences. In some additional embodiments, the DNA molecule comprise an NSBE inactivated by a partial deletion of the NSBE sequences.

Similarly, DNA sequence elements or features can be included or excluded from any specific regions of the DNA molecules provided herein (including Sections 5.3 and 5.4) or any specific regions of the DNA molecules used in the methods provided herein (including Section 5.2). In one embodiment, the DNA molecule lacks a Rep protein encoding sequence. In one embodiment, the DNA molecule lacks a NS1 protein encoding sequence. In another embodiment, the DNA molecule lacks a viral capsid protein encoding sequence. In some embodiments, the expression cassette lacks a Rep protein encoding sequence. In some embodiments, the expression cassette lacks a NS1 protein encoding sequence. In certain embodiments, the expression cassette lacks a viral capsid protein encoding sequence. In a further embodiment, the DNA molecule lacks an RABS. In yet another embodiment, the first inverted repeat lacks an RABS. In one embodiment, the second inverted repeat lacks an RABS. In another embodiment, the DNA sequence between the ITR closing base pair of the first inverted repeat and the ITR closing base pair of the second inverted repeat lacks an RABS. The lack of an RABS can be the lack of one RABS, the lack of two RABSs, the lack of more than two RABs, or the lack of any RABS. In one embodiment, the DNA molecule comprises a functionally inactivated Rep protein encoding sequence. In one embodiment, the DNA molecule comprises a functionally inactivated Rep protein encoding sequence. In one embodiment, the DNA molecule comprises a functionally inactivated NS1 protein recognition sequence. In one embodiment, the DNA molecule comprises a functionally inactivated NS1 protein encoding sequence. In another embodiment, the DNA molecule comprises a functionally inactivated viral capsid protein encoding sequence. In some embodiments, the expression cassette comprises a functionally inactivated Rep protein encoding sequence. In some embodiments, the expression cassette comprises a functionally inactivated NS1 protein encoding sequence. In certain embodiments, the expression cassette comprises a functionally inactivated viral capsid protein encoding sequence. In a further embodiment, the DNA molecule comprises a functionally inactivated RABS. In yet another embodiment, the first inverted repeat comprises a functionally inactivated RABS. In one embodiment, the second inverted repeat comprises a functionally inactivated RABS. In another embodiment, the DNA sequence between the ITR closing base pair of the first inverted repeat and the ITR closing base pair of the second inverted repeat comprises a functionally inactivated RABS. It is contemplated that one, two, or more RABS or all RABSs can be functionally inactivated.

Additionally, DNA sequence elements or features can be functionally inactivated from any combination of any specific regions of the DNA molecules provided herein (including Sections 5.3 and 5.4) or any specific regions of the DNA molecules used in the methods provided herein (including Section 5.2). In one embodiment, the first inverted repeat comprises a functionally inactivated RABS and the second inverted repeat comprises a functionally inactivated RABS. In another embodiment, the first inverted repeat comprises a functionally inactivated RABS and the DNA sequence between the ITR closing base pair of the first inverted repeat and the ITR closing base pair of the second inverted repeat comprises a functionally inactivated RABS. In a further embodiment, the second inverted repeat comprises a functionally inactivated RABS and the DNA sequence between the ITR closing base pair of the first inverted repeat and the ITR closing base pair of the second inverted repeat comprises a functionally inactivated RABS. In yet another embodiment, the first inverted repeat comprises a functionally inactivated RABS, the second inverted repeat comprises a functionally inactivated RABS and the DNA sequence between the ITR closing base pair of the first inverted repeat and the ITR closing base pair of the second inverted repeat comprises a functionally inactivated RABS. It is contemplated that one, two, or more RABS or all RABSs can be functionally inactivated.

As described in Sections 3, 5.3.1, 5.5, and 6, such DNA sequence elements or features that can be excluded from the DNA molecules provided herein can be a terminal resolution site (‘TRS”). A TRS refers to a nucleotide sequence in the inverted repeat of the DNA molecules that is recognized by a RAP (for replication of viral nucleic acid molecules), and is the site of strand-specific cleavage by the endonuclease activity of the RAP protein. The TRS is also the site of specific interaction between the RAP and the nucleotide sequence. Nucleotide sequences of the conserved sites of specific cleavage by the endonuclease activity of the RAP proteins can be determined by DNA nicking assay known and used in the field of molecular biology, for example, gel electrophoreris, fluorophore-based in vitro nicking assays, radioactive in vitro nicking assay, as further described in Xu P, et al 2019. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 63:e01879-18.; US20190203229A; both of which are hereby incorporated in their entireties by reference. In some embodiments a TRS can be a nucleotide sequence in the inverted repeat of the DNA molecules that is recognized by a Rep protein (for replication of viral nucleic acid molecules), and is the site of strand specific nicking by the endonuclease activity of the Rep protein. The TRS can also be the site of specific cleavage by the endonuclease activity of the Rep protein. In one embodiment a TRS can be a nucleotide sequence in the inverted repeat of the DNA molecules that is recognized by a NS1 protein (for replication of viral nucleic acid molecules), and is the site of strand specific nicking by the endonuclease activity of the NS1 protein. In another embodiment, the TRS can also include the site of specific interaction between the NS1 protein and the nucleotide sequence. A TRS can be a sequence of 5 nucleotides to 300 nucleotides. In some embodiments of the methods provided herein including those provided in this Section 5.3.4, the TRS can be a sequence of at least 5, at least 10, at least 15, at least 20, at least 25, at least 30, at least 35, at least 40, at least 45, at least 50, at least 55, at least 60, at least 65, at least 70, at least 75, at least 80, at least 85, at least 90, at least 95, at least 100, at least 105, at least 110, at least 115, at least 120, at least 125, at least 130, at least 135, at least 140, at least 145, at least 150, at least 155, at least 160, at least 165, at least 170, at least 175, at least 180, at least 185, at least 190, at least 195, at least 200, at least 205, at least 210, at least 215, at least 220, at least 225, at least 230, at least 235, at least 240, at least 245, at least 250, at least 255, at least 260, at least 265, at least 270, at least 275, at least 280, at least 285, at least 290, at least 295, at least 300, at least 305, at least 310, at least 315, at least 320, at least 325, at least 330, at least 335, at least 340, at least 345, at least 350, at least 355, at least 360, at least 365, at least 370, at least 375, at least 380, at least 385, at least 390, at least 395, or at least 400 nucleotides. In some other embodiments, the TRS can be a sequence of about 5, about 10, about 15, about 20, about 25, about 30, about 35, about 40, about 45, about 50, about 55, about 60, about 65, about 70, about 75, about 80, about 85, about 90, about 95, about 100, about 105, about 110, about 115, about 120, about 125, about 130, about 135, about 140, about 145, about 150, about 155, about 160, about 165, about 170, about 175, about 180, about 185, about 190, about 195, about 200, about 205, about 210, about 215, about 220, about 225, about 230, about 235, about 240, about 245, about 250, about 255, about 260, about 265, about 270, about 275, about 280, about 285, about 290, about 295, about 300, about 305, about 310, about 315, about 320, about 325, about 330, about 335, about 340, about 345, about 350, about 355, about 360, about 365, about 370, about 375, about 380, about 385, about 390, about 395, or about 400 nucleotides. In some further embodiments, any embodiment of the TRS described in this paragraph can be combined with any methods or DNA molecules provided herein including those provided in Sections 3, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, and 6.

Alternatively, the DNA molecules provided herein, including those in Sections 3, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, and 6, can lack a functional TRS by functionally inactivating the TRS sequence present in the DNA molecules with mutations, insertions, and/or deletions (including partial deletions or truncations), such that the TRS can no longer serve as a recognition and/or binding site for the RAP (i.e. Rep and NS1). As such, in some embodiments of the DNA molecules provided herein, including those in Sections 3, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, and 6, the DNA molecule comprise a functionally inactivated TRS. Such functional inactivation can be assess by measuring and comparing the binding between the RAP (i.e. Rep and NS1) and the DNA molecules comprising the functionally inactivated TRS with that between the RAP and a reference molecule comprising the wild type (wt) TRS sequences (e.g. the same DNA molecule but with a wt TRS sequence). Such binding can be determined by any binding measurements known and used in the field of molecular biology, for example, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays, DNA electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), DNA pull-down assays, or Microplate capture and detection assays, as further described in Matthew J. Guille & G. Geoff Kneale, Molecular Biotechnology 8:35-52 (1997); Bipasha Dey et al., Mol Cell Biochem. 2012 June; 365(1-2):279-99, both of which are hereby incorporated in their entireties by reference. In one embodiment, the binding between the RAP (i.e. Rep and NS1) and the functionally inactivated TRS in the DNA molecule is at most 0.001%, at most 0.01%, at most 0.1%, at most 1%, at most 1.5%, at most 2%, at most 2.5%, at most 3%, at most 3.5, at most 4%, at most 4.5%, at most 5%, at most 5.5%, at most 6%, at most 6.5%, at most 7%, at most 7.5%, at most 8%, at most 8.5%, at most 9%, at most 9.5%, or at most 10%, compared to the binding between the RAP (i.e. Rep and NS1) and the wild type TRS in a reference DNA molecule (e.g. the same DNA molecule but with a wt TRS sequence). In another embodiment, the binding between the RAP (i.e. Rep and NS1) and the functionally inactivated TRS in the DNA molecule is about 0.001%, about 0.01%, about 0.1%, about 1%, about 1.5%, about 2%, about 2.5%, about 3%, about 3.5, about 4%, about 4.5%, about 5%, about 5.5%, about 6%, about 6.5%, about 7%, about 7.5%, about 8%, about 8.5%, about 9%, about 9.5%, or about 10%, compared to the binding between the RAP (i.e. Rep and NS1) and the wild type TRS in a reference DNA molecule (e.g. the same DNA molecule but with a wt TRS sequence). In yet another embodiment, the binding between the RAP (i.e. Rep and NS1) and the functionally inactivated TRS in the DNA molecule is 0.001%, 0.01%, 0.1%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, 3%, 3.5, 4%, 4.5%, 5%, 5.5%, 6%, 6.5%, 7%, 7.5%, 8%, 8.5%, 9%, 9.5%, or 10%, compared to the binding between the RAP (i.e. Rep and NS1) and the wild type TRS in a reference DNA molecule (e.g. the same DNA molecule but with a wt TRS sequence).

In one embodiment, the DNA molecule comprise a TRS inactivated by mutation. In one embodiment, the DNA molecule comprise a TRS inactivated by a mutation of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 10, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, or 40 nucleotides in the TRS. In another embodiment, the DNA molecule comprise a TRS inactivated by a mutation of 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%, 10%, 31%, 32%, 33%, 34%, 35%, 36%, 37%, 38%, 39%, or 40% of the nucleotides in the TRS. In a further embodiment, the DNA molecule comprise a TRS inactivated by a deletion of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 10, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, or 40 nucleotides in the TRS. In yet another embodiment, the DNA molecule comprise a TRS inactivated by a deletion of 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%, 10%, 31%, 32%, 33%, 34%, 35%, 36%, 37%, 38%, 39%, or 40% of the nucleotides in the TRS. In some embodiments, the deletion of the preceding sentence is an internal deletion, a deletion from the 5′ end, or a deletion from the 3′ end. In some embodiments, the deletion of this paragraph can be any combination of internal deletions, deletion from the 5′ end, and/or deletions from the 3′ end. In certain embodiments, the DNA molecule comprise a TRS inactivated by a deletion of the entire TRS sequences. In some additional embodiments, the DNA molecule comprise a TRS inactivated by a partial deletion of the TRS sequences.

Similarly, DNA sequence elements or features can be included or excluded from any specific regions of the DNA molecules provided herein (including Sections 5.3 and 5.4) or any specific regions of the DNA molecules used in the methods provided herein (including Section 5.2). In one embodiment, the DNA molecule lacks a TRS. In yet another embodiment, the first inverted repeat lacks a TRS. In another embodiment, the second inverted repeat lacks a TRS. In a further embodiment, the first inverted repeat lacks a TRS and the second inverted repeat lacks a TRS.

Alternatively, TRS sequence elements or features can be functionally inactivated from any specific regions of the DNA molecules provided herein (including Sections 5.3 and 5.4) or any specific regions of the DNA molecules used in the methods provided herein (including Section 5.2). In one embodiment, the DNA molecule comprises a functionally inactivated TRS. In yet another embodiment, the first inverted repeat comprises a functionally inactivated TRS. In another embodiment, the second inverted repeat comprises a functionally inactivated TRS. In a further embodiment, the first inverted repeat comprises a functionally inactivated TRS and the second inverted repeat comprises a functionally inactivated TRS.

In some specific embodiments, the RABS excluded or functionally inactivated in the DNA molecules provided herein can be any, or any combination of any number, or all of the RABS sequences listed in the following table.

TABLE 18 Exemplary RAPs Corresponding RABS RAPS sequences SEQ ID NO Rep GCGCGCTCGCTCGCTC 178 (AAV1, 2, 7) Rep (AAV3) TGCGCACTCGCTCGCTC 179 Rep (AAV4) GCGCGCTCGCTCACTC 180 Rep (AAV5) GTTCGCTCGCTCGCTGGCTC 181 NS1-NSBE1 GCCGCCGG (B19V) NS1-NSBE2 GGCGGGAC (B19V) NS1-NSBE3 TTCCGGTACA 182 (B19V)

Further non-limiting examples of terminal repeats for DNA molecules lacking RBS sequences are exemplified in FIG. 3 as well as corresponding SEQ ID NOs: 3, 4, 5, 8, 9 and 10. In some specific embodiments, the RABS excluded or functionally inactivated in the DNA molecules provided herein can be any, or any combination of any number, or all of the RABS sequences listed in the following table.

Corresponding  Reverse RABS Complement RAPS sequences RABS Rep GCTCGCTCGCTC GAGCGAGCGAGC (AAV1, 2, 7) Rep (AAV3) GATCGCTCGCTC GAGCGAGCGATC Rep (AAV4) GCTCGCTCACTCACTC GAGTGAGTGAGCGAGC Rep (AAV5) GCTCGCTCGCTGGCTC GAGCCAGCGAGCGAGC NS1-NSBE1 GCCGCCGG CCGGCGGC (B19V) NS1-NSBE2 GGCGGGAC GTCCCGCC (B19V) NS1-NSBE3 TTCCGGTACA TGTACCGGAA (B19V)

In one specific embodiment, the DNA molecules lack encoding sequences for any one, or any combination of any number, or all of the RAPs described in the Table of the preceding paragraph. In another specific embodiment, the DNA molecules comprises functionally inactivated sequences encoding for any one, or any combination of any number, or all of the RAPs described in the Table of the preceding paragraph. In another specific embodiment, the DNA molecules comprises functionally inactivated sequences encoding for any one, or any combination of any number, or all of the RAPs described in the Table of the preceding paragraph.

In another specific embodiment, the DNA molecule comprises functionally inactivated recognition sequences for any one, or any combination of any number, or all of the RAPs described in the Table of the preceding paragraph. In one specific embodiment, one or both hairpinned inverted repeats lack the RAPS recognition sequence:

(SEQ ID NO: 333) GGCCACTCCCGAAGAGCGCGCTCGCTATCTCACTGAGGCCGGGCGACCA AAGGTCGCCCGACGCCCGGGCTTTGCCCGGGCGGCCTCAGTGAGATAGC GAGCGCGCTCTTCGGGAGTGGCC

Further non-exhaustive examples of hairpinned inverted repeats that may be included in DNA molecules lacking at least one, or any, RBS sequences are exemplified in Example 10.

In other specific embodiments, the TRS excluded or functionally inactivated in the DNA molecules provided herein can be any, or any combination of any number, or all of the TRS sequences listed in the following table.

TABLE 19 Exemplary RAPs RAP (Virus) Corresponding TRS sequences Rep (AAV2, AAV3, AGTTGG AAV4) Rep (AAV1, AAV6) AGTTGC Rep (AAV5) AGTGTGGC NS1 (B19) GACACC NS1 (HBOV) CTATATCT NS1 (MVM) CTWW/TCA (W = A/T)

As the methods provided herein do not need a viral replication step and the DNA molecules provide herein do not need to be produced or replicated in a virus life cycle, the disclosure provides and a person reading the disclosure would understand that the DNA molecules provide herein can lack various DNA sequences or features, including those sequences or features provided in this Section (Section 5.3.4). DNA molecules lacking RABS and/or TRS and DNA molecules comprising functionally inactivated RABS and/or functionally inactivated TRS as provided in this Section 5.3.4 provide at least a major advantage in that the DNA molecules would have no or significantly lower risk of mobilization or replication once administered to a patient when compared with DNA molecules including such RABS and/or TRS sequences. Risk of mobilization or mobilization risk refers to the risk of the replication defective DNA molecules reverting to replication or production of viral particles in the host that has been administered the DNA molecules. Such mobilization risk can result from the presence of viral proteins (e.g. Rep proteins, NS1 proteins or viral capsid proteins) expressed by viruses that have infected the same host that has been administered the DNA molecules. Mobilization risk poses a significant safety concern for using the replication defective viral genome as gene therapy vectors, as described for example in Liujiang Song, Hum Gene Ther, 2020 October; 31(19-20):1054-1067 (incorporated herein in its entirety by reference). Such DNA molecules lacking RABS and/or TRS would have no binding site for viral RAP to initiate the replication even if other helper viruses are present in the same host to provide RAPs. Without being bound by theory, it is thought that presence replication initiation may require helper factors, which are provided by coinfections of the host by auxiliary viruses, referred to “helper viruses” which can including viruses from the herpesvirus family, adenoviruses, and papillomaviuses.

Accordingly, in some embodiments of the DNA molecules provided herein including those in this Section 5.3.4, the DNA molecules without RABS and/or without TRS have less mobilization risk after administered to a subject or a patient when compared with DNA molecules with RABS and/or with TRS. In certain embodiments of the DNA molecules provided herein including those in this Section 5.3.4, the DNA molecules comprising functionally inactivated RABS and/or functionally inactivated TRS have less mobilization risk after administered to a subject or a patient when compared with DNA molecules with RABS and/or with TRS. Such reduction of mobilization risk can be determined as (Pm−Po)/Pm, wherein Pm is the number of viral particles produced from the control DNA molecules with RABS when RAPs are present (e.g. due to the infection of any virus comprising RAPs or engineered expression of RAPs in the same host); Po is the number of viral particles produced from DNA molecules lacking RABS or comprising functionally inactivated as provided herein under comparable conditions in the same host used for the control DNA molecules. Alternatively, such reduction of mobilization risk can be determined as (Pm−Po)/Pm, wherein Pm is the number of viral particles produced from the control DNA molecules with TRS when RAPs are present (e.g. due to the infection of any virus comprising RAPs or engineered expression of RAPs in the same host); Po is the number of viral particles produced from DNA molecules lacking TRS or comprising functionally inactivated TRS as provided herein under comparable conditions in the same host used for the control DNA molecules. Additionally, such reduction of mobilization risk can be determined as (Pm−Po)/Pm, wherein Pm is the number of viral particles produced from the control DNA molecules with RABS and with TRS when RAPs are present (e.g. due to the infection of any virus comprising Rep proteins or NS1 proteins or engineered expression of Rep proteins or NS1 proteins in the same host); Po is the number of viral particles produced from DNA molecules (i) lacking RABS or comprising functionally inactivated RABS and (ii) lacking TRS or comprising functionally inactivated TRS as provided herein under comparable conditions in the same host used for the control DNA molecules. As described in Liujiang Song, Hum Gene Ther, 2020 October; 31(19-20):1054-1067 (incorporated herein in its entirety by reference), the host used for determining the particle numbers produced can be cells, animals (e.g. mouse, hamster, rate, dog, rabbit, guinea pig, and other suitable mammals), or human. The disclosure further provides and a person of ordinary skill in the art reading the disclosure would understand that Pm and Po, each as described in this paragraph, can be used also to determine the absolute or relative levels of mobilization. Briefly, in such an assay, the DNA molecules are transfected into the host cells (e.g. HEK293 cells) or transduced into the host cells by infecting with a viral particle comprising DNA molecules. The host cells are further transfected with Rep protein, NS1 protein or co-infected with another virus expressing the Rep protein or NS1 protein (for example wild type viruses). The host cells are then cultured to produce and release viral particles. Virions are then harvested by collecting both the host cell and the culture media after culturing 48 to 72 hours (e.g. 65 hours). The titer for the viral particles (proxy for Pm and Po) can be determined by a probe-based quantitative PCR (qPCR) analysis following Benzonase treatment to eliminate nonencapsidated DNA, as described in Song et al., Cytotherapy 2013; 15:986-998, which is incorporated in its entirety by reference. An exemplary implementation of such assay is provided in Liujiang Song, Hum Gene Ther, 2020 October; 31(19-20):1054-1067, which is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference.

Based on the determination of the reduction of mobilization risk and the mobilization risk levels, in some embodiments of the DNA molecules provided herein including in this Section 5.3.4, the mobilization risk of the DNA molecules when administered to a host is lower than control DNA molecules with RABS and/or with TRS by 100%, 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 94%, 93%, 92%, 91%, 90%, 89%, 88%, 87%, 86%, 85%, 84%, 83%, 82%, 81%, 80%, 79%, 78%, 77%, 76%, 75%, 74%, 73%, 72%, 71%, 70%, 69%, 68%, 67%, 66%, 65%, 64%, 63%, 62%, 61%, 60%, 59%, 58%, 57%, 56%, 55%, 54%, 53%, 52%, 51%, 50%, 49%, 48%, 47%, 46%, 45%, 44%, 43%, 42%, 41%, 40%, 39%, 38%, 37%, 36%, 35%, 34%, 33%, 32%, 31%, 30%, 29%, 28%, 27%, 26%, 25%, 24%, 23%, 22%, 21%, or 20%. In certain embodiments, the mobilization risk of the DNA molecules when administered to a host is lower than control DNA molecules with RABS and/or with TRS by at least 99%, at least 98%, at least 97%, at least 96%, at least 95%, at least 94%, at least 93%, at least 92%, at least 91%, at least 90%, at least 89%, at least 88%, at least 87%, at least 86%, at least 85%, at least 84%, at least 83%, at least 82%, at least 81%, at least 80%, at least 79%, at least 78%, at least 77%, at least 76%, at least 75%, at least 74%, at least 73%, at least 72%, at least 71%, at least 70%, at least 69%, at least 68%, at least 67%, at least 66%, at least 65%, at least 64%, at least 63%, at least 62%, at least 61%, at least 60%, at least 59%, at least 58%, at least 57%, at least 56%, at least 55%, at least 54%, at least 53%, at least 52%, at least 51%, at least 50%, at least 49%, at least 48%, at least 47%, at least 46%, at least 45%, at least 44%, at least 43%, at least 42%, at least 41%, at least 40%, at least 39%, at least 38%, at least 37%, at least 36%, at least 35%, at least 34%, at least 33%, at least 32%, at least 31%, at least 30%, at least 29%, at least 28%, at least 27%, at least 26%, at least 25%, at least 24%, at least 23%, at least 22%, at least 21%, or at least 20. In other embodiments, the mobilization risk of the DNA molecules when administered to a host is lower than control DNA molecules with RABS and/or with TRS by about 100%, about 99%, about 98%, about 97%, about 96%, about 95%, about 94%, about 93%, about 92%, about 91%, about 90%, about 89%, about 88%, about 87%, about 86%, about 85%, about 84%, about 83%, about 82%, about 81%, about 80%, about 79%, about 78%, about 77%, about 76%, about 75%, about 74%, about 73%, about 72%, about 71%, about 70%, about 69%, about 68%, about 67%, about 66%, about 65%, about 64%, about 63%, about 62%, about 61%, about 60%, about 59%, about 58%, about 57%, about 56%, about 55%, about 54%, about 53%, about 52%, about 51%, about 50%, about 49%, about 48%, about 47%, about 46%, about 45%, about 44%, about 43%, about 42%, about 41%, about 40%, about 39%, about 38%, about 37%, about 36%, about 35%, about 34%, about 33%, about 32%, about 31%, about 30%, about 29%, about 28%, about 27%, about 26%, about 25%, about 24%, about 23%, about 22%, about 21%, or about 20%.

Alternatively, in one embodiment, the DNA molecules provided herein including in this Section 5.3.4, result in no detectable mobilization (e.g. based on the measurement of Po provided in this Section 5.3.4). In another embodiment, the DNA molecules provided herein including in this Section 5.3.4 result in mobilization of no more than 0.0001%, no more than 0.001%, no more than 0.01%, no more than 0.1%, no more than 1%, no more than 1.5%, no more than 2%, no more than 2.5%, no more than 3%, no more than 3.5, no more than 4%, no more than 4.5%, no more than 5%, no more than 5.5%, no more than 6%, no more than 6.5%, no more than 7%, no more than 7.5%, no more than 8%, no more than 8.5%, no more than 9%, no more than 9.5%, or no more than 10%, of the mobilization resulted from a reference DNA molecule (e.g. the same DNA molecule but with a wild type RABS and/or with wild type TRS sequence). In a further embodiment, the DNA molecules provided herein including in this Section 5.3.4 result in mobilization of about 0.0001%, about 0.001%, about 0.01%, about 0.1%, about 1%, about 1.5%, about 2%, about 2.5%, about 3%, about 3.5, about 4%, about 4.5%, about 5%, about 5.5%, about 6%, about 6.5%, about 7%, about 7.5%, about 8%, about 8.5%, about 9%, about 9.5%, or about 10%, of the mobilization resulted from a reference DNA molecule (e.g. the same DNA molecule but with a wild type RABS and/or with wild type TRS sequence). In a yet another embodiment, the DNA molecules provided herein including in this Section 5.3.4 result in mobilization of 0.0001%, 0.001%, 0.01%, 0.1%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, 3%, 3.5, 4%, 4.5%, 5%, 5.5%, 6%, 6.5%, 7%, 7.5%, 8%, 8.5%, 9%, 9.5%, or 10%, of the mobilization resulted from a reference DNA molecule (e.g. the same DNA molecule but with a wild type RABS and/or with wild type TRS sequence). Such percentage of mobilization can be determined by using the Pm and Po determined as further described in the preceding paragraphs (including the preceding 2 paragraphs).

In certain embodiments, the DNA molecules provided herein (for example, as in this Section 5.3.4) comprise ITRs that have functionally inactivated RABS and/or functionally inactivated TRS. In certain embodiments, the DNA molecules provided herein comprise ITRs that lack an RABS and/or a TRS. In certain embodiments, the DNA molecules provided herein have less mobilization risk after being administered to a subject or a patient when compared with DNA molecules comprising a functional RABS and/or functional TRS. ITRs that have functionally inactivated RABS and/or functionally inactivated TRS are referred to as “viral replication deficient inverted repeats” or “viral replication deficient inverted terminal repeats”, interchangeably.

In certain embodiments, the methods provided herein do not require any RABS. In certain embodiments, the DNA molecules provided herein do not need to be produced and/or replicated in a virus life cycle. The person of skill in the art would understand that the DNA molecules provided herein can lack additional features traditionally associated with RABS and/or viral production or replication, including those sequences or features discussed, for example, in this Section 5.3.4. In certain embodiments, the DNA molecules lacking RBS and/or DNA molecules comprising functionally inactivated RBS provided herein (for example, as in Section 5.3.4) provide at least a further advantage in that the terminal repeat sequences of DNA molecules may have no or diminished endogenous promoter and/or transcriptional activity (e.g. the P5 AAV promoter, which shares a homolog sequence with the RBS) once in a host cell when compared with DNA molecules with wild type viral ITR sequences. Transcriptional activity or endogenous promoter activity refers to the ability of hairpin ended DNA molecules to promote transgene expression starting from the folded hairpin overhang sequence (e.g. when these sequences contain one or more transcription start sites (TSSs)). Such transcriptional activity can result from the presence of viral proteins (e.g. Rep proteins or NS1 proteins) expressed by viruses that have infected the same host that has been administered the DNA molecules or from binding of endogenous transcription factors expressed in the host cell. The presence of TSSs and promoter sequences or fragments there of (e.g. the P5 promoter) may confound intended transgene expression in therapeutic applications or influence on transgene expression cassettes independent of promoter selection, wherein tight control of (e.g. tissue specific) transgene expression by appropriate control elements (e.g. tissue specific promoters) is highly desirable. In some embodiments, the presence or level of transcriptional activity and/or endogenous promoter activity arising from the folded hairpin overhang DNA sequence of hairpin ended DNA molecules (referred to as “ITR transcriptional activity”) can be determined by measuring the ability of such sequences to promote transgene expression in a host cell (e.g. by detecting report gene expression, qPCR of mRNA transcripts, western blot, etc) by hairpin ended DNA molecules provided herein that lack a a cis-regulatory element (e.g. promoter as described in section in 5.3.3) upstream of the ORF (e.g. by deleting or inactivating the promoter sequence of an expression cassette as described in 5.3.3).

In further embodiments, ITR transcriptional activity can be determined by measuring the residual ability of hairpin ended DNA molecules comprising an expression cassette comprising a tissue specific cis-regulatory element (e.g. tissue specific promoter as described in section in 5.3.3), to promote transgene expression in a host cell not derived from said tissue (e.g. by detecting report genes expression, qPCR of mRNA transcripts, western blot, etc).

Based on the determination of the reduction ITR transcriptional activity and the ITR transcriptional activity levels, in some embodiments of the DNA molecules provided herein including in this Section 5.3.4, the ITR transcriptional activity of the DNA molecules when administered to a host is lower than control DNA molecules with wild type viral ITRs and/or RABS by 100%, 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 94%, 93%, 92%, 91%, 90%, 89%, 88%, 87%, 86%, 85%, 84%, 83%, 82%, 81%, 80%, 79%, 78%, 77%, 76%, 75%, 74%, 73%, 72%, 71%, 70%, 69%, 68%, 67%, 66%, 65%, 64%, 63%, 62%, 61%, 60%, 59%, 58%, 57%, 56%, 55%, 54%, 53%, 52%, 51%, 50%, 49%, 48%, 47%, 46%, 45%, 44%, 43%, 42%, 41%, 40%, 39%, 38%, 37%, 36%, 35%, 34%, 33%, 32%, 31%, 30%, 29%, 28%, 27%, 26%, 25%, 24%, 23%, 22%, 21%, or 20%. In certain embodiments, the ITR transcriptional activity of the DNA molecules when administered to a host is lower than control DNA molecules with RABS and/or with wild type viral ITRs by at least 99%, at least 98%, at least 97%, at least 96%, at least 95%, at least 94%, at least 93%, at least 92%, at least 91%, at least 90%, at least 89%, at least 88%, at least 87%, at least 86%, at least 85%, at least 84%, at least 83%, at least 82%, at least 81%, at least 80%, at least 79%, at least 78%, at least 77%, at least 76%, at least 75%, at least 74%, at least 73%, at least 72%, at least 71%, at least 70%, at least 69%, at least 68%, at least 67%, at least 66%, at least 65%, at least 64%, at least 63%, at least 62%, at least 61%, at least 60%, at least 59%, at least 58%, at least 57%, at least 56%, at least 55%, at least 54%, at least 53%, at least 52%, at least 51%, at least 50%, at least 49%, at least 48%, at least 47%, at least 46%, at least 45%, at least 44%, at least 43%, at least 42%, at least 41%, at least 40%, at least 39%, at least 38%, at least 37%, at least 36%, at least 35%, at least 34%, at least 33%, at least 32%, at least 31%, at least 30%, at least 29%, at least 28%, at least 27%, at least 26%, at least 25%, at least 24%, at least 23%, at least 22%, at least 21%, or at least 20. In other embodiments, the ITR transcriptional activity of the DNA molecules when administered to a host is lower than control DNA molecules with RABS and/or with wild type viral ITRs by about 100%, about 99%, about 98%, about 97%, about 96%, about 95%, about 94%, about 93%, about 92%, about 91%, about 90%, about 89%, about 88%, about 87%, about 86%, about 85%, about 84%, about 83%, about 82%, about 81%, about 80%, about 79%, about 78%, about 77%, about 76%, about 75%, about 74%, about 73%, about 72%, about 71%, about 70%, about 69%, about 68%, about 67%, about 66%, about 65%, about 64%, about 63%, about 62%, about 61%, about 60%, about 59%, about 58%, about 57%, about 56%, about 55%, about 54%, about 53%, about 52%, about 51%, about 50%, about 49%, about 48%, about 47%, about 46%, about 45%, about 44%, about 43%, about 42%, about 41%, about 40%, about 39%, about 38%, about 37%, about 36%, about 35%, about 34%, about 33%, about 32%, about 31%, about 30%, about 29%, about 28%, about 27%, about 26%, about 25%, about 24%, about 23%, about 22%, about 21%, or about 20%.

In a certain embodiment, the DNA molecules provided herein including in this Section 5.3.4, result in no detectable ITR transcriptional activity (e.g. based on the measurement of transgene expression method in this Section 5.3.4). In another embodiment, the DNA molecules provided herein including in this Section 5.3.4 result in ITR transcriptional activity of no more than 0.0001%, no more than 0.001%, no more than 0.01%, no more than 0.1%, no more than 1%, no more than 1.5%, no more than 2%, no more than 2.5%, no more than 3%, no more than 3.5, no more than 4%, no more than 4.5%, no more than 5%, no more than 5.5%, no more than 6%, no more than 6.5%, no more than 7%, no more than 7.5%, no more than 8%, no more than 8.5%, no more than 9%, no more than 9.5%, or no more than 10%, of the ITR transcriptional activity resulted from a reference DNA molecule (e.g. the same DNA molecule but with a wild type RABS and/or with wild type ITR sequence). In a further embodiment, the DNA molecules provided herein including in this Section 5.3.4 result in ITR transcriptional activity of about 0.0001%, about 0.001%, about 0.01%, about 0.1%, about 1%, about 1.5%, about 2%, about 2.5%, about 3%, about 3.5, about 4%, about 4.5%, about 5%, about 5.5%, about 6%, about 6.5%, about 7%, about 7.5%, about 8%, about 8.5%, about 9%, about 9.5%, or about 10%, of the ITR transcriptional activity resulted from a reference DNA molecule (e.g. the same DNA molecule but with a wild type RABS and/or with wild type ITR sequence). In a yet another embodiment, the DNA molecules provided herein including in this Section 5.3.4 result in ITR transcriptional activity of 0.0001%, 0.001%, 0.01%, 0.1%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, 3%, 3.5, 4%, 4.5%, 5%, 5.5%, 6%, 6.5%, 7%, 7.5%, 8%, 8.5%, 9%, 9.5%, or 10%, of the mobilization ITR transcriptional activity from a reference DNA molecule (e.g. the same DNA molecule but with a wild type RABS and/or with wild type ITR sequence). Such percentage of ITR transcriptional activity can be determined by using the transgene expression determined as further described in the preceding paragraphs (including the preceding 2 paragraphs).

As is clear from the descriptions in this Section 5.3.4, the DNA sequences or features excluded in the DNA molecules provided herein can be combined in any way with any of the methods provided herein (including in Sections 3, 5.2, and 6), any of the DNA molecules provided herein (including Sections 3, 5.3, and 6), and any of the hairpin-ended DNA molecules provided herein (including Sections 3, 5.4, and 6), and contribute to the functional properties of the DNA molecules as provided herein (including Sections 3, 5.5, and 6).

5.3.5 Vectors Such as Plasmids

The disclosure provides that the DNA molecules can be of various forms. In one embodiment, the DNA molecule provided for the methods and composition herein is a vector. A vector is a nucleic acid molecule that can be replicated and/or expressed in a host cell. Any vectors known to those skilled in the art are provided herein. In some embodiments, the vector can be plasmids, viral vectors, cosmids, and artificial chromosomes (e.g., bacterial artificial chromosomes or yeast artificial chromosomes). In one specific embodiment, the vector is a plasmid. As is clear from the description, when the DNA molecules are in the form of a vector (including a plasmid), the vector would comprise all the features described herein for the DNA molecules, including those described in Section 3 and this Section (Section 5.3).

In some embodiments, the vector provided in this Section (Section 5.3.5) can be used for the production of DNA molecules provided in Sections 3 and 5.4, for example by performing the method steps provided in Section 5.2. As such, the vector provided in this Section (Section 5.3.5) (1) comprises the features of the DNA molecules provided in Sections 3 and 5.4, including IRs or ITRs that can form hairpins as described in Sections 5.3.1 and 5.4, expression cassette as described in 5.3.3, and restriction sites for nicking endonucleases or restriction enzymes as described in Sections 5.3.2, 5.2.4, and 5.3.6, and/or (2) lacks the RABS and/or TRS sequences as described in Section 5.3.4. Therefore, the disclosure provides that the vector provided in this Section (Section 5.3.5) can (1) comprise any combination of embodiments of IRs or ITRs that can form hairpins as described in Sections 5.3.1 and 5.4, expression cassette as described in 5.3.3, restriction sites for nicking endonucleases or restriction enzymes as described in Sections 5.3.2 5.2.4, and 5.3.6, and additional features for the vectors provided in this Section (Section 5.3.5), and/or (2) lacks the RABS and/or TRS sequences as described in Section 5.3.4. In some embodiments, a vector can be constructed using known techniques to provide at least the following as operatively linked components in the direction of transcription: (1) a 5′ ITR sequence; (2) an expression cassette comprising a cis-regulatory element, for example, a promoter, inducible promoter, regulatory switch, enhancers and the like; and (3) a 3′ IR sequence. In some embodiments, the expression cassette is flanked by the ITRs comprises a cloning site for introducing an exogenous sequence.

Specifically, in one embodiment, the DNA molecule is a plasmid. Plasmid is widely known and used in the art as a vector to replicate or express the DNA molecules in the plasmid. Plasmid often refers to a double-stranded and/or circular DNA molecule that is capable of autonomous replication in a suitable host cell. In certain embodiments, plasmids provided for the methods described in Section 5.2 can be linearized by restriction enzyme digest and/or present in a linear form. Plasmids provided for the methods and compositions described herein include commercially available plasmids for use in well-known host cells (including both prokaryotic and eukaryotic host cells), as available from various vendors and/or described in Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 4th Edition, by Michael Green and Joseph Sambrook, ISBN 978-1-936113-42-2 (2012), which is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference. In certain embodiments, the plasmids further comprise a multiple cloning site. In some embodiments, the plasmids further comprise a selection marker, which for example, can be an antibiotic resistance gene. In some embodiments, the plasmids further comprise an origin of replication (ORI). An ORI is a sequence at which replication is initiated, enabling a plasmid to reproduce within the host cells. In certain embodiments, the ORI provided for the methods and compositions described herein can be a bacterial origin of replication. In certain embodiments, the ORI provided for the methods and compositions described herein can be a eukaryotic origin of replication. In certain embodiments, the ORI provided for the methods and compositions described herein can be a viral origin of replication. In some specific embodiments, the ORI can be pBR322, F1, ColE1, pMB1, pUC, pSC101, R6K, 15A, EBV ORI, or SV40 ORI.

The plasmids described in this Section (Section 5.3.5) can further comprise other features. In some embodiments, the plasmid further comprises a restriction enzyme site (e.g. restriction enzyme site as described in Sections 5.2.4 and 5.3.2) in the region 5′ to the first inverted repeat and 3′ to the second inverted repeat wherein the restriction enzyme site is not present in any of the first inverted repeat, second inverted repeat, and the region between the first and second inverted repeats. In certain embodiments, the cleavage with the restriction enzyme at the restriction site described in this paragraph results in single strand overhangs that do not anneal at detectable levels under conditions that favor annealing of the first and/or second inverted repeat (e.g. conditions as described in Section 5.2.5). In some other embodiments, the plasmid further comprises an open reading frame encoding the restriction enzyme recognizing and cleaving the restriction site describe in this paragraph. In certain embodiments, the restriction enzyme site and the corresponding restriction enzyme can be any one of the restriction enzyme site and its corresponding restriction enzyme described in Sections 5.2.4 and 5.3.2. In further embodiment, the expression of the restriction enzyme described in this paragraph is under the control of a promoter. In some embodiments, the promoter described in this paragraph can be any promoter described above in Section 5.3.3. In other embodiment, the promoter described is an inducible promoter. In certain embodiment, the inducible promoter is a chemically inducible promoter. In further embodiments, the inducible promoter is any one selected from the group consisting of: tetracycline ON (Tet-On) promoter, negative inducible pLac promoter, alcA, amyB, bli-3, bphA, catR, cbh1, crel, exylA, gas, glaA, gla1, mir1, niiA, qa-2, Smxyl, tcu-1, thiA, vvd, xyl1, xyl1, xylP xyn1, and ZeaR, as described in Janina Kluge et al., Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 102: 6357-6372 (2018), which is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference.

Similarly, in certain embodiments, the plasmid can further comprise a fifth and a sixth restriction site for nicking endonuclease (e.g. restriction site for nicking endonuclease as described in Sections 5.2.4 and 5.3.2) in the region 5′ to the first inverted repeat and 3′ to the second inverted repeat, wherein the fifth and sixth restriction sites for nicking endonuclease are a.) on opposite strands, and b.) create a break in the double stranded DNA molecule such that the single strand overhangs of the break do not anneal at detectable levels inter- or intra-molecularly under conditions that favor annealing of the first and/or second inverted repeat (e.g. conditions as described in Section 5.2.5). As is clear from the description of Section 5.2.4, incubation with nicking endonucleases will result in a fifth nick corresponding to the fifth restriction site for the nicking endonuclease and a sixth nick corresponding to the sixth restriction site for the nicking endonuclease. The disclosure provides that the fifth and sixth nick can have various relative positions between them. In one embodiment, the fifth and the sixth nick are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 nucleotides apart. In some embodiments, as the ssDNA overhang between fifth and sixth nick does not anneal at detectable levels inter- or intra-molecularly under conditions that favor annealing of the first and/or second inverted repeat, the ssDNA overhang resulted from fifth and sixth nick has a lower melting temperature than the ssDNA overhangs described in Sections 5.2.3 and 5.3.2. In certain embodiments, the ssDNA overhang resulted from fifth and sixth nick is shorter than the ssDNA overhangs described in Sections 5.2.3 and 5.3.2. In other embodiments, the ssDNA overhang resulted from fifth and sixth nick has a lower percentage of G-C content than the ssDNA overhangs described in Sections 5.2.3 and 5.3.2. In some specific embodiments, the ssDNA overhang resulted from fifth and sixth nick is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 nucleotides in length. In other specific embodiments, the ssDNA overhang resulted from fifth and sixth nick is shorter than the ssDNA overhangs described in Sections 5.2.3 and 5.3.2 by at least 10, at least 15, at least 20, at least 25, at least 30, at least 35, at least 40, at least 45, at least 50, at least 55, at least 60, at least 65, at least 70, at least 75, at least 80, at least 85, at least 90, at least 95, at least 100, at least 105, at least 110, at least 115, at least 120, at least 125, at least 130, at least 135, at least 140, at least 145, at least 150, at least 155, at least 160, at least 165, at least 170, at least 175, or at least 180 nucleotides. In some specific embodiments, the ssDNA overhang resulted from fifth and sixth nick is shorter than the ssDNA overhangs described in Sections 5.2.3 and 5.3.2 by about 10, about 15, about 20, about 25, about 30, about 35, about 40, about 45, about 50, about 55, about 60, about 65, about 70, about 75, about 80, about 85, about 90, about 95, about 100, about 105, about 110, about 115, about 120, about 125, about 130, about 135, about 140, about 145, about 150, about 155, about 160, about 165, about 170, about 175, or about 180 nucleotides.

In certain embodiments, the plasmid can further comprise 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 or more restriction sites for nicking endonuclease (e.g. restriction site for nicking endonuclease as described in Sections 5.2.4 and 5.3.2) in the region 5′ to the first inverted repeat and 3′ to the second inverted repeat, wherein the additional restriction sites for nicking endonuclease may be: a.) on opposite strands; and b.) create a break in the double stranded DNA molecule such that the single strand overhangs of the break do not anneal at detectable levels inter- or intra-molecularly under conditions that favor annealing of the first and/or second inverted repeat (e.g. conditions as described in Section 5.2.5). In certain embodiments, the nicks in the region 5′ to the first inverted repeat and 3′ to the second inverted repeat, can have various relative positions between them. In one embodiment, the nicks in the region 5′ to the first inverted repeat and 3′ to the second inverted repeat, are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 nucleotides apart. In some embodiments, as the ssDNA overhang between the nicks in the region 5′ to the first inverted repeat and 3′ to the second inverted repeat does not anneal at detectable levels inter- or intra-molecularly under conditions that favor annealing of the first and/or second inverted repeat, the ssDNA overhang resulting from the nicks in the region 5′ to the first inverted repeat and 3′ to the second inverted repeat has a lower melting temperature than the ssDNA overhangs described in Sections 5.2.3 and 5.3.2. In certain embodiments, the ssDNA overhang resulting from the nicks in the region 5′ to the first inverted repeat and 3′ to the second inverted repeat is shorter than the ssDNA overhangs described in Sections 5.2.3 and 5.3.2. In other embodiments, the ssDNA overhang resulting from the nicks in the region 5′ to the first inverted repeat and 3′ to the second inverted repeat has a lower percentage of G-C content than the ssDNA overhangs described in Sections 5.2.3 and 5.3.2. In some specific embodiments, the ssDNA overhang resulting from the nicks in the region 5′ to the first inverted repeat and 3′ to the second inverted repeat is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 nucleotides in length.

As described above in Sections 5.2.4 and 5.3.2, in various embodiments, the first, second, third, and fourth restriction sites for nicking endonuclease can be the target sequences for the same or different nicking endonucleases. Similar, in certain embodiments, the fifth and sixth restriction sites for nicking endonuclease can be target sequences for the same or different nicking endonucleases. In some embodiments, the first, second, third, fourth, fifth, and sixth restriction sites for nicking endonuclease provided for the DNA molecules as described in Sections 3 and 5.2.4 and this Section 5.3 can be all for target sequences for the same nicking endonuclease. Alternatively, in other embodiments, the first, second, third, fourth, fifth, and sixth restriction sites for nicking endonucleases are target sequences for two different nicking endonucleases, including all possible combinations of arranging the six sites for two different nicking endonuclease target sequences (e.g. the first restriction site for the first nicking endonuclease and the rest for the second nicking endonuclease, the first and second restriction sites for the first nicking endonuclease and the rest for the second nicking endonuclease, etc). Additionally, in certain embodiments, the first, second, third, fourth, fifth, and sixth restriction sites for nicking endonucleases are target sequences for three different nicking endonucleases, including all possible combinations of arranging the six sites for three different nicking endonuclease target sequences. Furthermore, in some embodiments, the first, second, third, fourth, fifth, and sixth restriction sites for nicking endonuclease are target sequences for four different nicking endonucleases, including all possible combinations of arranging the six sites for four different nicking endonuclease target sequences. Additionally, in some embodiments, the first, second, third, fourth, fifth, and sixth restriction sites for nicking endonuclease are target sequences for five different nicking endonucleases, including all possible combinations of arranging the six sites for five different nicking endonuclease target sequences. Furthermore, in some embodiments, the first, second, third, fourth, fifth, and sixth restriction sites for nicking endonuclease are target sequences for six different nicking endonucleases.

In some embodiments, the one or more of the nicking endonuclease sites described in the preceding paragraph are a target sequence of an endogenous nicking endonuclease. In some specific embodiments, the plasmid further comprises an ORF encoding a nicking endonuclease that recognizes one or more of the first, second, third, fourth, fifth, and sixth restriction sites for nicking endonuclease described in this Section (Section 5.3.5) including the preceding paragraph. In one specific embodiment, the plasmid further comprises two ORFs encoding two nicking endonucleases that recognize two or more of the first, second, third, fourth, fifth, and sixth restriction sites for nicking endonuclease described in this Section (Section 5.3.5) including the preceding paragraph. In another specific embodiment, the plasmid further comprises three ORFs encoding three nicking endonucleases that recognize three or more of the first, second, third, fourth, fifth, and sixth restriction sites for nicking endonuclease described in this Section (Section 5.3.5) including the preceding paragraph. In yet another specific embodiment, the plasmid further comprises four ORFs encoding four nicking endonucleases that recognize four or more of the first, second, third, fourth, fifth, and sixth restriction sites for nicking endonuclease described in this Section (Section 5.3.5) including the preceding paragraph. In yet another specific embodiment, the plasmid further comprises four ORFs encoding four nicking endonucleases that recognize four or more of the first, second, third, fourth, fifth, and sixth restriction sites for nicking endonuclease described in this Section (Section 5.3.5) including the preceding paragraph. In a further specific embodiment, the plasmid further comprises five ORFs encoding five nicking endonucleases that recognize five or more of the first, second, third, fourth, fifth, and sixth restriction sites for nicking endonuclease described in this Section (Section 5.3.5) including the preceding paragraph. In one specific embodiment, the plasmid further comprises six ORFs encoding six nicking endonucleases that each recognizes the first, second, third, fourth, fifth, and sixth restriction sites for nicking endonuclease described in this Section (Section 5.3.5) including the preceding paragraph. In certain embodiments, the expression of the one or more nicking endonucleases described in this paragraph is under the control of a promoter. In some embodiments, the expression of the one or more nicking endonucleases described in this paragraph is under the control of a promoter. In some embodiments, the expression of the one or more nicking endonucleases described in this paragraph is under the control of an inducible promoter. In some specific embodiments, the inducible promoter can be any inducible promoter described above in this Section (Section 5.3.5).

In some embodiments, the nicking endonuclease that recognizes the first, second, third, and/or fourth restriction site for nicking endonuclease can be any one described in Sections 3, 5.2.4 and 5.3.2. In certain specific embodiment, the nicking endonuclease that recognizes the first, second, third, and/or fourth restriction site for nicking endonuclease is Nt. BsmAI; Nt. BtsCI; N. ALwl; N. BstNBI; N. BspD6I; Nb. Mva1269I; Nb. BsrDI; Nt. BtsI; Nt. BsaI; Nt. Bpu10I; Nt. BsmBI; Nb. BbvCI; Nt. BbvCI; or Nt. BspQI. In some embodiments, the nicking endonuclease that recognizes the fifth and sixth restriction site for nicking endonuclease can be any one described in Sections 3, 5.2.4 and 5.3.2. In certain specific embodiment, the nicking endonuclease that recognizes the fifth and sixth restriction site for nicking endonuclease is Nt. BsmAI; Nt. BtsCI; N. ALwl; N. BstNBI; N. BspD6I; Nb. Mva1269I; Nb. BsrDI; Nt. BtsI; Nt. BsaI; Nt. Bpu10I; Nt. BsmBI; Nb. BbvCI; Nt. BbvCI; or Nt. BspQI.

Additionally, in some embodiments, a plasmid provided in this Section (Section 5.3.5) can comprise a selectable or selection marker for use in the production of the plasmid in bacterial cultures. In one embodiment, the selection marker can be inserted downstream (e.g. 3′) of the 3′ ITR sequence. In another embodiment, the selection marker can be inserted upstream (e.g., 5′) of the 5′ IR sequence. A plasmid provided in this Section (Section 5.3.5) can also comprise a selectable or selection marker in between the IRs for use in the production of stable expressing cell line. In one embodiment, the selection marker can be inserted upstream (e.g. 5′) of the 3′ ITR sequence. In another embodiment, the selection marker can be inserted downstream (e.g. 3′) of the 5′ ITR sequence. Embodiments of appropriate selection markers include those that confer drug resistance. In certain embodiments, selection markers can be a blasticidin S-resistance gene, kanamycin, geneticin, and the like. In a specific embodiment, the drug selection marker is a choramphenicol-resistance gene. In some embodiments, the plasmid can further comprise an ORF encoding a selection marker. In certain embodiments, the selection marker is an antibiotics resistant gene. In some specific embodiments, the selection marker is one providing resistance against selection agent selected from the group consisting of: kanamycin, spectinomycin, streptomycin, ampicillin, carbenicillin, bleomycin, erythromycin, polymyxin b, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, blasticidin, g418/geneticin, hygromycin B, puromycin, and zeocin.

In further embodiments, the plasmid of this Section (Section 5.3.5) can comprise one or more copies of the DNA molecules described in the paragraphs between the headings of Sections 5.3 and 5.3.1. In one specific embodiment, the plasmid of this Section (Section 5.3.5) can comprise one copy of the DNA molecules described in the paragraphs between the headings of Sections 5.3 and 5.3.1. In another specific embodiment, the plasmid of this Section (Section 5.3.5) can comprise two copy of the DNA molecules described in the paragraphs between the headings of Sections 5.3 and 5.3.1. In yet another specific embodiment, the plasmid of this Section (Section 5.3.5) can comprise 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 copies of the DNA molecules described in the paragraphs between the headings of Sections 5.3 and 5.3.1.

In some embodiments, the DNA molecules for the methods and composition provided herein (e.g. as provided in Section 3 and this Section (Section 5.3)) can be linear, non-circular DNA molecules.

In some embodiments, a vector for the methods and composition provided herein comprises any one or more features described in this Section (Section 5.3.5), in various permutations and combinations. In certain embodiments, a plasmid for the methods and composition provided herein comprises any one or more features described in this Section (Section 5.3.5). In certain embodiments, a plasmid for the methods and composition provided herein comprises any one or more features described in this Section (Section 5.3.5), in various permutations and combinations.

The various embodiments described in this Section (Section 5.3.5) with nicking endonucleases and/or restriction sites for nicking endonucleases are additionally provided with nicking endonucleases replaced by programmable nicking enzyme and restriction sites replaced by targeting sites for programmable nicking enzyme. The programmable nicking enzymes and their targeting sites for this paragraph and this Section (Section 5.3.3) have been provided in Section 5.2.4.

5.3.6 DNA Molecules with Less than 4 Restriction Sites for Nicking Endonucleases and DNA Molecules with Less than 4 Target Sites for Programmable Nicking Enzymes

In one additional aspect, provided herein is a double-stranded DNA molecule comprising in 5′ to 3′ direction of the top strand: i) a first inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Section 5.3.1), wherein a first restriction site for nicking endonuclease and a first restriction site for restriction enzyme are arranged in the opposite ends and in proximity of the first inverted repeat such that nicking and restriction enzyme cleavage result in a top strand 5′ overhang comprising the first inverted repeat or a fragment thereof (e.g., at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of the first inverted repeat) upon separation of the top from the bottom strand of the first inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Sections 5.2.3, 5.2.4 and 5.3.2); ii) an expression cassette (e.g. as described in Section 5.3.3); and iii) a second inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Section 5.3.1), wherein a second restriction site for nicking endonuclease and a second restriction site for restriction enzyme are arranged in the opposite ends and in proximity of the second inverted repeat such that nicking and restriction enzyme cleavage result in a top strand 3′ overhang comprising the second inverted repeat or a fragment thereof (e.g., at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of the second inverted repeat) upon separation of the top from the bottom strand of the second inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Sections 5.2.3, 5.2.4 and 5.3.2), wherein the first restriction site for restriction enzyme is more distal to expression cassette than the first restriction site for nicking endonuclease and the second restriction site for restriction enzyme is more distal to expression cassette than the second restriction site for nicking endonuclease. In certain embodiments, the top strand 5′ overhang comprises the first inverted repeat. In certain embodiments, the top strand 3′ overhang comprises the second inverted repeat. In certain embodiments, the top strand 5′ overhang comprises the first inverted repeat and the top strand 3′ overhang comprises the second inverted repeat.

In another aspect, provided herein is a double strand DNA molecule comprising in 5′ to 3′ direction of the top strand: i) a first inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Section 5.3.1), wherein a first restriction site for nicking endonuclease and a first restriction site for restriction enzyme are arranged in the opposite ends and in proximity of the first inverted repeat such that nicking and restriction enzyme cleavage result in a bottom strand 3′ overhang comprising the first inverted repeat or a fragment thereof (e.g., at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of the first inverted repeat) upon separation of the top from the bottom strand of the first inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Sections 5.2.3, 5.2.4 and 5.3.2); ii) an expression cassette (e.g. as described in Section 5.3.3); and iii) a second inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Section 5.3.1), wherein a second restriction site for nicking endonuclease and a second restriction site for restriction enzyme are arranged in the opposite ends and in proximity of the second inverted repeat such that nicking and restriction enzyme cleavage result in a bottom strand 5′ overhang comprising the second inverted repeat or a fragment thereof (e.g., at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of the second inverted repeat) upon separation of the top from the bottom strand of the second inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Sections 5.2.3, 5.2.4 and 5.3.2), wherein the first restriction site for restriction enzyme is more distal to expression cassette than the first restriction site for nicking endonuclease and the second restriction site for restriction enzyme is more distal to expression cassette than the second restriction site for nicking endonuclease. In certain embodiments, the bottom strand 3′ overhang comprises the first inverted repeat. In certain embodiments, the bottom strand 5′ overhang comprises the second inverted repeat. In certain embodiments, the bottom strand 3′ overhang comprises the first inverted repeat and the bottom strand 5′ overhang comprises the second inverted repeat.

In yet another aspect, provided herein is a double-stranded DNA molecule comprising in 5′ to 3′ direction of the top strand: i) a first inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Section 5.3.1), wherein a first restriction site for nicking endonuclease and a first restriction site for restriction enzyme are arranged in the opposite ends and in proximity of the first inverted repeat such that nicking and restriction enzyme cleavage result in a top strand 5′ overhang comprising the first inverted repeat or a fragment thereof (e.g., at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of the first inverted repeat) upon separation of the top from the bottom strand of the first inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Sections 5.2.3, 5.2.4 and 5.3.2); ii) an expression cassette (e.g. as described in Section 5.3.3); and iii) a second inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Section 5.3.1), wherein a second restriction site for nicking endonuclease and a second restriction site for restriction enzyme are arranged in the opposite ends and in proximity of the second inverted repeat such that nicking and restriction enzyme cleavage result in a bottom strand 5′ overhang comprising the second inverted repeat or a fragment thereof (e.g., at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of the second inverted repeat) upon separation of the top from the bottom strand of the second inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Sections 5.2.3, 5.2.4 and 5.3.2), wherein the first restriction site for restriction enzyme is more distal to expression cassette than the first restriction site for nicking endonuclease and the second restriction site for restriction enzyme is more distal to expression cassette than the second restriction site for nicking endonuclease. In certain embodiments, the top strand 5′ overhang comprises the first inverted repeat. In certain embodiments, the bottom strand 5′ overhang comprises the second inverted repeat. In certain embodiments, the top strand 5′ overhang comprises the first inverted repeat and the bottom strand 5′ overhang comprises the second inverted repeat.

In a further aspect, provide herein is a double strand DNA molecule comprising in 5′ to 3′ direction of the top strand: i) a first inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Section 5.3.1), wherein a first restriction site for nicking endonuclease and a first restriction site for restriction enzyme are arranged in the opposite ends and in proximity of the first inverted repeat such that nicking and restriction enzyme cleavage result in a bottom strand 3′ overhang comprising the first inverted repeat or a fragment thereof (e.g., at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of the first inverted repeat) upon separation of the top from the bottom strand of the first inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Sections 5.2.3, 5.2.4 and 5.3.2); ii) an expression cassette (e.g. as described in Section 5.3.3); and iii) a second inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Section 5.3.1), wherein a second restriction site for nicking endonuclease and a second restriction site for restriction enzyme are arranged in the opposite ends and in proximity of the second inverted repeat such that nicking and restriction enzyme cleavage result in a top strand 3′ overhang comprising the second inverted repeat or a fragment thereof (e.g., at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of the second inverted repeat) upon separation of the top from the bottom strand of the second inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Sections 5.2.3, 5.2.4 and 5.3.2), wherein the first restriction site for restriction enzyme is more distal to expression cassette than the first restriction site for nicking endonuclease and the second restriction site for restriction enzyme is more distal to expression cassette than the second restriction site for nicking endonuclease. In certain embodiments, the bottom strand 3′ overhang comprises the first inverted repeat. In certain embodiments, the top strand 3′ overhang comprises the second inverted repeat. In certain embodiments, the bottom strand 3′ overhang comprises the first inverted repeat and the top strand 3′ overhang comprises the second inverted repeat.

Additionally, in one aspect, provided herein is a double-stranded DNA molecule comprising in 5′ to 3′ direction of the top strand: i) a first inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Section 5.3.1), wherein a first and a second restriction site for nicking endonuclease are arranged on opposite strands in proximity of the first inverted repeat such that nicking results in a top strand 5′ overhang comprising the first inverted repeat or a fragment thereof (e.g., at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of the first inverted repeat) upon separation of the top from the bottom strand of the first inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Sections 5.2.3, 5.2.4 and 5.3.2); ii) an expression cassette (e.g. as described in Section 5.3.3); and iii) a second inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Section 5.3.1), wherein a third restriction site for nicking endonuclease and a first restriction site for restriction enzyme are arranged in the opposite ends and in proximity of the second inverted repeat such that nicking and restriction enzyme cleavage result in a top strand 3′ overhang comprising the second inverted repeat or a fragment thereof (e.g., at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of the second inverted repeat) upon separation of the top from the bottom strand of the second inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Sections 5.2.3, 5.2.4 and 5.3.2), wherein the first restriction site for restriction enzyme is more distal to expression cassette than the third restriction site for nicking endonuclease. In certain embodiments, the top strand 5′ overhang comprises the first inverted repeat. In certain embodiments, the top strand 3′ overhang comprises the second inverted repeat. In certain embodiments, the top strand 5′ overhang comprises the first inverted repeat and the top strand 3′ overhang comprises the second inverted repeat.

In another aspect, provided herein is a double strand DNA molecule comprising in 5′ to 3′ direction of the top strand: i) a first inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Section 5.3.1), wherein a first and a second restriction site for nicking endonuclease are arranged on opposite strands in proximity of the first inverted repeat such that nicking results in a bottom strand 3′ overhang comprising the first inverted repeat or a fragment thereof (e.g., at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of the first inverted repeat) upon separation of the top from the bottom strand of the first inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Sections 5.2.3, 5.2.4 and 5.3.2); ii) an expression cassette (e.g. as described in Section 5.3.3); and iii) a second inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Section 5.3.1), wherein a third restriction site for nicking endonuclease and a first restriction site for restriction enzyme are arranged in the opposite ends and in proximity of the second inverted repeat such that nicking and restriction enzyme cleavage result in a bottom strand 5′ overhang comprising the second inverted repeat or a fragment thereof (e.g., at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of the second inverted repeat) upon separation of the top from the bottom strand of the second inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Sections 5.2.3, 5.2.4 and 5.3.2), wherein the first restriction site for restriction enzyme is more distal to expression cassette than the third restriction site for nicking endonuclease. In certain embodiments, the bottom strand 3′ overhang comprises the first inverted repeat. In certain embodiments, the bottom strand 5′ overhang comprises the second inverted repeat. In certain embodiments, the bottom strand 3′ overhang comprises the first inverted repeat and the bottom strand 5′ overhang comprises the second inverted repeat.

In yet another aspect, provided herein is a double-stranded DNA molecule comprising in 5′ to 3′ direction of the top strand: i) a first inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Section 5.3.1), wherein a first and a second restriction site for nicking endonuclease are arranged on opposite strands in proximity of the first inverted repeat such that nicking results in a top strand 5′ overhang comprising the first inverted repeat or a fragment thereof (e.g., at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of the first inverted repeat) upon separation of the top from the bottom strand of the first inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Sections 5.2.3, 5.2.4 and 5.3.2); ii) an expression cassette (e.g. as described in Section 5.3.3); and iii) a second inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Section 5.3.1), wherein a third restriction site for nicking endonuclease and a first restriction site for restriction enzyme are arranged in the opposite ends and in proximity of the second inverted repeat such that nicking and restriction enzyme cleavage result in a bottom strand 5′ overhang comprising the second inverted repeat or a fragment thereof (e.g., at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of the second inverted repeat) upon separation of the top from the bottom strand of the second inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Sections 5.2.3, 5.2.4 and 5.3.2), wherein the first restriction site for restriction enzyme is more distal to expression cassette than the third restriction site for nicking endonuclease. In certain embodiments, the top strand 5′ overhang comprises the first inverted repeat. In certain embodiments, the bottom strand 5′ overhang comprises the second inverted repeat. In certain embodiments, the top strand 5′ overhang comprises the first inverted repeat and the bottom strand 5′ overhang comprises the second inverted repeat.

In a further aspect, provide herein is a double strand DNA molecule comprising in 5′ to 3′ direction of the top strand: i) a first inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Section 5.3.1), wherein a first and a second restriction site for nicking endonuclease are arranged on opposite strands in proximity of the first inverted repeat such that nicking results in a bottom strand 3′ overhang comprising the first inverted repeat or a fragment thereof (e.g., at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of the first inverted repeat) upon separation of the top from the bottom strand of the first inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Sections 5.2.3, 5.2.4 and 5.3.2); ii) an expression cassette (e.g. as described in Section 5.3.3); and iii) a second inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Section 5.3.1), wherein a third restriction site for nicking endonuclease and a first restriction site for restriction enzyme are arranged in the opposite ends and in proximity of the second inverted repeat such that nicking and restriction enzyme cleavage result in a top strand 3′ overhang comprising the second inverted repeat or a fragment thereof (e.g., at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of the second inverted repeat) upon separation of the top from the bottom strand of the second inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Sections 5.2.3, 5.2.4 and 5.3.2), wherein the first restriction site for restriction enzyme is more distal to expression cassette than the third restriction site for nicking endonuclease. In certain embodiments, the bottom strand 3′ overhang comprises the first inverted repeat. In certain embodiments, the top strand 3′ overhang comprises the second inverted repeat. In certain embodiments, the bottom strand 3′ overhang comprises the first inverted repeat and the top strand 3′ overhang comprises the second inverted repeat.

Additionally, in one aspect, provided herein is a double-stranded DNA molecule comprising in 5′ to 3′ direction of the top strand: i) a first inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Section 5.3.1), wherein a first restriction site for nicking endonuclease and a first restriction site for restriction enzyme are arranged in the opposite ends and in proximity of the first inverted repeat such that nicking and restriction enzyme cleavage result in a top strand 5′ overhang comprising the first inverted repeat or a fragment thereof (e.g., at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of the first inverted repeat) upon separation of the top from the bottom strand of the first inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Sections 5.2.3, 5.2.4 and 5.3.2); ii) an expression cassette (e.g. as described in Section 5.3.3); and iii) a second inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Section 5.3.1), wherein a second and a third restriction site for nicking endonuclease are arranged on opposite strands in proximity of the second inverted repeat such that nicking results in a top strand 3′ overhang comprising the second inverted repeat or a fragment thereof (e.g., at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of the second inverted repeat) upon separation of the top from the bottom strand of the second inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Sections 5.2.3, 5.2.4 and 5.3.2), wherein the first restriction site for restriction enzyme is more distal to expression cassette than the first restriction site for nicking endonuclease. In certain embodiments, the top strand 5′ overhang comprises the first inverted repeat. In certain embodiments, the top strand 3′ overhang comprises the second inverted repeat. In certain embodiments, the top strand 5′ overhang comprises the first inverted repeat and the top strand 3′ overhang comprises the second inverted repeat.

In another aspect, provided herein is a double strand DNA molecule comprising in 5′ to 3′ direction of the top strand: i) a first inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Section 5.3.1), wherein a first restriction site for nicking endonuclease and a first restriction site for restriction enzyme are arranged in the opposite ends and in proximity of the first inverted repeat such that nicking and restriction enzyme cleavage result in a bottom strand 3′ overhang comprising the first inverted repeat or a fragment thereof (e.g., at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of the first inverted repeat) upon separation of the top from the bottom strand of the first inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Sections 5.2.3, 5.2.4 and 5.3.2); ii) an expression cassette (e.g. as described in Section 5.3.3); and iii) a second inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Section 5.3.1), wherein a second and a third restriction site for nicking endonuclease are arranged on opposite strands in proximity of the second inverted repeat such that nicking results in a bottom strand 5′ overhang comprising the second inverted repeat or a fragment thereof (e.g., at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of the second inverted repeat) upon separation of the top from the bottom strand of the second inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Sections 5.2.3, 5.2.4 and 5.3.2), wherein the first restriction site for restriction enzyme is more distal to expression cassette than the first restriction site for nicking endonuclease. In certain embodiments, the bottom strand 3′ overhang comprises the first inverted repeat. In certain embodiments, the bottom strand 5′ overhang comprises the second inverted repeat. In certain embodiments, the bottom strand 3′ overhang comprises the first inverted repeat and the bottom strand 5′ overhang comprises the second inverted repeat.

In yet another aspect, provided herein is a double-stranded DNA molecule comprising in 5′ to 3′ direction of the top strand: i) a first inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Section 5.3.1), wherein a first restriction site for nicking endonuclease and a first restriction site for restriction enzyme are arranged in the opposite ends and in proximity of the first inverted repeat such that nicking and restriction enzyme cleavage result in a top strand 5′ overhang comprising the first inverted repeat or a fragment thereof (e.g., at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of the first inverted repeat) upon separation of the top from the bottom strand of the first inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Sections 5.2.3, 5.2.4 and 5.3.2); ii) an expression cassette (e.g. as described in Section 5.3.3); and iii) a second inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Section 5.3.1), wherein a second and a third restriction site for nicking endonuclease are arranged on opposite strands in proximity of the second inverted repeat such that nicking results in a bottom strand 5′ overhang comprising the second inverted repeat or a fragment thereof (e.g., at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of the second inverted repeat) upon separation of the top from the bottom strand of the second inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Sections 5.2.3, 5.2.4 and 5.3.2), wherein the first restriction site for restriction enzyme is more distal to expression cassette than the first restriction site for nicking endonuclease. In certain embodiments, the top strand 5′ overhang comprises the first inverted repeat. In certain embodiments, the bottom strand 5′ overhang comprises the second inverted repeat. In certain embodiments, the top strand 5′ overhang comprises the first inverted repeat and the bottom strand 5′ overhang comprises the second inverted repeat.

In a further aspect, provide herein is a double strand DNA molecule comprising in 5′ to 3′ direction of the top strand: i) a first inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Section 5.3.1), wherein a first restriction site for nicking endonuclease and a first restriction site for restriction enzyme are arranged in the opposite ends and in proximity of the first inverted repeat such that nicking and restriction enzyme cleavage result in a bottom strand 3′ overhang comprising the first inverted repeat or a fragment thereof (e.g., at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of the first inverted repeat) upon separation of the top from the bottom strand of the first inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Sections 5.2.3, 5.2.4 and 5.3.2); ii) an expression cassette (e.g. as described in Section 5.3.3); and iii) a second inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Section 5.3.1), wherein a second and a third restriction site for nicking endonuclease are arranged on opposite strands in proximity of the second inverted repeat such that nicking results in a top strand 3′ overhang comprising the second inverted repeat or a fragment thereof (e.g., at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of the second inverted repeat) upon separation of the top from the bottom strand of the second inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Sections 5.2.3, 5.2.4 and 5.3.2), wherein the first restriction site for restriction enzyme is more distal to expression cassette than the first restriction site for nicking endonuclease. In certain embodiments, the bottom strand 3′ overhang comprises the first inverted repeat. In certain embodiments, the top strand 3′ overhang comprises the second inverted repeat. In certain embodiments, the bottom strand 3′ overhang comprises the first inverted repeat and the top strand 3′ overhang comprises the second inverted repeat.

In one additional aspect, provided herein is a double-stranded DNA molecule comprising in 5′ to 3′ direction of the top strand: i) a first inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Section 5.3.1), wherein a first target site for the guide nucleic acid for programmable nicking enzyme and a first restriction site for restriction enzyme are arranged in the opposite ends and in proximity of the first inverted repeat such that nicking by the programmable nicking enzyme and restriction enzyme cleavage result in a top strand 5′ overhang comprising the first inverted repeat or a fragment thereof (e.g., at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of the first inverted repeat) upon separation of the top from the bottom strand of the first inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Sections 5.2.3, 5.2.4 and 5.3.2); ii) an expression cassette (e.g. as described in Section 5.3.3); and iii) a second inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Section 5.3.1), wherein a second target site for the guide nucleic acid for programmable nicking enzyme and a second restriction site for restriction enzyme are arranged in the opposite ends and in proximity of the second inverted repeat such that nicking by the programmable nicking enzyme and restriction enzyme cleavage result in a top strand 3′ overhang comprising the second inverted repeat or a fragment thereof (e.g., at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of the second inverted repeat) upon separation of the top from the bottom strand of the second inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Sections 5.2.3, 5.2.4 and 5.3.2), wherein the first restriction site for restriction enzyme is more distal to expression cassette than the first target site for the guide nucleic acid for programmable nicking enzyme and the second restriction site for restriction enzyme is more distal to expression cassette than the second target site for the guide nucleic acid for programmable nicking enzyme. In certain embodiments, the top strand 5′ overhang comprises the first inverted repeat. In certain embodiments, the top strand 3′ overhang comprises the second inverted repeat. In certain embodiments, the top strand 5′ overhang comprises the first inverted repeat and the top strand 3′ overhang comprises the second inverted repeat.

In another aspect, provided herein is a double strand DNA molecule comprising in 5′ to 3′ direction of the top strand: i) a first inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Section 5.3.1), wherein a first target site for the guide nucleic acid for programmable nicking enzyme and a first restriction site for restriction enzyme are arranged in the opposite ends and in proximity of the first inverted repeat such that nicking by programmable nicking enzyme and restriction enzyme cleavage result in a bottom strand 3′ overhang comprising the first inverted repeat or a fragment thereof (e.g., at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of the first inverted repeat) upon separation of the top from the bottom strand of the first inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Sections 5.2.3, 5.2.4 and 5.3.2); ii) an expression cassette (e.g. as described in Section 5.3.3); and iii) a second inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Section 5.3.1), wherein a second target site for the guide nucleic acid for programmable nicking enzyme and a second restriction site for restriction enzyme are arranged in the opposite ends and in proximity of the second inverted repeat such that nicking by programmable nicking enzyme and restriction enzyme cleavage result in a bottom strand 5′ overhang comprising the second inverted repeat or a fragment thereof (e.g., at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of the second inverted repeat) upon separation of the top from the bottom strand of the second inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Sections 5.2.3, 5.2.4 and 5.3.2), wherein the first restriction site for restriction enzyme is more distal to expression cassette than the first target site for the guide nucleic acid for programmable nicking enzyme and the second restriction site for restriction enzyme is more distal to expression cassette than the second target site for the guide nucleic acid for programmable nicking enzyme. In certain embodiments, the bottom strand 3′ overhang comprises the first inverted repeat. In certain embodiments, the bottom strand 5′ overhang comprises the second inverted repeat. In certain embodiments, the bottom strand 3′ overhang comprises the first inverted repeat and the bottom strand 5′ overhang comprises the second inverted repeat.

In yet another aspect, provided herein is a double-stranded DNA molecule comprising in 5′ to 3′ direction of the top strand: i) a first inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Section 5.3.1), wherein a first target site for the guide nucleic acid for programmable nicking enzyme and a first restriction site for restriction enzyme are arranged in the opposite ends and in proximity of the first inverted repeat such that nicking by programmable nicking enzyme and restriction enzyme cleavage result in a top strand 5′ overhang comprising the first inverted repeat or a fragment thereof (e.g., at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of the first inverted repeat) upon separation of the top from the bottom strand of the first inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Sections 5.2.3, 5.2.4 and 5.3.2); ii) an expression cassette (e.g. as described in Section 5.3.3); and iii) a second inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Section 5.3.1), wherein a second target site for the guide nucleic acid for programmable nicking enzyme and a second restriction site for restriction enzyme are arranged in the opposite ends and in proximity of the second inverted repeat such that nicking by programmable nicking enzyme and restriction enzyme cleavage result in a bottom strand 5′ overhang comprising the second inverted repeat or a fragment thereof (e.g., at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of the second inverted repeat) upon separation of the top from the bottom strand of the second inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Sections 5.2.3, 5.2.4 and 5.3.2), wherein the first restriction site for restriction enzyme is more distal to expression cassette than the first target site for the guide nucleic acid for programmable nicking enzyme and the second restriction site for restriction enzyme is more distal to expression cassette than the second target site for the guide nucleic acid for programmable nicking enzyme. In certain embodiments, the top strand 5′ overhang comprises the first inverted repeat. In certain embodiments, the bottom strand 5′ overhang comprises the second inverted repeat. In certain embodiments, the top strand 5′ overhang comprises the first inverted repeat and the bottom strand 5′ overhang comprises the second inverted repeat.

In a further aspect, provide herein is a double strand DNA molecule comprising in 5′ to 3′ direction of the top strand: i) a first inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Section 5.3.1), wherein a first target site for the guide nucleic acid for programmable nicking enzyme and a first restriction site for restriction enzyme are arranged in the opposite ends and in proximity of the first inverted repeat such that nicking by programmable nicking enzyme and restriction enzyme cleavage result in a bottom strand 3′ overhang comprising the first inverted repeat or a fragment thereof (e.g., at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of the first inverted repeat) upon separation of the top from the bottom strand of the first inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Sections 5.2.3, 5.2.4 and 5.3.2); ii) an expression cassette (e.g. as described in Section 5.3.3); and iii) a second inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Section 5.3.1), wherein a second target site for the guide nucleic acid for programmable nicking enzyme and a second restriction site for restriction enzyme are arranged in the opposite ends and in proximity of the second inverted repeat such that nicking by programmable nicking enzyme and restriction enzyme cleavage result in a top strand 3′ overhang comprising the second inverted repeat or a fragment thereof (e.g., at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of the second inverted repeat) upon separation of the top from the bottom strand of the second inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Sections 5.2.3, 5.2.4 and 5.3.2), wherein the first restriction site for restriction enzyme is more distal to expression cassette than the first target site for the guide nucleic acid for programmable nicking enzyme and the second restriction site for restriction enzyme is more distal to expression cassette than the second target site for the guide nucleic acid for programmable nicking enzyme. In certain embodiments, the bottom strand 3′ overhang comprises the first inverted repeat. In certain embodiments, the top strand 3′ overhang comprises the second inverted repeat. In certain embodiments, the bottom strand 3′ overhang comprises the first inverted repeat and the top strand 3′ overhang comprises the second inverted repeat.

Additionally, in one aspect, provided herein is a double-stranded DNA molecule comprising in 5′ to 3′ direction of the top strand: i) a first inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Section 5.3.1), wherein a first and a second target site for the guide nucleic acids for programmable nicking enzyme are arranged on opposite strands in proximity of the first inverted repeat such that nicking by programmable nicking enzyme results in a top strand 5′ overhang comprising the first inverted repeat or a fragment thereof (e.g., at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of the first inverted repeat) upon separation of the top from the bottom strand of the first inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Sections 5.2.3, 5.2.4 and 5.3.2); ii) an expression cassette (e.g. as described in Section 5.3.3); and iii) a second inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Section 5.3.1), wherein a third target site for the guide nucleic acid for programmable nicking enzyme and a first restriction site for restriction enzyme are arranged in the opposite ends and in proximity of the second inverted repeat such that nicking by programmable nicking enzyme and restriction enzyme cleavage result in a top strand 3′ overhang comprising the second inverted repeat or a fragment thereof (e.g., at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of the second inverted repeat) upon separation of the top from the bottom strand of the second inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Sections 5.2.3, 5.2.4 and 5.3.2), wherein the first restriction site for restriction enzyme is more distal to expression cassette than the third target site for the guide nucleic acid for programmable nicking enzyme. In certain embodiments, the top strand 5′ overhang comprises the first inverted repeat. In certain embodiments, the top strand 3′ overhang comprises the second inverted repeat. In certain embodiments, the top 5′ overhang comprises the first inverted repeat and the top strand 3′ overhang comprises the second inverted repeat.

In another aspect, provided herein is a double strand DNA molecule comprising in 5′ to 3′ direction of the top strand: i) a first inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Section 5.3.1), wherein a first and a second target site for the guide nucleic acids for programmable nicking enzyme are arranged on opposite strands in proximity of the first inverted repeat such that nicking by programmable nicking enzyme results in a bottom strand 3′ overhang comprising the first inverted repeat or a fragment thereof (e.g., at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of the first inverted repeat) upon separation of the top from the bottom strand of the first inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Sections 5.2.3, 5.2.4 and 5.3.2); ii) an expression cassette (e.g. as described in Section 5.3.3); and iii) a second inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Section 5.3.1), wherein a third target site for the guide nucleic acid for programmable nicking enzyme and a first restriction site for restriction enzyme are arranged in the opposite ends and in proximity of the second inverted repeat such that nicking by programmable nicking enzyme and restriction enzyme cleavage result in a bottom strand 5′ overhang comprising the second inverted repeat or a fragment thereof (e.g., at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of the second inverted repeat) upon separation of the top from the bottom strand of the second inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Sections 5.2.3, 5.2.4 and 5.3.2), wherein the first restriction site for restriction enzyme is more distal to expression cassette than the third target site for the guide nucleic acid for programmable nicking enzyme. In certain embodiments, the bottom strand 3′ overhang comprises the first inverted repeat. In certain embodiments, the bottom strand 5′ overhang comprises the second inverted repeat. In certain embodiments, the bottom strand 3′ overhang comprises the first inverted repeat and the bottom strand 5′ overhang comprises the second inverted repeat.

In yet another aspect, provided herein is a double-stranded DNA molecule comprising in 5′ to 3′ direction of the top strand: i) a first inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Section 5.3.1), wherein a first and a second target site for the guide nucleic acids for programmable nicking enzyme are arranged on opposite strands in proximity of the first inverted repeat such that nicking by programmable nicking enzyme results in a top strand 5′ overhang comprising the first inverted repeat or a fragment thereof (e.g., at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of the first inverted repeat) upon separation of the top from the bottom strand of the first inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Sections 5.2.3, 5.2.4 and 5.3.2); ii) an expression cassette (e.g. as described in Section 5.3.3); and iii) a second inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Section 5.3.1), wherein a third target site for the guide nucleic acid for programmable nicking enzyme and a first restriction site for restriction enzyme are arranged in the opposite ends and in proximity of the second inverted repeat such that nicking by programmable nicking enzyme and restriction enzyme cleavage result in a bottom strand 5′ overhang comprising the second inverted repeat or a fragment thereof (e.g., at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of the second inverted repeat) upon separation of the top from the bottom strand of the second inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Sections 5.2.3, 5.2.4 and 5.3.2), wherein the first restriction site for restriction enzyme is more distal to expression cassette than the third target site for the guide nucleic acid for programmable nicking enzyme. In certain embodiments, the top strand 5′ overhang comprises the first inverted repeat. In certain embodiments, the bottom strand 5′ overhang comprises the second inverted repeat. In certain embodiments, the top strand 5′ overhang comprises the first inverted repeat and the bottom strand 5′ overhang comprises the second inverted repeat.

In a further aspect, provide herein is a double strand DNA molecule comprising in 5′ to 3′ direction of the top strand: i) a first inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Section 5.3.1), wherein a first and a second target site for the guide nucleic acids for programmable nicking enzyme are arranged on opposite strands in proximity of the first inverted repeat such that nicking by programmable nicking enzyme results in a bottom strand 3′ overhang comprising the first inverted repeat or a fragment thereof (e.g., at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of the first inverted repeat) upon separation of the top from the bottom strand of the first inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Sections 5.2.3, 5.2.4 and 5.3.2); ii) an expression cassette (e.g. as described in Section 5.3.3); and iii) a second inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Section 5.3.1), wherein a third target site for the guide nucleic acid for programmable nicking enzyme and a first restriction site for restriction enzyme are arranged in the opposite ends and in proximity of the second inverted repeat such that nicking by programmable nicking enzyme and restriction enzyme cleavage result in a top strand 3′ overhang comprising the second inverted repeat or a fragment thereof (e.g., at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of the second inverted repeat) upon separation of the top from the bottom strand of the second inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Sections 5.2.3, 5.2.4 and 5.3.2), wherein the first restriction site for restriction enzyme is more distal to expression cassette than the third target site for the guide nucleic acid for programmable nicking enzyme. In certain embodiments, the bottom strand 3′ overhang comprises the first inverted repeat. In certain embodiments, the top strand 3′ overhang comprises the second inverted repeat. In certain embodiments, the bottom strand 3′ overhang comprises the first inverted repeat and the top strand 3′ overhang comprises the second inverted repeat.

Additionally, in one aspect, provided herein is a double-stranded DNA molecule comprising in 5′ to 3′ direction of the top strand: i) a first inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Section 5.3.1), wherein a first target site for the guide nucleic acid for programmable nicking enzyme and a first restriction site for restriction enzyme are arranged in the opposite ends and in proximity of the first inverted repeat such that nicking by programmable nicking enzyme and restriction enzyme cleavage result in a top strand 5′ overhang comprising the first inverted repeat or a fragment thereof (e.g., at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of the first inverted repeat) upon separation of the top from the bottom strand of the first inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Sections 5.2.3, 5.2.4 and 5.3.2); ii) an expression cassette (e.g. as described in Section 5.3.3); and iii) a second inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Section 5.3.1), wherein a second and a third target site for the guide nucleic acids for programmable nicking enzyme are arranged on opposite strands in proximity of the second inverted repeat such that nicking by programmable nicking enzyme results in a top strand 3′ overhang comprising the second inverted repeat or a fragment thereof (e.g., at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of the second inverted repeat) upon separation of the top from the bottom strand of the second inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Sections 5.2.3, 5.2.4 and 5.3.2), wherein the first restriction site for restriction enzyme is more distal to expression cassette than the first target site for the guide nucleic acid for programmable nicking enzyme. In certain embodiments, the top strand 5′ overhang comprises the first inverted repeat. In certain embodiments, the top strand 3′ overhang comprises the second inverted repeat. In certain embodiments, the top strand 5′ overhang comprises the first inverted repeat and the top strand 3′ overhang comprises the second inverted repeat.

In another aspect, provided herein is a double strand DNA molecule comprising in 5′ to 3′ direction of the top strand: i) a first inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Section 5.3.1), wherein a first target site for the guide nucleic acid for programmable nicking enzyme and a first restriction site for restriction enzyme are arranged in the opposite ends and in proximity of the first inverted repeat such that nicking by programmable nicking enzyme and restriction enzyme cleavage result in a bottom strand 3′ overhang comprising the first inverted repeat or a fragment thereof (e.g., at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of the first inverted repeat) upon separation of the top from the bottom strand of the first inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Sections 5.2.3, 5.2.4 and 5.3.2); ii) an expression cassette (e.g. as described in Section 5.3.3); and iii) a second inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Section 5.3.1), wherein a second and a third target site for the guide nucleic acids for programmable nicking enzyme are arranged on opposite strands in proximity of the second inverted repeat such that nicking by programmable nicking enzyme results in a bottom strand 5′ overhang comprising the second inverted repeat or a fragment thereof (e.g., at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of the second inverted repeat) upon separation of the top from the bottom strand of the second inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Sections 5.2.3, 5.2.4 and 5.3.2), wherein the first restriction site for restriction enzyme is more distal to expression cassette than the first target site for the guide nucleic acid for programmable nicking enzyme. In certain embodiments, the bottom strand 3′ overhang comprises the first inverted repeat. In certain embodiments, the bottom strand 5′ overhang comprises the second inverted repeat. In certain embodiments, the bottom strand 3′ overhang comprises the first inverted repeat and the bottom strand 5′ overhang comprises the second inverted repeat.

In yet another aspect, provided herein is a double-stranded DNA molecule comprising in 5′ to 3′ direction of the top strand: i) a first inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Section 5.3.1), wherein a first target site for the guide nucleic acid for programmable nicking enzyme and a first restriction site for restriction enzyme are arranged in the opposite ends and in proximity of the first inverted repeat such that nicking by programmable nicking enzyme and restriction enzyme cleavage result in a top strand 5′ overhang comprising the first inverted repeat or a fragment thereof (e.g., at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of the first inverted repeat) upon separation of the top from the bottom strand of the first inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Sections 5.2.3, 5.2.4 and 5.3.2); ii) an expression cassette (e.g. as described in Section 5.3.3); and iii) a second inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Section 5.3.1), wherein a second and a third target site for the guide nucleic acids for programmable nicking enzyme are arranged on opposite strands in proximity of the second inverted repeat such that nicking by programmable nicking enzyme results in a bottom strand 5′ overhang comprising the second inverted repeat or a fragment thereof (e.g., at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of the second inverted repeat) upon separation of the top from the bottom strand of the second inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Sections 5.2.3, 5.2.4 and 5.3.2), wherein the first restriction site for restriction enzyme is more distal to expression cassette than the first target site for the guide nucleic acid for programmable nicking enzyme. In certain embodiments, the top strand 5′ overhang comprises the first inverted repeat. In certain embodiments, the bottom strand 5′ overhang comprises the second inverted repeat. In certain embodiments, the top strand 5′ overhang comprises the first inverted repeat and the bottom strand 5′ overhang comprises the second inverted repeat.

In a further aspect, provide herein is a double strand DNA molecule comprising in 5′ to 3′ direction of the top strand: i) a first inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Section 5.3.1), wherein a first target site for the guide nucleic acid for programmable nicking enzyme and a first restriction site for restriction enzyme are arranged in the opposite ends and in proximity of the first inverted repeat such that nicking by programmable nicking enzyme and restriction enzyme cleavage result in a bottom strand 3′ overhang comprising the first inverted repeat or a fragment thereof (e.g., at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of the first inverted repeat) upon separation of the top from the bottom strand of the first inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Sections 5.2.3, 5.2.4 and 5.3.2); ii) an expression cassette (e.g. as described in Section 5.3.3); and iii) a second inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Section 5.3.1), wherein a second and a third target site for the guide nucleic acids for programmable nicking enzyme are arranged on opposite strands in proximity of the second inverted repeat such that nicking by programmable nicking enzyme results in a top strand 3′ overhang comprising the second inverted repeat or a fragment thereof (e.g., at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of the second inverted repeat) upon separation of the top from the bottom strand of the second inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Sections 5.2.3, 5.2.4 and 5.3.2), wherein the first restriction site for restriction enzyme is more distal to expression cassette than the first target site for the guide nucleic acid for programmable nicking enzyme. In certain embodiments, the bottom strand 3′ overhang comprises the first inverted repeat. In certain embodiments, the top strand 3′ overhang comprises the second inverted repeat. In certain embodiments, the bottom strand 3′ overhang comprises the first inverted repeat and the top strand 3′ overhang comprises the second inverted repeat.

The DNA molecules provided in this Section (Section 5.3.6) comprise various features or have various embodiments as described in this Section (Section 5.3.6), which features and embodiments are further described in the various subsections below: the embodiments for the inverted repeats, including the first inverted repeat and/or the second inverted repeat, are described in Section 5.3.1, the embodiments for the restriction enzymes, nicking endonucleases, and their respective restriction sites are described in Section 5.3.2, the embodiments for the programmable nicking enzymes and their target sites are described in Section 5.2.4, the embodiments for the expression cassette are described in Section 5.3.3, and the embodiments for plasmids and vectors are described in Section 5.3.5. As such, the disclosure provides DNA molecules comprising any permutations and combinations of the various embodiments of DNA molecules and embodiments of features of the DNA molecules described herein.

The various embodiments described in this Section (Section 5.3.6) with nicking endonucleases are interchangeable with programmable nicking enzyme and restriction sites for nicking endonucleases are interchangeable with the target sites for programmable nicking enzyme. As such, additional embodiments of any combination resulted by replacing one or more elements of nicking endonucleases with programmable nicking enzyme and/or replacing one or more elements of restriction sites for nicking endonucleases with the target sites for programmable nicking enzyme are provided herein in this Section (Section 5.3.6). The programmable nicking enzymes and their targeting sites for this paragraph and this Section (Section 5.3.3) have been provided in Section 5.2.4.

5.3.7 Isolated DNA Molecules

One of the advantages of the methods and DNA molecules provided herein is the purity of the isolated DNA molecules produced in the methods and provided herein, because the DNA molecules provided herein are resistant to exonuclease or other DNA digestion enzymes and thus can be treated, as described in Section 5.2.6, with such exonuclease or DNA digestion enzymes to remove the DNA contaminants that are susceptible to such treatment. As already described in the paragraphs between the heading of Section 5.3 and the heading of Section 5.3.1, the DNA molecules provided herein including in Sections 3, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, and 6 can be isolated DNA molecules of various purity. Furthermore, the disclosure provides and a person of ordinary skill in the art would understand that the DNA molecules provided herein including in Sections 3, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, and 6 can be free of certain general DNA contaminants, free of certain specific DNA contaminants, or both free of certain general DNA contaminants and free of certain specific DNA contaminants.

Accordingly, in one embodiment, the isolated DNA molecules are free of fragments of the DNA molecules. In another embodiment, the isolated DNA molecules are free of nucleic acid contaminants that are not fragments of the DNA molecules. In a further embodiment, the isolated DNA molecules are free of baculoviral DNA. In one embodiment, the isolated DNA molecules are free of fragments of the DNA molecules and free of nucleic acid contaminants that are not fragments of the DNA molecules. In another embodiment, the isolated DNA molecules are free of fragments of the DNA molecules and free of baculoviral DNA. In a further embodiment, the isolated DNA molecules are free of baculoviral DNA and free of nucleic acid contaminants that are not fragments of the DNA molecules. In yet another embodiment, the isolated DNA molecules are free of fragments of the DNA molecules, free of baculoviral DNA, and free of nucleic acid contaminants that are not fragments of the DNA molecules.

Specifically, in one embodiment, the fragments of the DNA molecules are no more than 1%, no more than 2%, no more than 3%, no more than 4%, no more than 5%, no more than 6%, no more than 7%, no more than 8%, no more than 9%, no more than 10%, no more than 11%, no more than 12%, no more than 13%, no more than 14%, no more than 15%, no more than 16%, no more than 17%, no more than 18%, no more than 19%, no more than 20%, no more than 21%, no more than 22%, no more than 23%, no more than 24%, no more than 25%, no more than 26%, no more than 27%, no more than 28%, no more than 29%, no more than 30%, no more than 31%, no more than 32%, no more than 33%, no more than 34%, no more than 35%, no more than 36%, no more than 37%, no more than 38%, no more than 39%, no more than 40%, no more than 41%, no more than 42%, no more than 43%, no more than 44%, no more than 45%, no more than 46%, no more than 47%, no more than 48%, no more than 49%, or no more than 50% of the isolated DNA molecules. In another embodiment, the fragments of the DNA molecules are less than 1%, less than 2%, less than 3%, less than 4%, less than 5%, less than 6%, less than 7%, less than 8%, less than 9%, less than 10%, less than 11%, less than 12%, less than 13%, less than 14%, less than 15%, less than 16%, less than 17%, less than 18%, less than 19%, less than 20%, less than 21%, less than 22%, less than 23%, less than 24%, less than 25%, less than 26%, less than 27%, less than 28%, less than 29%, less than 30%, less than 31%, less than 32%, less than 33%, less than 34%, less than 35%, less than 36%, less than 37%, less than 38%, less than 39%, less than 40%, less than 41%, less than 42%, less than 43%, less than 44%, less than 45%, less than 46%, less than 47%, less than 48%, less than 49%, or less than 50% of the isolated DNA molecules. In yet another embodiment, the fragments of the DNA molecules are about 1%, about 2%, about 3%, about 4%, about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, about 9%, about 10%, about 11%, about 12%, about 13%, about 14%, about 15%, about 16%, about 17%, about 18%, about 19%, about 20%, about 21%, about 22%, about 23%, about 24%, about 25%, about 26%, about 27%, about 28%, about 29%, about 30%, about 31%, about 32%, about 33%, about 34%, about 35%, about 36%, about 37%, about 38%, about 39%, about 40%, about 41%, about 42%, about 43%, about 44%, about 45%, about 46%, about 47%, about 48%, about 49%, or about 50% of the isolated DNA molecules.

Additionally, in one embodiment, the nucleic acid contaminants that are not fragments of the DNA molecules are no more than 1%, no more than 2%, no more than 3%, no more than 4%, no more than 5%, no more than 6%, no more than 7%, no more than 8%, no more than 9%, no more than 10%, no more than 11%, no more than 12%, no more than 13%, no more than 14%, no more than 15%, no more than 16%, no more than 17%, no more than 18%, no more than 19%, no more than 20%, no more than 21%, no more than 22%, no more than 23%, no more than 24%, no more than 25%, no more than 26%, no more than 27%, no more than 28%, no more than 29%, no more than 30%, no more than 31%, no more than 32%, no more than 33%, no more than 34%, no more than 35%, no more than 36%, no more than 37%, no more than 38%, no more than 39%, no more than 40%, no more than 41%, no more than 42%, no more than 43%, no more than 44%, no more than 45%, no more than 46%, no more than 47%, no more than 48%, no more than 49%, or no more than 50% of the isolated DNA molecules. In another embodiment, the nucleic acid contaminants that are not fragments of the DNA molecules are less than 1%, less than 2%, less than 3%, less than 4%, less than 5%, less than 6%, less than 7%, less than 8%, less than 9%, less than 10%, less than 11%, less than 12%, less than 13%, less than 14%, less than 15%, less than 16%, less than 17%, less than 18%, less than 19%, less than 20%, less than 21%, less than 22%, less than 23%, less than 24%, less than 25%, less than 26%, less than 27%, less than 28%, less than 29%, less than 30%, less than 31%, less than 32%, less than 33%, less than 34%, less than 35%, less than 36%, less than 37%, less than 38%, less than 39%, less than 40%, less than 41%, less than 42%, less than 43%, less than 44%, less than 45%, less than 46%, less than 47%, less than 48%, less than 49%, or less than 50% of the isolated DNA molecules. In yet another embodiment, the nucleic acid contaminants that are not fragments of the DNA molecules are about 1%, about 2%, about 3%, about 4%, about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, about 9%, about 10%, about 11%, about 12%, about 13%, about 14%, about 15%, about 16%, about 17%, about 18%, about 19%, about 20%, about 21%, about 22%, about 23%, about 24%, about 25%, about 26%, about 27%, about 28%, about 29%, about 30%, about 31%, about 32%, about 33%, about 34%, about 35%, about 36%, about 37%, about 38%, about 39%, about 40%, about 41%, about 42%, about 43%, about 44%, about 45%, about 46%, about 47%, about 48%, about 49%, or about 50% of the isolated DNA molecules.

In addition, in one embodiment, the baculoviral DNA are no more than 1%, no more than 2%, no more than 3%, no more than 4%, no more than 5%, no more than 6%, no more than 7%, no more than 8%, no more than 9%, no more than 10%, no more than 11%, no more than 12%, no more than 13%, no more than 14%, no more than 15%, no more than 16%, no more than 17%, no more than 18%, no more than 19%, no more than 20%, no more than 21%, no more than 22%, no more than 23%, no more than 24%, no more than 25%, no more than 26%, no more than 27%, no more than 28%, no more than 29%, no more than 30%, no more than 31%, no more than 32%, no more than 33%, no more than 34%, no more than 35%, no more than 36%, no more than 37%, no more than 38%, no more than 39%, no more than 40%, no more than 41%, no more than 42%, no more than 43%, no more than 44%, no more than 45%, no more than 46%, no more than 47%, no more than 48%, no more than 49%, or no more than 50% of the isolated DNA molecules. In another embodiment, the baculoviral DNA are less than 1%, less than 2%, less than 3%, less than 4%, less than 5%, less than 6%, less than 7%, less than 8%, less than 9%, less than 10%, less than 11%, less than 12%, less than 13%, less than 14%, less than 15%, less than 16%, less than 17%, less than 18%, less than 19%, less than 20%, less than 21%, less than 22%, less than 23%, less than 24%, less than 25%, less than 26%, less than 27%, less than 28%, less than 29%, less than 30%, less than 31%, less than 32%, less than 33%, less than 34%, less than 35%, less than 36%, less than 37%, less than 38%, less than 39%, less than 40%, less than 41%, less than 42%, less than 43%, less than 44%, less than 45%, less than 46%, less than 47%, less than 48%, less than 49%, or less than 50% of the isolated DNA molecules. In yet another embodiment, the baculoviral DNA are about 1%, about 2%, about 3%, about 4%, about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, about 9%, about 10%, about 11%, about 12%, about 13%, about 14%, about 15%, about 16%, about 17%, about 18%, about 19%, about 20%, about 21%, about 22%, about 23%, about 24%, about 25%, about 26%, about 27%, about 28%, about 29%, about 30%, about 31%, about 32%, about 33%, about 34%, about 35%, about 36%, about 37%, about 38%, about 39%, about 40%, about 41%, about 42%, about 43%, about 44%, about 45%, about 46%, about 47%, about 48%, about 49%, or about 50% of the isolated DNA molecules.

The various embodiments the isolated DNA molecules provided herein of various purities with respect to the specific contaminants as described in the preceding paragraphs (e.g. fragments of the DNA molecules, nucleic acid contaminants that are not fragments of the DNA molecules, and/or baculoviral DNA) of this Section 5.3.7 are not mutually exclusive and thus can be combined in various combinations by selecting and combining any embodiments provided in the list of the preceding paragraphs of this Section 5.3.7. Furthermore, the isolated DNA molecules provided in this Section 5.3.7 and those in the paragraphs between the heading of Section 5.3 and the heading of Section 5.3.1 can also be combined in various combinations by selecting and combining any suitable embodiments provided in the list described therein.

5.3.8 DNA Molecules Packaged in Viral Particles

The DNA molecules provided herein, including those in Sections 3, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, and 6, can be packaged in viral particles. Such viral particle can be packaged by transfecting the DNA molecules into a suitable host cell (e.g. HEK 293) and co-transfecting the host cells with other molecules necessary for viral packaging (e.g. viral capsid (Cap) protein), as described in Grieger J C, et al., Nat Protoc 2006; 1:1412-1428; and Liujiang Song, Hum Gene Ther, 2020 October; 31(19-20):1054-1067, both of which are incorporated herein in their entireties by reference. One of the advantages of the methods and DNA molecules provided herein is the purity of the DNA molecules provided herein when produced and packaged in viral particles, because the isolated DNA molecules of various purity as provided in Section 5.3.7 can be transfected into host cells and/or packaged in viral particles, thereby providing DNA molecules having various purity in packaged viral particles. Accordingly, the disclosure provides and a person of ordinary skill in the art would understand that the DNA molecules provided herein including in Sections 3, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, and 6 can be free of certain general DNA contaminants, free of certain specific DNA contaminants, or both free of certain general DNA contaminants and free of certain specific DNA contaminants, when such DNA molecules are packaged in viral particles.

Accordingly, in one embodiment, the DNA molecules packaged in viral particles are free of fragments of the DNA molecules. In another embodiment, the DNA molecules packaged in viral particles are free of nucleic acid contaminants that are not fragments of the DNA molecules. In a further embodiment, the DNA molecules packaged in viral particles are free of baculoviral DNA. In one embodiment, the DNA molecules packaged in viral particles are free of fragments of the DNA molecules and free of nucleic acid contaminants that are not fragments of the DNA molecules. In another embodiment, the DNA molecules packaged in viral particles are free of fragments of the DNA molecules and free of baculoviral DNA. In a further embodiment, the DNA molecules packaged in viral particles are free of baculoviral DNA and free of nucleic acid contaminants that are not fragments of the DNA molecules. In yet another embodiment, the DNA molecules packaged in viral particles are free of fragments of the DNA molecules, free of baculoviral DNA, and free of nucleic acid contaminants that are not fragments of the DNA molecules.

Specifically, in one embodiment, the fragments of the DNA molecules are no more than 1%, no more than 2%, no more than 3%, no more than 4%, no more than 5%, no more than 6%, no more than 7%, no more than 8%, no more than 9%, no more than 10%, no more than 11%, no more than 12%, no more than 13%, no more than 14%, no more than 15%, no more than 16%, no more than 17%, no more than 18%, no more than 19%, no more than 20%, no more than 21%, no more than 22%, no more than 23%, no more than 24%, no more than 25%, no more than 26%, no more than 27%, no more than 28%, no more than 29%, no more than 30%, no more than 31%, no more than 32%, no more than 33%, no more than 34%, no more than 35%, no more than 36%, no more than 37%, no more than 38%, no more than 39%, no more than 40%, no more than 41%, no more than 42%, no more than 43%, no more than 44%, no more than 45%, no more than 46%, no more than 47%, no more than 48%, no more than 49%, or no more than 50% of the DNA molecules packaged in viral particles. In another embodiment, the fragments of the DNA molecules are less than 1%, less than 2%, less than 3%, less than 4%, less than 5%, less than 6%, less than 7%, less than 8%, less than 9%, less than 10%, less than 11%, less than 12%, less than 13%, less than 14%, less than 15%, less than 16%, less than 17%, less than 18%, less than 19%, less than 20%, less than 21%, less than 22%, less than 23%, less than 24%, less than 25%, less than 26%, less than 27%, less than 28%, less than 29%, less than 30%, less than 31%, less than 32%, less than 33%, less than 34%, less than 35%, less than 36%, less than 37%, less than 38%, less than 39%, less than 40%, less than 41%, less than 42%, less than 43%, less than 44%, less than 45%, less than 46%, less than 47%, less than 48%, less than 49%, or less than 50% of the DNA molecules packaged in viral particles. In yet another embodiment, the fragments of the DNA molecules are about 1%, about 2%, about 3%, about 4%, about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, about 9%, about 10%, about 11%, about 12%, about 13%, about 14%, about 15%, about 16%, about 17%, about 18%, about 19%, about 20%, about 21%, about 22%, about 23%, about 24%, about 25%, about 26%, about 27%, about 28%, about 29%, about 30%, about 31%, about 32%, about 33%, about 34%, about 35%, about 36%, about 37%, about 38%, about 39%, about 40%, about 41%, about 42%, about 43%, about 44%, about 45%, about 46%, about 47%, about 48%, about 49%, or about 50% of the DNA molecules packaged in viral particles.

Additionally, in one embodiment, the nucleic acid contaminants that are not fragments of the DNA molecules are no more than 1%, no more than 2%, no more than 3%, no more than 4%, no more than 5%, no more than 6%, no more than 7%, no more than 8%, no more than 9%, no more than 10%, no more than 11%, no more than 12%, no more than 13%, no more than 14%, no more than 15%, no more than 16%, no more than 17%, no more than 18%, no more than 19%, no more than 20%, no more than 21%, no more than 22%, no more than 23%, no more than 24%, no more than 25%, no more than 26%, no more than 27%, no more than 28%, no more than 29%, no more than 30%, no more than 31%, no more than 32%, no more than 33%, no more than 34%, no more than 35%, no more than 36%, no more than 37%, no more than 38%, no more than 39%, no more than 40%, no more than 41%, no more than 42%, no more than 43%, no more than 44%, no more than 45%, no more than 46%, no more than 47%, no more than 48%, no more than 49%, or no more than 50% of the DNA molecules packaged in viral particles. In another embodiment, the nucleic acid contaminants that are not fragments of the DNA molecules are less than 1%, less than 2%, less than 3%, less than 4%, less than 5%, less than 6%, less than 7%, less than 8%, less than 9%, less than 10%, less than 11%, less than 12%, less than 13%, less than 14%, less than 15%, less than 16%, less than 17%, less than 18%, less than 19%, less than 20%, less than 21%, less than 22%, less than 23%, less than 24%, less than 25%, less than 26%, less than 27%, less than 28%, less than 29%, less than 30%, less than 31%, less than 32%, less than 33%, less than 34%, less than 35%, less than 36%, less than 37%, less than 38%, less than 39%, less than 40%, less than 41%, less than 42%, less than 43%, less than 44%, less than 45%, less than 46%, less than 47%, less than 48%, less than 49%, or less than 50% of the DNA molecules packaged in viral particles. In yet another embodiment, the nucleic acid contaminants that are not fragments of the DNA molecules are about 1%, about 2%, about 3%, about 4%, about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, about 9%, about 10%, about 11%, about 12%, about 13%, about 14%, about 15%, about 16%, about 17%, about 18%, about 19%, about 20%, about 21%, about 22%, about 23%, about 24%, about 25%, about 26%, about 27%, about 28%, about 29%, about 30%, about 31%, about 32%, about 33%, about 34%, about 35%, about 36%, about 37%, about 38%, about 39%, about 40%, about 41%, about 42%, about 43%, about 44%, about 45%, about 46%, about 47%, about 48%, about 49%, or about 50% of the DNA molecules packaged in viral particles.

In addition, in one embodiment, the baculoviral DNA are no more than 1%, no more than 2%, no more than 3%, no more than 4%, no more than 5%, no more than 6%, no more than 7%, no more than 8%, no more than 9%, no more than 10%, no more than 11%, no more than 12%, no more than 13%, no more than 14%, no more than 15%, no more than 16%, no more than 17%, no more than 18%, no more than 19%, no more than 20%, no more than 21%, no more than 22%, no more than 23%, no more than 24%, no more than 25%, no more than 26%, no more than 27%, no more than 28%, no more than 29%, no more than 30%, no more than 31%, no more than 32%, no more than 33%, no more than 34%, no more than 35%, no more than 36%, no more than 37%, no more than 38%, no more than 39%, no more than 40%, no more than 41%, no more than 42%, no more than 43%, no more than 44%, no more than 45%, no more than 46%, no more than 47%, no more than 48%, no more than 49%, or no more than 50% of the DNA molecules packaged in viral particles. In another embodiment, the baculoviral DNA are less than 1%, less than 2%, less than 3%, less than 4%, less than 5%, less than 6%, less than 7%, less than 8%, less than 9%, less than 10%, less than 11%, less than 12%, less than 13%, less than 14%, less than 15%, less than 16%, less than 17%, less than 18%, less than 19%, less than 20%, less than 21%, less than 22%, less than 23%, less than 24%, less than 25%, less than 26%, less than 27%, less than 28%, less than 29%, less than 30%, less than 31%, less than 32%, less than 33%, less than 34%, less than 35%, less than 36%, less than 37%, less than 38%, less than 39%, less than 40%, less than 41%, less than 42%, less than 43%, less than 44%, less than 45%, less than 46%, less than 47%, less than 48%, less than 49%, or less than 50% of the DNA molecules packaged in viral particles. In yet another embodiment, the baculoviral DNA are about 1%, about 2%, about 3%, about 4%, about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, about 9%, about 10%, about 11%, about 12%, about 13%, about 14%, about 15%, about 16%, about 17%, about 18%, about 19%, about 20%, about 21%, about 22%, about 23%, about 24%, about 25%, about 26%, about 27%, about 28%, about 29%, about 30%, about 31%, about 32%, about 33%, about 34%, about 35%, about 36%, about 37%, about 38%, about 39%, about 40%, about 41%, about 42%, about 43%, about 44%, about 45%, about 46%, about 47%, about 48%, about 49%, or about 50% of the DNA molecules packaged in viral particles.

The disclosure provides that the various contaminants described in this Section 5.3.8 can be detected and determined by various methods known and practiced in the field, for example, by Next-generation sequencing (NGS) or by PCR.

The various embodiments the DNA molecules packaged in viral particles provided herein of various purities with respect to the specific contaminants as described in the preceding paragraphs (e.g. fragments of the DNA molecules, nucleic acid contaminants that are not fragments of the DNA molecules, and/or baculoviral DNA) of this Section 5.3.8 are not mutually exclusive and thus can be combined in various combinations by selecting and combining any embodiments provided in the list of the preceding paragraphs of this Section 5.3.8. Furthermore, the DNA molecules packaged in viral particles provided in this Section 5.3.8 and those in the paragraphs between the heading of Section 5.3 and the heading of Section 5.3.1 can also be combined in various combinations by selecting and combining any suitable embodiments provided in the list described therein.

5.4 Hairpin-Ended DNA Molecules

The disclosure provides that the hairpin-ended DNA molecules of this Section (Section 5.4) can be produced by performing the method steps described in Section 5.2 (including Sections 5.2.3, 5.2.4, and 5.2.5) on DNA molecules provided in Section 5.3. As such, the hairpin-ended DNA molecules of this Section (Section 5.4) can (1) comprise the various features of the DNA molecules provided in Sections 3 and 5.3, including IRs or ITRs that can form hairpins as described in Section 5.3.1 and this Section (Section 5.4), specific sequences, origins, and identities of IRs or ITRs as described in Section 5.3.1 and this Section (Section 5.4), expression cassette as described in 5.3.3, restriction sites for nicking endonucleases or restriction enzymes as described in Sections 5.3.2, 5.2.4, and 5.3.6, and the targeting sites for programmable nicking enzymes as described in Section 5.2.4, and/or (2) lacks the RABS and/or TRS sequences as described in Section 5.3.4. Therefore, the disclosure provides that the hairpin-ended DNA molecules of this Section (Section 5.4) can (1) comprise any combination of embodiments of IRs or ITRs that can form hairpins as described in Sections 5.3.1 and this Section (Section 5.4), expression cassette as described in 5.3.3, restriction sites for nicking endonucleases or restriction enzymes as described in Sections 5.3.2, 5.2.4, and 5.3.6, the targeting sites for programmable nicking enzymes as described in Section 5.2.4, and additional features for the vectors provided in this Section (Section 5.4), and/or (2) lacks the RABS and/or TRS sequences as described in Section 5.3.4.

As is clear from the descriptions, the ITRs or the hairpinned ITRs in the hairpin-ended DNA molecules provided in this Section (Section 5.4) can be formed from the ITRs or IRs provided above in Sections 3 and 5.3.1, for example upon performing the method steps described in Sections 3, 5.2.3, 5.2.4, and 5.2.5. Accordingly, in some embodiments, the two ITRs or the two hairpinned ITRs in the hairpin-ended DNA molecules provided in this Section (Section 5.4) can comprise any embodiments of the IRs or ITRs provided in Sections 3 and 5.3.1 and additional embodiments provided in this Section (Section 5.4), in any combination.

In one aspect, provided herein is a double strand DNA molecule comprising in 5′ to 3′ direction of the top strand: a.) a first hairpinned inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Section 5.3.1 and this Section (Section 5.4)); b.) a nick of the bottom strand (e.g. as described in Sections 5.2.4 and 5.3.2, and this Section (Section 5.4)); c.) an expression cassette (e.g. as described 5.3.3 and this Section (Section 5.4)); d.) a nick of the bottom strand (e.g. as described in Sections 5.2.4 and 5.3.2, and this Section (Section 5.4)); and e.) a second hairpinned inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Section 5.3.1 and this Section (Section 5.4)).

In another aspect, provided herein is a double strand DNA molecule comprising in 5′ to 3′ direction of the top strand: a.) a first hairpinned inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Section 5.3.1 and this Section (Section 5.4)); b.) a nick of the top strand (e.g. as described in Sections 5.2.4 and 5.3.2, and this Section (Section 5.4)); c.) an expression cassette (e.g. as described 5.3.3 and this Section (Section 5.4)); d.) a nick of the top strand (e.g. as described in Sections 5.2.4 and 5.3.2, and this Section (Section 5.4)); and e.) a second hairpinned inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Section 5.3.1 and this Section (Section 5.4)).

In yet another aspect, provided herein is a double strand DNA molecule comprising in 5′ to 3′ direction of the top strand: a.) a first hairpinned inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Section 5.3.1 and this Section (Section 5.4)); b.) a nick of the bottom strand (e.g. as described in Sections 5.2.4 and 5.3.2, and this Section (Section 5.4)); c.) an expression cassette (e.g. as described 5.3.3 and this Section (Section 5.4)); d.) a nick of the top strand (e.g. as described in Sections 5.2.4 and 5.3.2, and this Section (Section 5.4)); and e.) a second hairpinned inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Section 5.3.1 and this Section (Section 5.4)).

In a further aspect, provided herein is a double strand DNA molecule comprising in 5′ to 3′ direction of the top strand: a.) a first hairpinned inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Section 5.3.1 and this Section (Section 5.4)); b.) a nick of the top strand (e.g. as described in Sections 5.2.4 and 5.3.2, and this Section (Section 5.4)); c.) an expression cassette (e.g. as described 5.3.3 and this Section (Section 5.4)); d.) a nick of the bottom strand (e.g. as described in Sections 5.2.4 and 5.3.2, and this Section (Section 5.4)); and e.) a second hairpinned inverted repeat (e.g. as described in Section 5.3.1 and this Section (Section 5.4)).

The secondary structure is formed based on conformations (e.g. domains) that include base pair stacking, stems, hairpins, bulges, internal loops and multi-branch loops. A domain-level description of IRs represents the strand and formed complexes in terms of domains rather than specific nucleotide sequences. At the sequence level, each domain is assigned a particular nucleotide sequence or motif, and its complement's sequence is determined by Watson—Crick base pairing. This spans the full range of binding between any pair of complementary nucleotides, including G-T wobble base pairs. The overall set of bound (e.g. base paired) and unbound domains form a unimolecular complex and exhibit various secondary structure. In some embodiments, hairpins can have a base-paired stem and a small loop of unpaired bases. In certain embodiments, the presence of interweaved non-palindromic polynucleotides sections in the polynucleotide sequence can lead to unpaired nucleotides known as bulges. Bulges can have one or more nucleotides and are classified in different types depending on their location: in the top strand (bulge), in both strands (internal loop) or at a junction. The collection of these base pairs constitutes the secondary structure of DNA, which occur in its three-dimensional structure.

A domain-level description for the DNA molecules provided herein are also provided to represent multiple strands and their complexes in terms of domains rather than specific nucleotide sequences. In some embodiments, domains (e.g. sequences motifs) of interacting single stranded DNA strands can exhibit particular secondary structures on a single strand level that can interact with other DNA strands and in some cases take on a hybridized structure when a first strand is bound to a complementary domain on a second strand to form a duplex. Interactions of different DNA strands that generate new complexes or changes in secondary structure can be viewed as “reactions.” Additional unimolecular and bimolecular reactions are also possible at the sequence level. Poor sequence design can lead to sequence-level structures or interactions (e.g. multiple domains of complimentary in the expression cassette) that interfere with the intended reactions of a system comprising one or more DNA molecules provided herein. Undesired interactions can be avoided by design, resulting in reliable and predictable secondary structure formation.

The disclosure provides that the underlying forces leading to the secondary structure of DNA are governed by hydrophobic interactions that underlie thermodynamic laws and the overall conformation may be influenced by physicochemical conditions. An exemplary list of factors determining equilibrium state include the type of solvent, chemical agents crowding, salt concentrations, pH and temperature. While free energy change parameters and enthalpy change parameters derived from experimental literature allow for a prediction of conformation stability, the overall three-dimensional structures of the hairpin formed from the IR sequences, as usual in statistical mechanics, corresponds to an ensemble of molecular conformations, not just one conformation. Predominant conformations cam transition as the physical or chemical conditions (e.g. salts, pH or temperature) are permutated.

“Stem domain” or “stem” refers to a self-complementary nucleotide sequence of the overhang strand that will form Watson-Crick base pairs. The stem comprises primarily Watson-Crick base pairs formed between the two antiparallel stretches of DNA pairs and can be a right-handed helix. In one embodiment, the stem comprise the stretch of self-complimentary DNA sequence in a palindromic sequence.

“Primary stem domain” or “primary stem” refers to the part of self-complementary or reverse complement nucleotide sequences of the ITR that is most proximal to the expression cassette or the non-ITR sequences of the DNA molecule. In one embodiment, the primary stem domain is the self-complimentary stretch of a palindromic sequence that forms the termini of the DNA molecules provided herein and is covalently linked to the non-ITR sequences flanked by the ITRs. The primary stem encompasses both the start as well as the end of an IR sequence. In certain embodiments, the primary stems range in length from 1 to 100 or more bp. The lengths of primary stem region have an effect on denature/renature kinetics. In some specific embodiments, the primary stem region have at least approximately 4 and 25 nucleotides to ensure thermal stability. In other specific embodiments, the primary stem region have about 4 and 25 nucleotides to ensure thermal stability. On the other hand, the inverted repeat domains may be of any length sufficient to maintain an approximate three dimensional structure at physiological conditions.

“Loop” or “loop domain” refers to the region of unpaired nucleotides in an IR or ITR that is not a turning point and not in a stem. In some embodiments, a loop domain is found at the apex of the IR structure. The loop domain can serve as the region in which the local directionality of the DNA strand is reversed to afford the two antiparallel strands of the originating stem. Because of steric repulsion, in certain embodiments, a loop comprises a minimum of two nucleotides to make a turn in a DNA hairpin. In other embodiments, a loop comprises four nucleotides or more. In yet other embodiments, a loop comprises at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, at least 10, at least 11, at least 12, at least 13, at least 14, at least 15, at least 16, at least 17, at least 18, at least 19, at least 20, at least 21, at least 22, at least 23, at least 24, at least 25, at least 26, at least 27, at least 28, at least 29, or at least 30 nucleotides. In some further embodiments, a loop comprises about 2, about 3, about 4, about 5, about 6, about 7, about 8, about 9, about 10, about 11, about 12, about 13, about 14, about 15, about 16, about 17, about 18, about 19, about 20, about 21, about 22, about 23, about 24, about 25, about 26, about 27, about 28, about 29, or about 30 nucleotides. The loop follows a self-complementary sequence of a stem and serves to connect the further nucleotides to the stem domain. In some embodiments, a loop comprise a sequence of oligonucleotides that does not form contiguous duplex structure with other nucleotides in the loop sequence or other elements of the ITR (e.g., the loop remains in flexible, single-stranded form). In one embodiment, the loop sequence that does not form a duplex with other nucleotides in the loop sequence is a series of identical bases (e.g. AAAAAAAA, CCCCCCCC, GGGGGGG or TTTTTTTT). In one embodiment, the loop contains between 2 and 30 nucleotides. In a further embodiment, the loop domain contains between 2 and 15 nucleotides. In yet a further embodiment, the loop comprises a mixture of nucleotides.

As used herein, the term “hairpin” refers to any DNA structure as well as the overall DNA structure, including secondary or tertiary structure, formed from an IR or ITR sequence. As used herein, a “hairpinned” DNA molecule refers to a DNA molecule wherein one or more hairpins has formed in the DNA molecule. In one embodiment, a hairpin comprises a complementary stem and a loop. A hairpin in its simplest form consists of a complementary stem and a loop. A structure encompassing stems and loops are referred to as “stem-loop,” “stem loop,” or “SL.” In another embodiment, a hairpin consists of a complementary stem and a loop. “Branched hairpin” refers to a subset of hairpin that has multiple stem-loops that form branch structures (e.g. as depicted in FIG. 1 ). An IR or ITR after forming hairpin can be referred to as hairpinned ITR or IR. A “hairpin-ended” DNA molecule refers to a DNA molecule wherein a hairpin has formed at one end of the DNA molecule or a hairpin has formed at each of the 2 end of the DNA molecule.

“Turning point” or “apex” refers to the region of unpaired nucleotides at the spatial end of the ITR. The turning point serves as the region in which the global directionality of the DNA strand is reversed to afford the two antiparallel strands of the originating stem. The turning point also marks the point at which the IR or ITR sequence becomes inverted or the reverse compliment.

In some embodiments, the part of ITR following the primary stem domain, can encode a nucleotide sequence, which in contrast to regular double-stranded DNA, can form non-Watson-Crick-based structural elements when folding on itself, including wobbles and mismatches, and structural defects or imperfections, such as bulges and internal loops (see e.g. FIG. 1 ). A “bulge” contains one or more unpaired nucleotides on one strand, whereas “internal loops” contain one or more unpaired nucleotides on both top and bottom strands. Symmetric internal loops tend to distort the helix less than bulges and asymmetric internal loops, which can kink or bend the helix. In some embodiments, the unpaired nucleotides in a stem can engage in diverse structural interactions, such as noncanonical hydrogen bonding and stacking, which lend themselves to additional thermodynamic stability and functional diversity. Without being bound by theory, it is thought that the structural diversity of IR stems and loops leads to complex secondary structures, and functional diversity.

In some embodiment, a hairpin for the hairpin-ended DNA molecule comprises a primary stem. In one embodiment, a hairpin for the hairpin-ended DNA molecule comprises 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, or 50 stems. In another embodiment, a hairpin for the hairpin-ended DNA molecule comprises 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, or 50 loops. In yet another embodiment, a hairpin for the hairpin-ended DNA molecule comprises 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, or 50 internal loops. In a further embodiment, a hairpin for the hairpin-ended DNA molecule comprises 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, or 50 bulges. In one embodiment, a hairpin for the hairpin-ended DNA molecule comprises 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, or 50 branched hairpins. In another embodiment, a hairpin for the hairpin-ended DNA molecule comprises 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, or 50 apexes. In a further embodiments, a hairpin for the hairpin-ended DNA molecule comprise any number of stems, branched hairpins, loops, bulges, apexes, and/or internal loops, in any combination.

In some embodiments, the hairpin structure in the DNA molecules provided herein is formed by a symmetrical overhang. In order to obtain a symmetrical overhang, the modification in the 5′ stem region will require a cognate 3′ modification at the corresponding position in the stem region so that the modified 5′ position(s) can form base pair(s) with the modified 3′ position(s). Such modification to form a symmetrical overhang can be performed as described in the present disclosure in combination with the state of the art at the time of filing. For example, by generating a BstNBI restriction site for nicking endonuclease by an insertion of an A at position 23 will require an insertion of T at position 105 with respect to the wt AAV2 ITR (e.g., SEQ ID NO:162).

In some embodiments, the 5′ and 3′ hairpinned ITRs from a hairpinned ITR pair can have different reverse complement nucleotide sequences to harbor the antiparallel restriction sites for nicking endonuclease (e.g. 5′ ITR such that nicking results in a bottom strand 5′ overhang and the 3′ ITR such that nicking results in a bottom strand 3′ overhang) but still have the same three-dimensional spatial organization such that both ITRs have mutations that result in the same overall 3D shape.

In some embodiments, hairpinned ITRs for use herein can comprise a modification (e.g., deletion, substitution or addition) of at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, or 50 nucleotides in any one or more of the regions selected from: the primary stem domain, a stem, a branched hairpin, a loop, a bulge or an internal loop. In one specific embodiment, the nucleotide in a right hairpinned ITR can be substituted from an A to a G, C or T or deleted or one or more nucleotides added; a nucleotide in a left hairpinned ITR can be changed from a T to a G, C or A, or deleted or one or more nucleotides added.

In some embodiments, hairpinned ITRs for use herein can comprise a modification (e.g., deletion, substitution or addition) of at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, or 50 nucleotides in any one or more of the regions selected from: the primary stem domain, a stem, a branched hairpin, a loop, a bulge or an internal loop, in order to replace or deplete the occurrence of CpG motifs, thereby; (i) reducing or eliminating the binding of such modified hairpinned ITRs to toll like family of receptors (TLRs) (e.g. TLR9) compared to viral wild type ITRs and/or (ii) reduce or diminish ITR transcriptional activity by removing transcriptionally active CpG islands. Transcriptionally active CpG islands are commonly defined as sequences with a C+G ratio of greater than 50% and observed-to-expected CpG dinucleotides at 60% or higher as described in Gardiner-Garden M, Frommer M. CpG Islands in vertebrate genomes. J Mol Biol 1987; 196:261-282. In one specific embodiment, the nucleotide in a right hairpinned ITR can be substituted from an G or C to a A or T or deleted or one or more nucleotides added between a C and G or a G and C; a nucleotide in a left hairpinned ITR can be changed from a C or G to a T or A, or deleted or one or more nucleotides added between a C and G or a G and C. In one specific embodiment the hairpinned ITRs comprise a CpG depleted sequence of

(SEQ ID NO 336) TTGGTCACTCCCTCTCTGTACACTCACTCACTCACTGATCCCTGGATAC CAAAGGTATCCAGACACCCAGTCTTTGACTGGGTGGGATCAGTGAGTGA GTGAGTGTACAGAGAGGGAGTGACCAA:

In some embodiments, the hairpinned ITR of the DNA molecules provided herein can comprise primary stem wherein 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40 or more complementary base pairs are removed from each of the primary stem domains such that the primary stem domain is shorter and has a lower free energy of folding. Briefly, in such embodiments, if a base is removed in the portion of the primary stem domain, the complementary base pair in primary stem domain is also removed, thereby shortening the overall primary stem domain.

In some embodiments, the hairpinned ITR of the DNA molecules provided herein can comprise primary stem wherein 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40 or more complementary base pairs are introduced from each of the primary stem domains such that the primary stem domain is longer and has a higher free energy of folding. Briefly, in such embodiments, if a base is introduced in the portion of the primary stem domain, the complementary base pair in primary stem domain is also introduced, thereby lengthening the overall primary stem domain.

In some embodiments, the hairpinned ITR of the DNA molecules provided herein can comprise primary stem wherein 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40 or more complementary base pairs are substituted from A or T to G or C from each of the primary stem domains such that the primary stem domain is more G/C rich and has a higher free energy of folding. Briefly, in such embodiments, if a base is substitute (e.g. T to G) in the portion of the primary stem domain, the complementary base pair in primary stem domain is also substituted (e.g. A to C, thereby increasing the G/C content the overall primary stem domain.

In further embodiments, the hairpinned ITR of the DNA molecules provided herein can comprise a primary stem wherein 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40 or more complementary base pairs are substituted from G or C to A or T, or deleted or one or more nucleotides added between a C and G or a G and C; from each of the primary stem domains such that the primary stem domain contains less or no CpG motifs and has a lower TLR9 binding propensity than a viral ITR and/or fewer transcriptionally active CpG islands compared to a reference DNA (e.g. the same DNA molecule but with a unmodified primary stem sequence comprising CpG motifs).

In yet another embodiment, the hairpinned ITR of the DNA molecules provided herein can comprise a primary stem wherein 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40 or more complementary base pairs are substituted from G or C to A or T from each of the primary stem domains such that RAPs (e.g. Rep) can no longer efficiently bind to the primary stem domain.

In yet another embodiment, the hairpinned ITR of the DNA molecules provided herein can comprise a primary stem wherein 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40 or more complementary base pairs are substituted from A or T to G or C from each of the primary stem domains such that the primary stem domain is more G/C rich and has a higher free energy of folding such that RAPs (e.g. Rep or NS1) can no longer efficiently bind to the primary stem domain.

In some embodiments, a hairpinned ITR sequence in the DNA molecules provide herein can have between 1 and 40 nucleotide deletions relative to a full-length WT viral ITR sequence while the whole wt ITR sequence is still present in the vector. For example, in a symmetric ITR such as the AAV2 ITR, if restriction sites for nicking endonuclease are each 25 bases away from the Apex, the portion after the restriction site for nicking endonuclease of the overhang does not need to be the wt IR sequence as it will be removed from the DNA molecules after incubation with nicking endonuclease (or nicking endonuclease and restriction enzymes) and denaturing as described in Sections 5.2.3 and 5.2.4. In certain embodiments, a hairpinned ITR sequence in the DNA molecules provide herein can have 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, or 50 nucleotide deletions relative to a full-length WT viral ITR sequence while the whole wt ITR sequence is still present in the vector.

In some embodiments, the restriction site for nicking endonuclease is chosen based on the predicted melting temperature of the isolated nucleotide sequence present in the ITR stem region. In some embodiments, the predicted melting temperature is between 40-95° C. Further embodiments are for the restriction site for nicking endonuclease and the embodiments factoring in melting temperature are described in Sections 5.2.3, 5.2.4, 5.2.5 and 5.3.2 above.

In one embodiment, the length and GC content of the nucleotide sequence encompassing stem region of a hairpinned ITR in a DNA molecule provided herein is further modified by a deletion, insertion, and/or substitution so that a hairpin forms when the temperature is maintained at approximately 4° C. For example, the nucleotide sequence of the structural element can be modified as compared to the wild-type sequence of a viral ITR. In one embodiment, the length and GC content of the stem is designed so that a hairpin forms when the temperature is maintained at approximately 10° C. or more below the melting temperature of the total ITR. The hairpin's melting temperature can be designed by changing the GC content, distance between restriction sites for nicking endonuclease and the junction closest to the primary stem (e.g. number 4 in FIG. 1 ), or sequence mismatch or loop, so that the melting temperature is high enough to allow the hairpinned ITR to remain folded above 50° C. to ensure stable storage. The actual optimal length of the stem can vary with sequence of ITR and micro domains such as branches, loops and arms of the ITR, which can be determined according to the present disclosure in combination of the state of the art.

In some embodiments, the stem region of the hairpinned ITR encode a restriction site for Class II nicking endonuclease (e.g. NNNN downstream of 5′). In some embodiments, the stem region does not contain a restriction site for Class II nicking endonuclease.

In some embodiments, the stem region of the hairpinned ITR encode a restriction site for Class I nicking endonuclease. In some embodiments, the stem region of the hairpinned ITR encode a restriction site for Class III, IV or V nicking endonuclease. FIG. 4 depicts various exemplary arrangements of the restriction sites for endo nuclease in the primary stem of a hairpin.

In some embodiments, the expression cassette in the hairpin-ended DNA molecules can be any embodiments of the expression cassette described in Section 5.3.3. In certain embodiments, the ITRs in the hairpin-ended DNA molecules can be any embodiments of the IR or ITR described in Section 5.3.1. In further embodiments, the arrangement among the ITR, the expression cassette, and the restriction sites for nicking endonuclease or restriction enzymes can be any arrangement as described in Sections 5.2.3, 5.2.4, 5.2.5, 5.3.1, 5.3.2, 5.3.3 and 5.3.6.

In some embodiments, the hairpin-ended DNA comprises a top strand that is covalently linked to the 3′ ITR as well as 5′ ITR and once the ITR is folded, the bottom strand is flanked by two nicks (a first and a second nick) at either end of the bottom strand such that the expression cassette is in between the first nick and the second nick, wherein the first nick is formed between the 3′ end of the bottom strand and the juxtaposed 5′ end of the top strand as a result of top strand 5′ ITR hairpin and the second nick is formed between the 5′ end of the bottom strand and the juxtaposed 3′ end of the top strand as a result of top strand 3′ ITR hairpin.

In some embodiments, the hairpin-ended DNA comprises a bottom strand that is covalently linked to the 3′ ITR as well as 5′ ITR and once the ITR is folded, the top strand is flanked by two nicks (a first nick and a second nick) at either end of the top strand such that the expression cassette is in between the first nick and the second nick, wherein the first nick is formed between the 5′ end of the top strand and the juxtaposed 3′ end of the bottom strand as a result of bottom strand 3′ ITR hairpin and the second nick is formed between the 3′ end of the top strand and the juxtaposed 5′ end of the bottom strand as a result of bottom strand 3′ ITR hairpin.

In some embodiments, the hairpin-ended DNA comprises a top strand that is covalently linked to the 5′ ITR and the bottom strand is covalently linked to the 5′ ITR so that when the ITRs are folded, the first nick is formed adjacent to the bottom strand between the 3′ end of the bottom strand and the juxtaposed 5′ end of the top strand as a result of top strand 5′ ITR hairpin and the second nick is formed adjacent to the top strand between the 3′ end of the top strand and the juxtaposed 5′ end of the bottom strand as a result of bottom strand 5′ ITR hairpin, with the expression cassette being flanked by the first and second nicks.

In some embodiments, the hairpin-ended DNA comprises a top strand that is covalently linked to the 3′ ITR and the bottom strand is covalently linked to the 3′ ITR so that when the ITRs are folded, the first nick is formed adjacent to the top strand between the 5′ end of the top strand and the juxtaposed 3′ end of the bottom strand as a result of bottom strand 3′ ITR hairpin and the second nick is formed adjacent to the bottom strand between the 5′ end of the bottom strand and the juxtaposed 3′ end of the top strand as a result of top strand 3′ ITR hairpin, with the expression cassette being flanked by the first and second nicks.

In some embodiments, the hairpin-ended DNA comprising the two nicks as described in this Section (Section 5.4) and the preceding 4 paragraphs can be ligated to repair the nicks by forming a covalent bond between the two nucleotides flanking the nick. In some embodiments, one of the two nicks described in this Section (Section 5.45.4) and the preceding 4 paragraphs can be ligated and repaired such that when denatured, the DNA molecule becomes a linear single stranded DNA molecule. In some embodiments, the two nicks described in this Section (Section 5.4) and the preceding 4 paragraphs can be ligated and repaired such that when denatured, the DNA molecule becomes a circular single stranded DNA molecule.

In some embodiments, the two flanking ITR pairs in the hairpin-ended DNA molecule comprise identical DNA sequence. In some embodiments, the two flanking ITR pairs in the hairpin-ended DNA molecule comprise different DNA sequences. In some embodiments, one of the ITRs in the hairpin-ended DNA molecule is modified by deletion, insertion, and/or substitution as compared to the other ITR in the same hairpin-ended DNA molecule. In another embodiment, the first ITR and the second ITR in the hairpin-ended DNA molecule are both modified, e.g. by deletion, insertion, and/or substitution. In yet another embodiment, the first ITR and the second ITR in the hairpin-ended DNA molecule comprise different DNA sequences and are both modified. In a further embodiment, the first ITR and the second ITR in the hairpin-ended DNA molecule comprise different DNA sequences and are both modified, wherein the modifications for the two ITRs are different. In yet a further embodiment, the first ITR and the second ITR in the hairpin-ended DNA molecule comprise different DNA sequences and are both modified, wherein the modifications for the two ITRs are identical. In one embodiment, the first ITR and the second ITR in the hairpin-ended DNA molecule comprise identical DNA sequence and are both modified, wherein the modifications for the two ITRs are different. In one embodiment, the first ITR and the second ITR in the hairpin-ended DNA molecule comprise identical DNA sequence and are both modified, wherein the modifications for the two ITRs are identical. In one embodiment, the first ITR and the second ITR in the hairpin-ended DNA are both modified ITRs and the two modified ITRs are not identical. In some embodiments, the hairpin-ended DNA molecules comprise two ITRs that are asymmetric, wherein the asymmetry can be a result of any changes in one ITR that are not reflected in the other ITR. In certain embodiments, the hairpin-ended DNA molecules comprise two ITRs that are asymmetric, wherein the ITRs are different with respect to each other in any way. In certain embodiments, the modifications provided in this paragraph, including deletion, insertion, and/or substitution, can be any such modifications described above in this Section (Section 5.4).

In one aspect, a hairpin-ended DNA molecule provided herein comprises, in the 5′ to 3′ direction: a first IR, a nucleotide sequence of interest and a second IR. In one embodiment, the nucleotide sequence of interest comprises an expression cassette as described herein, e.g. in Sections 5.3.3. In certain embodiments, the hairpin-ended DNA molecules provided herein including in Section 3 and this Section (Section 5.4) comprise an expression cassette, wherein the expression cassette can be any embodiments described in Sections 3 and 5.3.3.

The hairpin-ended DNA molecules can comprise a combination of dsDNA and ssDNA. In some embodiments, certain portion of the hairpin-ended DNA molecules provided in this Section (Section 5.4) is dsDNA. In some embodiments, the dsDNA portion of the hairpin-ended DNA molecules provided in this Section (Section 5.4) comprises the expression cassette, a stem region of the ITR, or both. In some embodiments, certain portion of the hairpin-ended DNA molecules provided in this Section (Section 5.4) is ssDNA. In further embodiments, the dsDNA portion of the hairpin-ended DNA molecules provided in this Section (Section 5.4) In one embodiment, the dsDNA portion of the hairpin-ended DNA molecules provided in this Section (Section 5.4) accounts for over 90% of the hairpin-ended DNA molecules. In another embodiment, the dsDNA portion of the hairpin-ended DNA molecules provided in this Section (Section 5.4) accounts for at least 80%, at least 81%, at least 82%, at least 83%, at least 84%, at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99% of the hairpin-ended DNA molecules. In another embodiment, the dsDNA portion of the hairpin-ended DNA molecules provided in this Section (Section 5.4) accounts for about 80%, about 81%, about 82%, about 83%, about 84%, about 85%, about 86%, about 87%, about 88%, about 89%, about 90%, about 91%, about 92%, about 93%, about 94%, about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, or about 99% of the hairpin-ended DNA molecules.

In some embodiments, the hairpin-ended DNA molecule provided herein can be efficiently targeted or transported to the nucleus of a cell. In one embodiment, the hairpin-ended DNA molecule provided herein can be efficiently targeted or transported to the nucleus of a cell by the binding between the aptamer formed at the ITR and a nucleus protein. In another embodiment, the hairpin-ended DNA molecule provided herein can be efficiently targeted or transported to the nucleus of a cell, such that the abundance of the hairpin-ended DNA molecules in the nucleus is 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, or 100% higher than that in the cytoplasm. In yet another embodiment, the hairpin-ended DNA molecule provided herein can be efficiently targeted or transported to the nucleus of a cell, such that the abundance of the hairpin-ended DNA molecules in the nucleus is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, or 30 fold higher than that in the cytoplasm.

In various embodiments of the hairpin-ended DNA molecule provided herein including in Section (Section 5.4), the hairpin-ended DNA molecule lacks the RABS and/or TRS sequences as described in Section 5.3.4. In others embodiments of the hairpin-ended DNA molecule provided herein including in Section (Section 5.4), the hairpin-ended DNA molecule lacks any or any combination of the DNA sequences, elements, or features as described in Section 5.3.4.

In some additional embodiments, embodiments of the hairpin-ended DNA molecule provided herein including in Section (Section 5.4), the hairpin-ended DNA molecule can be an isolated hairpin-ended DNA molecules in any embodiment with respect to purity as described in Section 5.3.7.

5.5 Functional Properties of the Hairpin-Ended DNA Molecules

In some embodiments, the ITR promotes the long-term survival of the nucleic acid molecule in the nucleus of a cell. In some embodiments, the ITR promotes the permanent survival of the nucleic acid molecule in the nucleus of a cell (e.g., for the entire life-span of the cell). In some embodiments, the ITR promotes the stability of the nucleic acid molecule in the nucleus of a cell. In some embodiments, the ITR inhibits or prevents the degradation of the nucleic acid molecule in the nucleus of a cell.

In some embodiments, when the ITR assumes its folded state, it is resistant to exonuclease digestion (e.g. exonuclease V), e.g. for over an hour at 37° C. In one embodiment, the hairpin-ended DNA molecule is resistant to exonuclease digestion (e.g. digestion by exonuclease V). In another embodiment, the hairpin-ended DNA molecule is resistant to exonuclease digestion (e.g. digestion by exonuclease V) for at least 1, at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, at least 10 or more hours. In yet another embodiment, the hairpin-ended DNA molecule is resistant to exonuclease digestion (e.g. digestion by exonuclease V) for about 1, about 2, about 3, about 4, about 5, about 6, about 7, about 8, about 9, or about 10 hours.

As unexpectedly found by the inventors and provided herein, duplex linear DNA vectors with ITRs similar to viral ITRs can be produced without the need for RAPs and consequently independent of the RABS or TRS sequence for genome replication.

Accordingly, the RABS and TRS can optionally be encoded in the nucleotide sequence disclosed herein but are not required and offer flexibility with regard to designing the ITRs. In one embodiment, the DNA molecules provided herein comprise ITRs that do not comprise RABS. In another embodiment, the DNA molecules provided herein comprise ITRs that do not comprise TRS. In yet another embodiment, the DNA molecules provided herein comprise ITRs that do not comprise either RABS or TRS. In a further embodiment, the DNA molecules provided herein comprise ITRs that comprise RABS, TRS, or both RABS and TRS.

In some embodiments, the hairpin-ended DNA molecules provided herein are stable in the host cell. In some embodiments, the hairpin-ended DNA molecules provided herein are stable in the host cell for long term culture.

In certain embodiments, the hairpin-ended DNA molecules provided herein can be efficiently delivered to a host cell.

The DNA molecules provided herein have superior stability not just for their resistance to exonuclease digestion described above, but also with respect to their structure. In one embodiment, the structure of the DNA molecules remains the same after storage at room temperature for 1 days, 2 days, 3 days, 4 days, 5 days, 6 days, 7 days, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, 4 weeks, 5 weeks, 6 weeks, 7 weeks, 8 weeks, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, or 12 months. In another embodiment, the ensemble structure of the DNA molecules remains the same after storage at room temperature for 1 days, 2 days, 3 days, 4 days, 5 days, 6 days, 7 days, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, 4 weeks, 5 weeks, 6 weeks, 7 weeks, 8 weeks, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, or 12 months. In some embodiments, the structure of the DNA molecules provided herein is the same after 2, 3, 4, 5, 10 or 20 cycles of denaturing/renaturing (e.g. denaturing as described in Section 5.2.3 and re-annealing as described in Section 5.2.5). DNA structures can be described by an ensemble of structures at or around the energy minimum. In certain embodiments, the ensemble DNA structure is the same after 2, 3, 4, 5, 10 or 20 cycles of denaturing/renaturing. In one embodiment, the folded hairpin structure formed from the ITR or IR provided herein is the same after 2, 3, 4, 5, 10 or 20 cycles of denaturing/renaturing. In another embodiment, the ensemble structure of the folded hairpin is the same after 2, 3, 4, 5, 10 or 20 cycles of denaturing/renaturing.

5.6 Delivery Vehicles Comprising the Hairpin-Ended DNA Molecules

In some embodiments, the hairpin-ended DNA molecules provided herein can be delivered via a hybridosome as described in U.S. Pat. No. 10,561,610, which is herein incorporated in its entirety by reference. In other embodiments, the DNA molecules provided herein can be delivered via a hybridosome.

In certain embodiments, the DNA molecules provided herein can be delivered via lipid particles including lipid nanoparticles. In other embodiments, the hairpin-ended DNA molecules provided herein can be delivered via lipid nanoparticles. In some embodiments, the lipid nanoparticle comprises any one or more lipids selected from ionizable lipid, non-cationic lipid (e.g. phospholipid), a sterol (e.g., cholesterol) and a PEGylated lipid. In one embodiment, the lipid particle comprises any one or more lipids selected from ionizable lipid, non-cationic lipid (e.g. phospholipid), a sterol (e.g., cholesterol) and a PEGylated lipid, where the molar ratio of lipids ranges from 20 to 70 mole percent or 40 to 60 mole percent for the ionizable lipid, the mole percent of non-cationic lipid ranges from 0 to 30 or 0 to 15, the mole percent of sterol ranges from 20 to 70 or 30 to 50, and the mole percent of PEGylated lipid ranges from 1 to 6 or 2 to 5. In another embodiment, the lipid particle comprises any one or more lipids selected from ionizable lipid, non-cationic lipid (e.g. phospholipid), a sterol (e.g., cholesterol) and a PEGylated lipid, where the molar ratio of lipids ranges from 40 to 60 mole percent for the ionizable lipid, the mole percent of non-cationic lipid ranges from 0 to 15, the mole percent of sterol ranges from 30 to 50, and the mole percent of PEGylated lipid ranges from 2 to 5. In yet another embodiment, the lipid particle comprises any one or more lipids selected from ionizable lipid, non-cationic lipid (e.g. phospholipid), a sterol (e.g., cholesterol) and a PEGylated lipid, where the molar ratio of lipids ranges from 20 to 70 mole percent for the ionizable lipid, the mole percent of non-cationic lipid ranges from 0 to 30, the mole percent of sterol ranges from 20 to 70, and the mole percent of PEGylated lipid ranges from 1 to 6.

The disclosure provides that ionizable lipids can be used employed to condense the nucleic acid cargo, at low pH and to drive membrane association and fusogenicity. Such ionizable lipids can be used as part of the delivery vehicle for the compositions of and methods for the DNA molecules provided herein. In some embodiments, ionizable lipids are lipids comprising at least one amino group that is positively charged or becomes protonated under acidic conditions, for example at pH of 6.5 or lower. In some embodiments, ionizable lipids have at least one protonatable or deprotonatable group, such that the lipid is positively charged at a pH at or below physiological pH (e.g., pH 7.4), and neutral at a second pH, for example at or above physiological pH. It will be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art that the addition or removal of protons as a function of pH is an equilibrium process, and that the reference to a charged or a neutral lipid refers to the nature of the predominant species and does not require that all of the lipid be present in the charged or neutral form. Generally, ionizable lipids have a pK_(a) of the protonatable group in the range of about 4 to about 7.

Further exemplary ionizable lipids are described in PCT patent publications WO2015/095340, WO2015/199952, WO2018/011633, WO2017/049245, WO2015/061467, WO2012/040184, WO2012/000104, WO2015/074085, WO2016/081029, WO2017/004143, WO2017/075531, WO2017/117528, WO2011/022460, WO2013/148541, WO2013/116126, WO2011/153120, WO2012/044638, WO2012/054365, WO2011/090965, WO2013/016058, WO2012/162210, WO2008/042973, WO2010/129709, WO2010/144740, WO2012/099755, WO2013/049328, WO2013/086322, WO2013/086373, WO2011/071860, WO2009/132131, WO2010/048536, WO2010/088537, WO2010/054401, WO2010/054406, WO2010/054405, WO2010/054384, WO2012/016184, WO2009/086558, WO2010/042877, WO2011/000106, WO2011/000107, WO2005/120152, WO2011/141705, WO2013/126803, WO2006/007712, WO2011/038160, WO2005/121348, WO2011/066651, WO2009/127060, WO2011/141704, WO2006/069782, WO2012/031043, WO2013/006825, WO2013/033563, WO2013/089151, WO2017/099823, WO2015/095346, and WO2013/086354, all of which are herein incorporated in their entirety by reference.

In some specific embodiments, the ionizable lipid is MC3 (6Z,9Z,28Z,31Z)-heptatriaconta-6,9,28,31-tetraen-19-yl-4-(dimethylamino) butanoate (DLin-MC3-DMA or MC3).

In some specific embodiments, the ionizable lipid is MC3 (6Z,9Z,28Z,31Z)-heptatriaconta-6,9,28,31-tetraen-19-yl-4-(dimethylamino) butanoate (DLin-MC3-DMA or MC3).

In some specific embodiments, the ionizable lipid is (((4-hydroxybutyl)azanediyl) bis(hexane-6,1-diyl)bis(2-hexyldecanoate).

In some specific embodiments, the ionizable lipid is 9-Heptadecanyl 8-{(2-hydroxyethyl)[6-oxo-6-(undecyloxy)hexyl]amino}octanoate.

In some embodiments, the lipid nanoparticles encapsulation the DNA molecule of provided herein include one or more lipids selected from the group consisting of distearoyl-phosphatidylcholine (DSPC), dioleoyl-phosphatidylcholine (DOPC), dipalmitoyl-phosphatidylcholine (DPPC), dioleoyl-phosphatidylglycerol (DOPG), dipalmitoyl-phosphatidylglycerol (DPPG), dioleoyl-phosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE), palmitoyloleoyl-phosphatidylcholine (POPC), palmitoyloleoyl-phosphatidylethanolamine (POPE) and dioleoyl-phosphatidy-lethanolamine, dipalmitoyl-phosphatidyl-ethanolamine (DPPE), dimyristoylphospho-ethanolamine (DMPE), distearoyl-phosphatidyl-ethanolamine (DSPE), 16-O-monomethyl PE, 16-O-dimethyl PE, 18-1-trans PE, 1-stearioyl-2-oleoyl-phosphatidyethanol amine (SOPE), and 1,2-dielaidoyl-sn-glycero-3-phophoethanolamine (transDOPE).

Delivery vehicles provided herein include those for delivering the DNA molecules provided herein to cells, which sometime are referred to as transfection. Further useful transfection methods include, but are not limited to, lipid-mediated transfection, cationic polymer-mediated transfection, or calcium phosphate precipitation. Transfection reagents well known in the art are provided herein and include, but are not limited to, TurboFect Transfection Reagent (Thermo Fisher Scientific), Pro-Ject Reagent (Thermo Fisher Scientific), TRANSPASS™ P Protein Transfection Reagent (New England Biolabs), CHARIOT™ Protein Delivery Reagent (Active Motif), PROTEOJUICE™ Protein Transfection Reagent (EMD Millipore), 293fectin, LIPOFECT AIVIINE™ 2000, LIPOFECT AMINE™ 3000 (Thermo Fisher Scientific), LIPOFECT AMINE™ (Thermo Fisher Scientific), LIPOFECTIN™ (Thermo Fisher Scientific), DMRIE-C, CELLFECTIN™ (Thermo Fisher Scientific), OLIGOFECT AMINE™ (Thermo Fisher Scientific), LIPOFECT ACE™, FUGENE™ (Roche, Basel, Switzerland), FUGENE™ HD (Roche), TRANSFECT AM™(Transfectam, Promega, Madison, Wis.), TFX-10™ (Promega), TFX-20™ (Promega), TFX-50™ (Promega), TRANSFECTIN™ (BioRad, Hercules, Calif.), SILENTFECT™ (Bio-Rad), Effectene™ (Qiagen, Valencia, Calif.), DC-chol (Avanti Polar Lipids), GENEPORTER™ (Gene Therapy Systems, San Diego, Calif.), DHARMAFECT 1™ (Dharmacon, Lafayette, Colo.), DHARMAFECT 2™ (Dharmacon), DHARMAFECT 3™ (Dharmacon), DHARMAFECT 4™ (Dharmacon), ESCORT™ III (Sigma, St. Louis, Mo.), and ESCORT™ IV (Sigma Chemical Co.)

In some cases, chemical delivery systems can be used to deliver the DNA molecules provided herein, for example, by using cationic transfection reagents, which include compaction of negatively charged nucleic acid by polycationic chemicals to form cationic liposome/micelle or cationic polymers. Cationic lipids used for the delivery method include, but not limited to monovalent cationic lipids, polyvalent cationic lipids, guanidine containing compounds, cholesterol derivative compounds, cationic polymers, (e.g., poly(ethylenimine), poly-L-lysine, protamine, other cationic polymers), and lipid-polymer hybrids.

In some embodiments, DNA molecules provided herein are delivered by making transient penetration in cell membrane by applying mechanical, electrical, ultrasonic, hydrodynamic, or laser-based energy so that DNA entrance into the targeted cells is facilitated. For example, a DNA molecule provided herein can be delivered by transiently disrupting cell membrane by squeezing the cell through a size-restricted channel or by other means known in the art.

The disclosure provides that the DNA molecules provided herein can be prepared as pharmaceutical compositions. It will be understood that such compositions necessarily comprise one or more active ingredients and, most often, a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.

Relative amounts of the active ingredient (e.g. DNA molecules provided herein or cells comprising DNA molecules provided herein for transfer or transplantation into a subject), a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, and/or any additional ingredients in a pharmaceutical composition in accordance with the present disclosure may vary, depending upon the identity, size, and/or condition of the subject being treated and further depending upon the route by which the composition is to be administered. For example, the composition may comprise between 0.1% and 99% (w/w) of the active ingredient. By way of example, the composition may comprise between 0.1% and 100%, e.g., between 0.5 and 50%, between 1-30%, between 5-80%, at least 80% (w/w) active ingredient.

Formulations of the present disclosure can include, without limitation, saline, liposomes, lipid nanoparticles, polymers, peptides, proteins, cells comprising DNA molecules provided herein (e.g., for transfer or transplantation into a subject) and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, formulations can include exosomes, extracellular vesicles, hybridosomes and fusosomes.

In the case of viral particles, exosomes or hybridosomes, which may contain endogenous nucleic acids, quantification of DNA molecules may be used as the measure of the dose contained in the formulation. Any method known in the art can be used to determine the DNA molecule number of a composition provided herein. One method for performing DNA molecule number titration is as follows: samples of viral particles, exosomes or hybridosomes compositions comprising hairpin-ended DNA are first treated with DNase to eliminate contaminating host DNA from the production process. The DNase resistant particles are then subjected to heat treatment to release the genome from the capsid. The released genomes are then quantitated by real-time PCR using primer/probe sets targeting specific region of the viral genome (for example poly A signal). Another suitable method for determining genome copies is quantitative-PCR (qPCR), particularly the optimized qPCR or digital droplet PCR.

Formulations of the pharmaceutical compositions described herein may be prepared by any method known or hereafter developed in the art of pharmacology. As used herein the term “pharmaceutical composition” refers to compositions comprising at least one active ingredient and optionally one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients.

In general, such preparatory methods include the step of associating the active ingredient with an excipient and/or one or more other accessory ingredients. As used herein, the phrase “active ingredient” generally refers to either DNA molecules provided herein or cells or substance comprising the DNA molecules provided herein.

Formulations of the DNA molecules and pharmaceutical compositions described herein may be prepared by any method known or hereafter developed in the art of pharmacology. In general, such preparatory methods include the step of bringing the active ingredient into association with an excipient and/or one or more other accessory ingredients, and then, if necessary and/or desirable, dividing, shaping and/or packaging the product into a desired single- or multi-dose unit.

In some embodiments, the formulations described herein may contain sufficient DNA molecules or active ingredients for expression of the ORFs in the expression cassette for the treatment of a disease.

In some embodiments, DNA molecules of the present disclosure are substantially free of any viral proteins such as AAV Rep78. In some embodiments, the isolated DNA molecules of the disclosure are 100% free, 99% free, 98% free, 97% free, 96% free, 95% free, 94% free, 93% free, 92% free, 91% free, or 90% free of viral proteins.

The DNA molecules of the present disclosure can be formulated using one or more excipients or diluents to (1) increase stability; (2) increase cell transfection or transduction; (3) permit the sustained or delayed release of the active ingredients; (4) alter the biodistribution (e.g., target the DNA molecules or active ingredients comprising the DNA molecules to specific tissues or cell types); (5) increase the translation of ORFs in the expression cassette; (6) alter the release profile of the protein encoded by the ORFs of the expression cassette and/or (7) allow for regulatable expression of the ORFs of the expression cassette.

In some embodiments, a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient may be at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% pure. In some embodiments, an excipient is approved for use for humans and for veterinary use. In some embodiments, an excipient may be approved by United States Food and Drug Administration. In some embodiments, an excipient may be of pharmaceutical grade. In some embodiments, an excipient may meet the standards of the United States Pharmacopoeia (USP), the European Pharmacopoeia (EP), the British Pharmacopoeia, and/or the International Pharmacopoeia.

Excipients, as used herein, include, but are not limited to, any and all solvents, dispersion media, diluents, or other liquid vehicles, dispersion or suspension aids, surface active agents, isotonic agents, thickening or emulsifying agents, preservatives, and the like, as suited to the particular dosage form desired. Various excipients for formulating pharmaceutical compositions and techniques for preparing the composition are known in the art (see Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 21st Edition, A. R. Gennaro, Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, Md., 2006; incorporated herein by reference in its entirety). The use of a conventional excipient medium may be contemplated within the scope of the present disclosure, except insofar as any conventional excipient medium may be incompatible with a substance or its derivatives, such as by producing any undesirable biological effect or otherwise interacting in a deleterious manner with any other component(s) of the pharmaceutical composition.

Exemplary diluents include those known and used in the art (see Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 21st Edition, A. R. Gennaro, Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, Md., 2006.)

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition for the DNA molecules provided herein can comprise at least one inactive ingredient. As used herein, the term “inactive ingredient” refers to one or more agents that do not contribute to the activity of the active ingredient of the pharmaceutical composition included in formulations. In some embodiments, all, none or some of the inactive ingredients used in the formulations of the present disclosure can be any one of such approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and used in the art.

5.7 Method of Using

The disclosure provides that the DNA molecules provided herein can be used to deliver the ORFs or transgenes in the expression cassette to a cell for expression. ORFs or transgenes as described in Section 5.3.3 can be efficiently delivered. The disclosure provides that the DNA molecules provided herein can be used to deliver the ORFs or transgenes in the expression cassette to a human subject. Any ORFs or transgenes as described in Section 5.3.3 can be efficiently delivered.

In one specific embodiment, the method of delivering a gene of interest to a cell for expression comprises: transfecting the DNA molecules provided herein into the cell. In certain embodiments, the cell is a human cell. In another embodiment, the cell is a human primary cell. In yet another embodiment, the cell is a primary human blood cell. In one embodiment, the DNA molecules can be transfected into the cell via any delivery vehicles described in Section 5.6.

In another specific embodiment, the method of delivering a gene of interest to a human subject for expression comprises: transfecting the DNA molecules provided herein into a cell and administering the cell to a human subject. In certain embodiments, the cell is a human cell. In another embodiment, the cell is a human primary cell. In yet another embodiment, the cell is a primary human blood cell. In one embodiment, the DNA molecules can be transfected into the cell via any delivery vehicles described in Section 5.6.

In some embodiments, the DNA molecules provided herein can be used in gene therapy by delivering a disease correcting genes in the expression cassette into a cell or a human subject as described in the preceding 3 paragraphs.

In certain embodiments, the DNA molecules provided herein can be used to transfect cells that are difficult to transfect as known in the art. Such cells known to be difficult to transfect include cells that are not actively dividing. In some embodiments, such cells can be human primary cells, including, for example, human primary blood cells, human primary hepatocyte, human primary neurons, human primary muscle cells, human primary cardiomyocyte.

5.7.1 Host Cell

As used herein, the term “host cell”, includes any cell type that is susceptible to transformation, transfection, transduction, and the like with a nucleic acid construct or hairpin ended expression vector of the present disclosure.

In some embodiments, a hairpin ended vector as disclosed herein delivers the expression cassette into a subject host cell. In some embodiments, the subject host cell is a human host cell, including, for example blood cells, stem cells, hematopoietic cells, CD34⁺ cells, liver cells, cancer cells, vascular cells, muscle cells, pancreatic cells, neural cells, ocular or retinal cells, epithelial or endothelial cells, dendritic cells, fibroblasts, or any other cell of mammalian origin, including, without limitation, hepatic (i.e., liver) cells, lung cells, cardiac cells, pancreatic cells, intestinal cells, diaphragmatic cells, renal (i.e., kidney) cells, neural cells, blood cells, bone marrow cells, or any one or more selected tissues of a subject for which gene therapy is contemplated. In one aspect, the subject host cell is a human host cell.

The present disclosure also relates to host cells as mentioned above, including a hairpin ended vector as disclosed herein. Thus, one can use multiple host cells depending on the purpose as is obvious to the skilled artisan. A hairpin ended vector for expression comprising an expression cassette as disclosed herein can be introduced into a host cell so that the donor sequence is maintained as a chromosomal integrant. The term host cell encompasses any progeny of a parent cell that is not identical to the parent cell due to mutations that occur during replication. The choice of a host cell may to a large extent depend upon the donor sequence and its source.

The host cell may also be a eukaryote, such as a mammalian, insect, plant, or fungal cell. In one embodiment, the host cell is a human cell (e.g., a primary cell, a stem cell, or an immortalized cell line). In some embodiments, the host cell can be administered a hairpin ended vector for expression of an expression cassette as disclosed herein ex vivo and then delivered to the subject after the gene therapy event. A host cell can be any cell type, e.g., a somatic cell or a stem cell, an induced pluripotent stem cell, or a blood cell, e.g., T-cell or B-cell, or bone marrow cell. In certain embodiments, the host cell is an allogenic cell. In some embodiments, gene modified host cells, e.g., bone marrow stem cells, e.g., CD34⁺ cells, or induced pluripotent stem cells can be transplanted back into a patient for expression of a therapeutic protein.

5.7.2 Testing for Successful Gene Expression Using a Hairpin-Ended DNA Molecule

Assays well known in the art can be used to test the efficiency of gene delivery of an expression cassette by a hairpin-ended DNA molecule in both in vitro and in vivo models. In some embodiments, levels of the expression of a protein encoded by the hairpin-ended DNA can be assessed by one skilled in the art by measuring mRNA and protein levels of the protein (e.g., reverse transcription PCR, western blot analysis, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)). In one embodiment, the DNA comprises a reporter protein that can be used to assess the expression of the expression cassette, for example by examining the expression of the reporter protein by fluorescence microscopy or a luminescence plate reader. For in vivo applications, protein function assays can be used to test the functionality of a given transcript to determine if gene expression has successfully occurred. One skilled in the art will be able to determine the best test for measuring functionality of a transcript by the hairpin-ended DNA molecule in vitro or in vivo.

It is contemplated herein that the effects of gene expression from the hairpin-ended DNA in a cell or subject can last for at least 0.5 month, at least 1 month, at least 2 months, at least 3 months, at least four months, at least 5 months, at least six months, at least 10 months, at least 12 months, at least 18 months, at least 2 years, at least 5 years, at least 10 years, at least 20 years, or can be permanent.

In some embodiments, the hairpin-ended DNA molecules described herein can be codon optimized for the host cell. As used herein, the term “codon optimized” or “codon optimization” refers to the process of modifying a nucleic acid sequence for enhanced expression in the cells of the vertebrate of interest, e.g., mouse or human (e.g., humanized), by replacing at least one, more than one, or a significant number of codons of the native sequence (e.g., a prokaryotic sequence) with codons that are more frequently or most frequently used in the genes of that vertebrate. Various species exhibit particular bias for certain codons of a particular amino acid. Typically, codon optimization does not alter the amino acid sequence of the original translated protein. Optimized codons can be determined using e.g., Aptagen's Gene Forge® codon optimization and custom gene synthesis platform (Aptagen, Inc.) or another publicly available database.

All patent applications, publications (patents and patent applications, scientific literature, or any other publications), patents, GenBank citations and other database citations, webpage disclosures, commercial catalogs, and other references cited herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety.

6. EXAMPLES

A number of embodiments have been described. Nevertheless, it will be understood that various examples in this Section (i.e., Section 6) describes specific embodiments herein solely for the purpose of illustration and do not limit the scope as described in the claims or the disclosure. Various modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of what is provided herein.

6.1 Example 1—Production of Plasmids Encoding the Vector

The nucleic acid sequences encoding the vectors were designed in silico. Construct 1 encodes for a left inverted repeat, a mini human PGK promoter, a turboluc ORF, SV40 poly (a) and a right inverted repeat

(TGCGCGACTCGCTCGCTCACTGAGGCCGGGCGACCAAAGGTCGCCCGA CGCCCGGGCTTTGCCCGGGCGGCCTCAGTGAGCGAGCGAGTCGCGCAGA GAGGTTAAAACCAACTAGACAACTTTGTATATCTAGAGTTGGGGTTGCG CCTTTTCCAAGGCAGCCCTGGGTTTGCGCAGGGACGCGGCTGCTCTGGG CGTGGTTCCGGGAAACGCAGCGGCGCCGACCCTGGGTCTCGCACATTCT TCACGTCCGTTCGCAGCGTCACCCGGATCTTCGCCGCTACCCTTGTGGG CCCCCCGGCGACGCTTCCTGCTCCGCCCCTAAGTCGGGAAGGTTCCTTG CGGTTCGCGGCGTGCCGGACGTGACAAACGGAAGCCGCACGTCTCACTA GTACCCTCGCAGACGGACAGCGCCAGGGAGCAATGGCAGCGCGCCGACC GCGATGGGCTGTGGCCAATAGCGGCTGCTCAGCAGGGCGCGCCGAGAGC AGCGGCCGGGAAGGGGCGGTGCGGGAGGCGGGGTGTGGGGCGGTAGTGT GGGCCCTGTTCCTGCCCGCGCGGTGTTCCGCATTCTGCAAGCCTCCGGA GCGCACGTCGGCAGTCGGCTCCCTCGTTGACCGAATCACCGACCTCTCT CCCCAGGCAAGTTTGTACAAAAAAGCGCGGCCGCGGCAGGCTGCCACCA TGGAAACCGATACACTGCTGCTTTGGGTACTTTTGCTGTGGGTGCCCGG CAGTACGGGCGACGCCGCACAACCAGCTAGGAGAGCAGTCCGGAGCCTG GTCCCCTCTTCCgAGGCCGAGGCTGAACGGGGAAAGCTGCCAGGCAAGA AACTCCCCTTAGAGGTTCTCATCGAGCTGGAAGCAAACGCACGCAAGGC CGGTTGCACTAGGGGCTGCCTCATCTGCCTCAGCAAGATCAAATGTACA GCAAAGATGAAGAAGTATATTCCTGGCCGCTGTGCAGACTACGGAGGCG ACAAAAAAACAGGACAAGCTGGTATAGTTGGCGCCATCGTAGATATCCC CGAGATTAGTGGGTTCAAGGAAATGGAGCCAATGGAGCAATTCATTGCA CAGGTTGATAGATGTGCGGATTGCACTACTGGTTGCCTTAAGGGCTTGG CGAATGTCAAGTGTAGTGATCTTCTGAAAAAGTGGCTACCCGGCCGGTG TGCCACCTTCGCTGACAAAATACAGAGCGAAGTCGACAATATTAAAGGA CTTGCCGGGGACTAATGATAGTGACACAAAGTGACGCGTCCTAGAGCTC GCACTGTGCCTTCTAGTTGCCAGCCATCTGTTGTTTGCCCCTCCCCCGT GCCTTCCTTGACCCTGGAAGGTGCCACTCCCACTGTCCTTTCCTAATAA AATGAGGAAATTGCATCGCATTGTCTGAGTAGGTGTCATTCTATTCTGG GGGGTGGGGTGGGGCAGGACAGCAAGGGGGAGGATTGGGAAGAGAATAG CAGGCATGCTGGGGAGGGCGCTAGCGCAGGAACCCCTTTTAATGGAGTT GGCGAGTCCCTCTCTGCGCGCTCGCTCGCTCACTGAGGCCGGGCGACCA AAGGTCGCCCGACGCCCGGGCTTTGCCCGGGCGGCCTCAGTGAGCGAGC GAGCGCGCAGAGATCGACTC SEQ ID NO: 174) with the four restriction sites for nicking endonuclease arranged to lead to ITR overhangs on the 5′ top strand and 3′ bottom strand. Construct 2 encodes for a modified left ITR, a human PGK promoter, a secreted turboluc ORF, SV40 poly (a), a right ITR and a double restriction sites for nicking endonuclease 115 base pairs downstream of the right ITR

(TGCGCGACTCGCTCGCTCACTGAGGCCGGGCGACCAAAGGTCGCCCGA CGCCCGGGCTTTGCCCGGGCGGCCTCAGTGAGCGAGCGAGTCGCGCAGA GAGGTTAAAACCAACTAGACAACTTTGTATATCTAGAGTTGGGGTTGCG CCTTTTCCAAGGCAGCCCTGGGTTTGCGCAGGGACGCGGCTGCTCTGGG CGTGGTTCCGGGAAACGCAGCGGCGCCGACCCTGGGTCTCGCACATTCT TCACGTCCGTTCGCAGCGTCACCCGGATCTTCGCCGCTACCCTTGTGGG CCCCCCGGCGACGCTTCCTGCTCCGCCCCTAAGTCGGGAAGGTTCCTTG CGGTTCGCGGCGTGCCGGACGTGACAAACGGAAGCCGCACGTCTCACTA GTACCCTCGCAGACGGACAGCGCCAGGGAGCAATGGCAGCGCGCCGACC GCGATGGGCTGTGGCCAATAGCGGCTGCTCAGCAGGGCGCGCCGAGAGC AGCGGCCGGGAAGGGGCGGTGCGGGAGGCGGGGTGTGGGGCGGTAGTGT GGGCCCTGTTCCTGCCCGCGCGGTGTTCCGCATTCTGCAAGCCTCCGGA GCGCACGTCGGCAGTCGGCTCCCTCGTTGACCGAATCACCGACCTCTCT CCCCAGGCAAGTTTGTACAAAAAAGCGCGGCCGCGGCAGGCTGCCACCA TGGAAACCGATACACTGCTGCTTTGGGTACTTTTGCTGTGGGTGCCCGG CAGTACGGGCGACGCCGCACAACCAGCTAGGAGAGCAGTCCGGAGCCTG GTCCCCTCTTCCgAGGCCGAGGCTGAACGGGGAAAGCTGCCAGGCAAGA AACTCCCCTTAGAGGTTCTCATCGAGCTGGAAGCAAACGCACGCAAGGC CGGTTGCACTAGGGGCTGCCTCATCTGCCTCAGCAAGATCAAATGTACA GCAAAGATGAAGAAGTATATTCCTGGCCGCTGTGCAGACTACGGAGGCG ACAAAAAAACAGGACAAGCTGGTATAGTTGGCGCCATCGTAGATATCCC CGAGATTAGTGGGTTCAAGGAAATGGAGCCAATGGAGCAATTCATTGCA CAGGTTGATAGATGTGCGGATTGCACTACTGGTTGCCTTAAGGGCTTGG CGAATGTCAAGTGTAGTGATCTTCTGAAAAAGTGGCTACCCGGCCGGTG TGCCACCTTCGCTGACAAAATACAGAGCGAAGTCGACAATATTAAAGGA CTTGCCGGGGACTAATGATAGTGACACAAAGTGACGCGTCCTAGAGCTC GCACTGTGCCTTCTAGTTGCCAGCCATCTGTTGTTTGCCCCTCCCCCGT GCCTTCCTTGACCCTGGAAGGTGCCACTCCCACTGTCCTTTCCTAATAA AATGAGGAAATTGCATCGCATTGTCTGAGTAGGTGTCATTCTATTCTGG GGGGTGGGGTGGGGCAGGACAGCAAGGGGGAGGATTGGGAAGAGAATAG CAGGCATGCTGGGGAGGGCGCTAGCGCAGGAACCCCTTTTAATGGAGTT GGCGAGTCCCTCTCTGCGCGCTCGCTCGCTCACTGAGGCCGGGCGACCA AAGGTCGCCCGACGCCCGGGCTTTGCCCGGGCGGCCTCAGTGAGCGAGC GAGCGCGCAGAGATCGACTCCTCGGCCACTTGGAGGGGCCGGGGGGACG ACGCAATCTGGAGTGGAAAGAACCCCCGTCTATGCGGCTTAAAGCACGG CCAGGGAATAGTGGATCAAGTGTACTGACATGTGCCGGAGTCCCTCCAT GCCCAGATCGACTCCCTCGAGATATATGGATCC SEQ ID NO: 175). Construct 1 and 2 were synthetized and cloned into a pUC57 backbone (plasmid 1 and plasmid 2, respectively) by a commercial DNA synthesis vendor.

Plasmids 1 & 2 were transformed and then amplified overnight in the NEBstable or MDS-42 strain followed by plasmid isolation using commercial plasmid isolation kit (Nucleobond Xtra Maxi Plus EF (Macherey Nagel)) and dissolved in nuclease free water.

For construct 1: To induce nicks on construct 1, the nicking endonuclease Nt.BstNBI (6.2 U/μg DNA) was added to the isolated construct 1 in 1×Neb3.1 Buffer and incubated at 55° C. for one hour. The reaction mix containing the nicked plasmid was then heated to 90° C. on a thermo shaker for 10 min, in order to dissociate the ITR flanked transgene from the plasmid back bone and the mix was then left to cool to room temperature for 30 min to allow for ITR folding at the single stranded overhangs ends. The reaction mix was then supplemented with both the restriction enzyme PvuII and RecBCD Exonuclease V (0.157 U and 0.625 U per μg of nicked plasmid, respectively) as well as adenosine triphosphate (final concentration of 1 mM). The reaction mix was then placed on a shaker at 37° C. for 120 min to allow for the restriction enzyme to cleave the backbone fragment and the exonuclease to digest backbone fragments. The exonuclease generally does not digest linear fragments protected by hairpin ends. Finally, the reaction mix was purified using Takara NucleoSpin Gel and PCR clean-up kit and remaining ITR flanked vector was eluted according to the manufacturer's instructions.

For construct 2: To induce nicks and linearize construct 2, the nicking endonuclease Nt.BstNBI (0.62 U/μg DNA) was added to the isolated construct 2 in 1×Neb3.1 Buffer and incubated at 55° C. for 120 min. The reaction mix containing the nicked construct 2 was then heated to 95° C. on a thermocycler for 3 min in order to dissociate the ITR flanked transgene from the plasmid back bone and subsequently cooled down to 40° C. in the thermocycler with a slope of 0.05° C./s. The reaction mix was then supplemented with Exonuclease V (2.5 U/μg of DNA) as well as adenosine triphosphate (final concentration of 1 mM). The reaction mix was then placed on a shaker at 37° C. for 120 min to allow for the restriction enzyme to cleave the backbone fragment and the exonuclease to digest backbone fragments. The exonuclease generally does not digest linear fragments protected by hairpin ends. Finally, the reaction mix was purified using a Takara NucleoSpin Gel and PCR clean-up kit and remaining ITR flanked vector was eluted according to the manufacturer's instructions.

Nicked, de/renatured and digestion resistant DNA products were visualized by native agarose gel electrophoresis.

For construct 1, the agarose gel (FIG. 6 ) shows the nicked plasmid in lane 3, the de/renatured DNA products in lane 4 and the single band of digestion resistant vector in lane 8. To further validate the formation of folded ITRs, the plasmid as well as de/renatured DNA products were digested with the restriction enzyme SpeI, which has a single cut site in the mini PGK promoter region of the vector. As seen in FIG. 6 , SpeI digestion cleaves the vector, causing a shift of the lower band in lane 5 and upon treatment with the exonuclease V, the vector fragment is digested while the backbone, which is protected from digestion by the folded anti-sense ITRs, remain. The opposite is true when the de/renatured DNA is digested with the restriction enzyme PvuII, which has two cut sites in the backbone, and following exonuclease V treatment, only the desired product remains (lane 8). Additionally, the construct 1 starting material linearized with SpeI or PvuII, releasing a linear DNA strand in the case of SpeI and two fragments with PvuII. Overall, this demonstrated that a double stranded DNA molecule comprising an expression cassette flanked by two inverted repeats, further each comprising a first and a second restriction site for nicking endonuclease arranged on opposite strands is formed by nicking followed by de/renaturing of the DNA. The formation of such a hairpin ended DNA molecule was further shown to be resistant to exonuclease V digestion.

For construct 2, which contains a close proximity double restriction sites for nicking endonuclease downstream of the 3′ ITR, the treatment with the nicking endonuclease BstNBI leads to a linearization of the circular plasmid. As seen in FIG. 7 , the agarose gels shows the linearized DNA in lane 2. After de/renaturing, the DNA products are visible in lane 3 and following digestion with RecBCD Exonuclease V a single band of digestion resistant vector is visible in lane 5. To further validate the formation of folded ITRs and the linearization of the plasmid, the re/denatured DNA products were digested with PvuII which has two cut sites in the backbone. Following Exonuclease V digestion, no additional bands were detected. This shows that by incorporating a close proximity double restriction sites for nicking endonuclease upstream of the 5′ ITR or downstream of the 3′ ITR, the backbone can by fragmented simultaneously while the inverted repeat section is nicked, making a further digestion of the backbone by a restriction site obsolete.

6.2 Example 2 Repeated De-/Renaturing of DNA Constructs

To assess the stability of folding of the DNA constructs, the nicked construct 1 and the corresponding hairpinned vector were subject to multiple cycles of denaturing and annealing. In a first step, 100 ng total DNA was incubated in NEB buffer 3.1 with 1 μM Sybr Green I dye and transferred into a 384 well PCR plate. The plate was sealed and Sybr Green fluorescence was continuously monitored over several 70-98° C. heating cycles performed on a Quantstudio 5 real time PCR machine. Following three heating cycles for the vector (in addition to the heating cycle during production) and 4 cycles for the nicked construct, the samples were visualized by native agarose gel electrophoresis. As seen in FIG. 8A, one band was present for the vector in lane 2 as well as bands corresponding to the vector and back bone were visible in line 3. In addition, the melting curves in FIG. 8B and FIG. 8C show distinct melting fingerprints that remain very similar throughout every cycle.

6.3 Example 3 Isothermal Formation of Vector

Aside from dissociating the vector from the nicked plasmid by thermal energy, the possibility of isothermal denaturing using a chemical denaturing agent was tested. Specifically, the capacity of NaOH to act as a denaturing agent to dissociate the nicked construct of example 1 was tested. First the nicked construct (100 ng total DNA) was mixed with 0.2 μM SYBR green I dye in NEB buffer 3.1 that was previously adjusted for corresponding pH values with 1M NaOH. Fluorescence signal was detected at corresponding pH values using a plate reader. As seen in FIG. 9B, as the pH is increased, the background adjusted fluorescence decreases, indicating an increased fraction of denatured DNA. The pH of the denatured DNA was then reverted to pH 7.9 with HCl and the samples were loaded on to an agarose electrophoresis gel. As seen FIG. 9A, at a pH over 10.3 the DNA construct dissociated and formed the expected bands including a band for the corresponding vector. The same band is visible after re/denatured using thermal energy.

6.4 Example 4 Transfection of LNPs and Hybridosomes

Lipid nanoparticles were prepared on a Nanoassemblr™ microfluidic system (Precision NanoSystems) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Depending on the desired formulation, an ethanol solution similar to that of the preformed vesicle approach, consisting of an ionazible lipid (e.g. MC3), a zwitterionic lipid (e.g., distearoylphosphatidylcholine (DSPC), dioleoylglycerophosphocholine (DOPC), a component to provide membrane integrity (such as a sterol, e.g., cholesterol) and a conjugated lipid molecule (such as a PEG-lipid, e.g., 1-(monomethoxy-polyethyleneglycol)-2,3-dimyristoylglycerol, with an average PEG molecular weight of 2000 (“PEG-DMG”)) at the appropriate molar ratio (e.g. 40:40:18:2), was prepared at concentrations of 10 mM total lipid. Furthermore, an aqueous DNA solution with a DNA to lipid wt/wt ratio of approximately 14 was prepared in 25 mM acetate buffer at pH 4.0. Depending on the total volume of production 1 and 3 ml syringes where used to create the inlet stream with a total flow rate of 12 ml/min. For each formulation the aqueous DNA solution was mixed with the ethanol-lipid solution with a flow rate ratio of 3:1 (Aq:Et) at room temperature. The product was then dialyzed against PBS to remove the residual ethanol as well as to raise the pH to 7.4.

For exosome production, cells were grown in stirred bioreactors in perfusion mode and exosome isolation was performed by tangential flow filtration followed by Captocore 700 liquid chromatography as described in Nordin et al Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 1953. Humana Press, New York, N.Y. (2019), which is herein incorporated in its entirety by reference.

Human embryonic kidney cells (HEK-293T) were cultured in DMEM supplemented with 10% FCS. The cells were grown at 37° C. in a 5% CO₂-humified incubator. For testing the Luciferase expression, cells (2×10⁴/well) were seeded in a 96-well plate and transfected for 48 h with 100 ng, 10 ng and 1 ng (0.37 pmol, 0.031 pmol, 0.001 pmol and 0.001 pmol) of DNA vector coding for Turboluc. Transfection was mediated using Hybridosomes generated by fusing exosomes with lipid nanoparticles as outlined in U.S. Ser. No. 15/112,180. As a comparison, cells additionally were transfected with lipid nanoparticles.

Luciferase expression level was determined 48 h after transfection using the Gluc Glow Assay kit from NanoLight Technology. 150 μl of medium in wells containing transfected cells was removed (50 μl of medium left in wells) and 50 μl Coelenterazine in cell lysis buffer (NanoLight Technology) was added at a final concentration of 50 μM Coelenterazine. The cells then were incubated at room temperature for 5 min. while being shaken in the dark. The cell lysis containing the luciferase substrate was transferred into a white 96-well plate (BRAND). Luciferase activity was determined by measuring the luminescence using a SynergyMX plate reader (BioTek) and shown in FIG. 10 .

6.5 Example 5 Expression in Dividing and Non-Dividing Cells

Constructs were generated to include an open reading frame encoding the Turboluc reporter gene into the expression cassette flanked by two ITRs. Expression of Turboluc from the vectors over time was determined based on Luciferase activity in each cell culture, confirming that the Luciferase activity resulted from gene expression from the vector.

In detail, human embryonic kidney cells (HEK-293T) were cultured in DMEM (10% FCS, 1% pen/strep) and 2 mM stable Glutamine. Irradiated mouse embryonic fibroblasts (C57BL/6, Thermo Fisher) were cultured in DMEM (10% FCS, 1% pen/strep), 2 mM stable Glutamine and 1 mM Sodium Pyruvate. The cells were grown at 37° C. in a 5% CO₂-humified incubator. Cells (6×10⁴/well) were seeded in a 96-well plate coated with 0.1% Gelatine solution and transfected with 100 ng (0.13 pmol) of folded ITR DNA vector 1 of example 1. Transfections were done using JetPrime (PolyPlus) transfection reagent according to the manufacturer's instructions. Culture medium was changed 3 days post transfection. Luciferase expression level was determined at different days after transfection, starting with day 1 post transfection using the Gluc Glow Assay kit (NanoLight Technology). The medium in wells containing transfected cells was replaced with phosphate-buffered saline (50 μl) and 50 μl Coelenterazine in cell lysis buffer (NanoLight Technology) was added at a final concentration of 50 μM Coelenterazine. The cells then were incubated at room temperature for 5 min, while being shaken in the dark. The cell lysis containing the luciferase substrate was transferred into a white 96-well plate. For construct 2, which encodes for a secreted Turboluc, a 50 ul sample supernatant was removed at on different days and the complete medium was exchanged. The supernatant sample was inbucated for 2 minutes with Coelenterazine at a final concentration of 50 μM. Luciferase activity was determined by measuring the luminescence using a SynergyMX plate reader (BioTek). For the analysis of background, bioluminescence from untreated cells was measured following the protocol mentioned above. As seen in FIG. 11A and FIG. 11B, for construct 1, expressing non-secreted Turboluc, luciferase activity peaks in dividing cells on day 2, while in non-dividing cells the expression continues to increase. As seen in FIG. 11C and FIG. 11D, for construct 2 encoding secreted Turboluc, luciferase activity peaks in dividing cells on day 2, while in non-dividing cells the expression increases and then remains stable over 9 days. As a direct comparison, equimolar amounts of full circular plasmids encoding construct 2 were also transfected and as seen in FIG. 11C and FIG. 11D, generally a lower luciferase activity was recorded, indicating improved nuclear delivery of the purified construct 2 with folded ITRs.

6.6 Example 6 Construction of DNA Plasmids Containing ITRs

De novo cell-free synthesis of oligonucleotides as routinely provided by commercial DNA synthesis vendors allows for fast and economic production of bespoke vectors and vector libraries, however de novo synthesis of sequences containing long inverted repeats can pose a challenge, especially if multiple sections of similar inverted repeats are present (as in the left ITRs and right ITRs flanking an expression cassette). Accordingly, a strategy was devised that allows for the assembly of ITR containing plasmids. Many viral ITRs contain restriction enzyme sites approximately at in the middle of their respective ITRs (i.e. BssHII in B19V ITRs or BsaHI in AAV2 ITRs) and artificial ITRs can be designed to entail a central restriction site. To increase manufacturability of the constructs, the ITR sequences are split close to the ITR specific restriction enzyme site (i.e. the left ITR is split L1 and split L2, the right ITR split into R1 and R2) and separately manufactured. As depicted in FIG. 12 by generating two first gene fragments, one encoding split ITR R2 and the other encoding split ITR L2 along with have a multiple cloning site and either an antibiotic resistance cassette or a origin of replication, the de novo gene fragments are be assembled and ligated to make a circular plasmid which is transformed for amplification. A third gene fragment is synthesized containing the remaining halves of the split ITRs (R1 and L1, respectively) as well as an antibiotic resistance cassette and an origin of replication. Both the plasmid resulting from step 1, encoding the split ITRs R2 and L2 as well as the joined multiple cloning site, as well as the third fragment can then be digested by the ITR specific restriction enzyme (i.e. BssHII in HBoV ITRs or BsaHI in AAV2 ITRs) and then scarlessly circularized to form a plasmid containing both ITRs as well as a multiple cloning site. Bespoke expression cassettes can then be cloned into the vector at the multiple cloning site.

6.7 Example 7 Long Term Expression of Ligated and Non-Ligated Constructs

Construct 3 is a construct with the four restriction sites for nicking endonuclease arranged to lead to ITR overhangs on the 5′ top strand and 3′ bottom strand. Construct 3 encodes for a modified left ITR, a truncated SFFV promoter, a mouse kappa IgG leader, a turboluc ORF, bGH poly(A) signal (a), a right ITR and a double restriction sites for nicking endonuclease 115 base pairs downstream of the right ITR

(TGCGCGACTCGCTCGCTCACTGAGGCCGGGCGACCAAAGGTCGCCCGA CGCCCGGGCTTTGCCCGGGCGGCCTCAGTGAGCGAGCGAGTCGCGCAGA GAGGTTAAAACCAACTAGACAACTTTGTATATCTAGAGTAACGCCATTT TGCAAGGCATGGAAAAATACCAAACCAAGAATAGAGAAGTTCAGATCAA GGGCGGGTACATGAAAATAGCTAACGTTGGGCCAAACAGGATATCTGCG GTGAGCAGTTTCGGCCCCGGCCCGGGGCCAAGAACAGATGGTCACCGCA GTTTCGGCCCCGGCCCGAGGCCAAGAACAGATGGTCCCCAGATATGGCC CAACCCTCAGCAGTTTCTTAAGACCCATCAGATGTTTCCAGGCTCCCCC AAGGACCTGAAATGACCCTGCGCCTTATTTGAATTAACCAATCAGCCTG CTTCTCGCTTCTGTTCGCGCGCTTCTGCTTCCCGAGCTCTATAAAAGAG CTCACAACCCCTCACTCGGCGCGCCAGTCCTCCGATTGACTGAGTGCGG CCGCGGCAGGCTGCCACCATGGAAACCGATACACTGCTGCTTTGGGTAC TTTTGCTGTGGGTGCCCGGCAGTACGGGCGACGCCGCACAACCAGCTAG GAGAGCAGTCCGGAGCCTGGTCCCCTCTTCCGAGGCCGAGGCTGAACGG GGAAAGCTGCCAGGCAAGAAACTCCCCTTAGAGGTTCTCATCGAGCTGG AAGCAAACGCACGCAAGGCCGGTTGCACTAGGGGCTGCCTCATCTGCCT CAGCAAGATCAAATGTACAGCAAAGATGAAGAAGTATATTCCTGGCCGC TGTGCAGACTACGGAGGCGACAAAAAAACAGGACAAGCTGGTATAGTTG GCGCCATCGTAGATATCCCCGAGATTAGTGGGTTCAAGGAAATGGAGCC AATGGAGCAATTCATTGCACAGGTTGATAGATGTGCGGATTGCACTACT GGTTGCCTTAAGGGCTTGGCGAATGTCAAGTGTAGTGATCTTCTGAAAA AGTGGCTACCCGGCCGGTGTGCCACCTTCGCTGACAAAATACAGAGCGA AGTCGACAATATTAAAGGACTTGCCGGGGACTAATGATAGTGACACAAA GTGACGCGTCCTAGAGCTCGCACTGTGCCTTCTAGTTGCCAGCCATCTG TTGTTTGCCCCTCCCCCGTGCCTTCCTTGACCCTGGAAGGTGCCACTCC CACTGTCCTTTCCTAATAAAATGAGGAAATTGCATCGCATTGTCTGAGT AGGTGTCATTCTATTCTGGGGGGTGGGGTGGGGCAGGACAGCAAGGGGG AGGATTGGGAAGAGAATAGCAGGCATGCTGGGGAGGGCGCTAGCGCAGG AACCCCTTTTAATGGAGTTGGCGAGTCCCTCTCTGCGCGCTCGCTCGCT CACTGAGGCCGGGCGACCAAAGGTCGCCCGACGCCCGGGCTTTGCCCGG GCGGCCTCAGTGAGCGAGCGAGCGCGCAGAGATCGACTCCTCGGCCACT TGGAGGGGCCGGGGGGACGACGCAATCTGGAGTGGAAAGAACCCCCGTC TATGCGGCTTAAAGCACGGCCAGGGAATAGTGGATCAAGTGTACTGACA TGTGCCGGAGTCCCTCCATGCCCAGATCGACTCCCTCGAG SEQ ID NO: 334). Construct 3 was produced by the same method as for construct 2 in Example 1. Following purification by a Gel and PCR clean-up kit, the purified vector was mixed with T4 ligase and T4 ligation buffer according to the manufacturer instructions and was incubated at 25° C. for 2 h. To confirm complete ligation, the pH of samples of the ligated construct was adjusted with 100 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.8), T5 exonuclease was added to the mix which was then incubated for 1 h at 37° C. Ligation was further confirmed by dilution of a sample of the ligated construct in water followed by the addition of formamide and loading dye. This mix was incubated at 65° C. for 5 mins and then kept on ice until loading in onto the agarose gel. After the ligation step, the ligated construct was re-purified using a Gel and PCR clean-up kit.

To confirm ligation, results were analyzed using an agarose gel. The agarose gel (FIG. 20A) shows the purified construct in lane 2, the ligase & construct mix after ligation in lane 3, the T5 exonuclease treated, previously ligated construct in lane 4, the formamide denatured, previously ligated construct in lane 5 and the resulting re-purified ligated construct in lane 6. The second half of the agarose gel shows the non-ligated construct in ligation buffer (lane 7), T5 exonuclease treated (lane 8), formamide denatured (lane 9) and re-purified (lane 10).

The purified ligated construct, non-ligated construct and circular parent plasmid were subsequently loaded into LNPs, as well as Hybridosomes as outlined in Example 4. Expression of secreted turboluc following transfection of non-dividing HepRG cells with hybridosome encapsulating ligated construct, non-ligated construct or parent circular plasmid was monitored over time (FIG. 20B). While the expression from the transfection with the circular plasmid quickly diminished, the ligated construct and the non-ligated construct remained stable over time. Surprisingly, expression from the non-ligated construct was observed at levels that are higher than the levels seen in transfection with the ligated construct.

6.8 Example 8 Long Term Expression after Transfection with LNPs and Hybridosomes

Constructs were generated to include an open reading frame encoding the Turboluc reporter gene into the expression cassette flanked by two ITRs. Expression of secreted Turboluc from the vectors over time was determined based on luciferase activity.

In detail, differentiated non-dividing HepRG cells were maintained in HepaRG™ Maintenance/Metabolism media and transfected with LNPs and Hybridosomes, previously prepared as outlined in example 7. To analyze duration of expression luciferase expression level was determined at different time points for non-dividing cells (FIG. 21A) as described in example 7. Luciferase activity was determined by measuring the luminescence using a SynergyMX plate reader (BioTek). For the analysis of background, bioluminescence from untreated cells was measured following the protocol described in Example 1 above. As seen in FIG. 21A, for non-dividing cells transfected with a construct encoding secreted Turboluc, luciferase activity remains stable over two months.

6.9 Example 9 Transfection with Cre Encoding Hairpin Ended DNA

A construct was designed in silico encoding a left ITR, a EF1a promoter modified to remove nicking sites, a Cre-recombinase ORF, bGH poly(A) signal (a), a right ITR and a double restriction sites for nicking endonuclease 115 base pairs downstream of the right ITR. The construct was ordered to be synthesized and cloned into a pUC mini backbone. The hairpin-ended DNA was produced from circular plasmids as in example 1 and the purified DNA molecules were subsequently loaded into LNPs, as well as Hybridosomes as outlined in Example 4. The percentage of cells transfected was monitored using a monoclonally expanded HEK293-loxP-GFP-RFP (GenTarget) stable cell line. Upon successful transfection Cre recombinase protein is expressed in the cells, enters the nuclease and excises the floxed GFP-stop, to switch the cells from GFP positive to RFP positive. The vector transfected with JetPrime acted as a positive control. The HEK293-loxP-GFP-RFP cells were plated in 96 well plates and transfected with four different doses of DNA. After 72 h the cells were trypsinated and analyzed by flow cytometry for RFP expression. As seen in FIG. 22 , at the highest dose, Hybridosomes successfully transfected >85% of the cells while LNPs and positive control JetPrime showed limited transfection efficiency of the cell population.

6.10 Example 10 RABS Substitutions

In order to investigate the effect of an AAV RBE on the process and transfection efficiency, de novo DNA backbones encoding a right ITR, a pUC ori, Ampicilin resistance and a left ITR were designed and synthesized as well as cloned into a kanamycin resistance vector by a commercial vendor. The vectors were digested and the synthesized fragment excised from the kanamycin backbone and isolated by gel extraction. The synthesized backbone fragment was then purified and the expression cassette of example 7 encoding for secreted turboluc was ligated with synthesized backbones, to circularize the plasmids. Five backbones encoding the left and right ITRs shown below between the expression cassette were produced and amplified in Stabl3 bacteria. The plasmids were then nicked with Nt.BstNBI and hairpin ended DNA was produced as described in Example 1. The production of the hairpin ended DNA was confirmed by running an agarose gel as shown in FIG. 23 . The gel shows no pronounced differences in products nor yield. Next, HepRG cells were transfected with 50 ng of the purified hairpin ended DNAs using JetPrime according to the manufacturer instructions and levels of secreted turboluc were monitored on several days as described in Example 7.

Left ITR Right ITR Plasmid 1 GAGTCCCTCTCTGCGCGCTCGC TTGGCGAGTCCCTCTCTGCGCGCT AAV2 RBE TCGCTCACTGAGGCCGGGCGA CGCTCGCTCACTGAGGCCGGGCG CCAAAGGTCGCCCGACGCCCG ACCAAAGGTCGCCCGACGCCCGG GGCTTTGCCCGGGCGGCCTCAG GCTTTGCCCGGGCGGCCTCAGTG TGAGCGAGCGAGCGCGCAGAG AGCGAGCGAGCGCGCAGAGAGG AGGGACTCGCCAA GACTC Plasmid 2 GAGTCCCTCTCTGCGCGGTCCT TTGGCGAGTCCCTCTCTGCGCGG ITR1 TCGCTCACTGAGGCCGGGCGA TCCTTCGCTCACTGAGGCCGGGC CCAAAGGTCGCCCGACGCCCG GACCAAAGGTCGCCCGACGCCCG GGCTTTGCCCGGGCGGCCTCAG GGCTTTGCCCGGGCGGCCTCAGT TGAGCGAAGGACCGCGCAGAG GAGCGAAGGACCGCGCAGAGAG AGGGACTCGCCAA GGACTC Plasmid 3 GAGTCCCTCTCTGCGCGCTCCT TTGGCGAGTCCCTCTCTGCGCGCT ITR2 TCGGTCACTGAGGCCGGGCGA CCTTCGGTCACTGAGGCCGGGCG CCAAAGGTCGCCCGACGCCCG ACCAAAGGTCGCCCGACGCCCGG GGCTTTGCCCGGGCGGCCTCAG GCTTTGCCCGGGCGGCCTCAGTG TGACCGAAGGAGCGCGCAGAG ACCGAAGGAGCGCGCAGAGAGG AGGGACTCGCCAA GACTC Plasmid 4 GAGTCCCTCTCTGCGCGATCAC TTGGCGAGTCCCTCTCTGCGCGA ITR3 TCACTCACTGAGGCCGGGCGA TCACTCACTCACTGAGGCCGGGC CCAAAGGTCGCCCGACGCCCG GACCAAAGGTCGCCCGACGCCCG GGCTTTGCCCGGGCGGCCTCAG GGCTTTGCCCGGGCGGCCTCAGT TGAGTGAGTGATCGCGCAGAG GAGTGAGTGATCGCGCAGAGAG AGGGACTCGCCAA GGACTC Plasmid 5 GAGTCCCTCTCTGCGCGCCCGA TTGGCGAGTCCCTCTCTGCGCGC ITR4 ACGCACACTGAGGCCGGGCGA CCGAACGCACACTGAGGCCGGGC CCAAAGGTCGCCCGACGCCCG GACCAAAGGTCGCCCGACGCCCG GGCTTTGCCCGGGCGGCCTCAG GGCTTTGCCCGGGCGGCCTCAGT TGTGCGTTCGGGCGCGCAGAG GTGCGTTCGGGCGCGCAGAGAGG AGGGACTCGCCAA GACTC

6.11 Example 11 Production of Hairpin Ended DNA with Double Nicking Sites

A DNA fragment was de novo designed to contain double nicking sites (i) between the right ITR, the pUC ori, (ii) between the pUC ori and the ampicillin resistance, as well as (iii) between the ampicillin resistance and the left ITR and synthesized as well as cloned into a kanamycin resistance vector by a commercial vendor. Analogous to Example 10, the ITR and backbone fragment was then excised, and gel purified to be ligated with a firefly luciferase expression cassette as depicted in FIG. 24B (corresponding sequence below). The plasmid was amplified, 0.5 mg of plasmid nicked with Nt.BspQI enzyme NEB (40 ul) at 500 ng/ul in nicking buffer and incubated for 1 h at 37deg. The nicked plasmid was then denatured by addition of 33 mM of NaOH followed by annealing with 41.6 mM Tris pH 7.2. Then the annealed DNA fragments were digested with exonuclease V. Samples of each step were loaded onto an agarose gel and as seen in FIG. 25A, after nicking, the plasmid is split into the 3 expected fragments (A, B & C), all of which have double stranded ends. Upon denaturing and annealing, the A band is further fragmented into a slightly lower A1 band as well as a new faint band labeled A2/A3. This corresponds to the release of the overhangs from the product as depicted in FIG. 25A. After digestion only band A1 is resistant to digestion. The digestion resistant hairpin ended DNA was then purified as described in Example 1 and HEK293T cells were transfected using JetPrime according to the manufacturer instructions. After 48 hours, luciferase expression was recorded using the Steady-Glo luminescence assay on a SynergyMX plate reader (BioTek) and shown in FIG. 25B.

SEQ ID NO.: 335 GTTCGAGATCGCTCTTCAGAAGAGCGCGGAGTCACATTCGCGACTCGCA ATGCATTGCAGGGCGAGGGCGAGGGCCGCCCCTACGAGGGCCACAACAC CGTGAAGCTGAAGGTGACCAAGGGCGGCCCCCTGCCCTTCGCCTGGGAC ATCCTGTCCCCCCAGTTCCAGTACGGCTCCAAGGTGTACGTGAAGCACC CCGCCGACATCCCAGCTCGGTAGCCACCTGACGTCGCTCTTCGCGCTCG CTCGCTCACTGAGGCCGGGCGACCAAAGGTCGCCCGACGCCCGGGCTTT GCCCGGGCGGCCTCAGTGAGCGAGCGAGCGCGAAGAGCGGGAGTGAGTG GCCAAAAAGTACCCGGCCAGAAAGGAACCGTAAAACCAACTAGACAGCC GGTGACTTTGTTCCCCAGCTCGGTTCATTCTCAAGCCTCAGACAGGAGA ACCGGGACTAGTATATGAGCTCCGGTGCCCGTCAGTGGGCAGAGCGCAC ATCGCCCACAGTCCCCGAGAAGTTGGGGGGAGGGGTCGGCAATTGAACC GGTGCCTAGAGAAGGTGGCGCGGGGTAAACTGGGAAAGTGATGTCGTGT ACTGGCTCCGCCTTTTTCCCGAGGGTGGGGGAGAACCGTATATAAGTGC AGTAGTCGCCGTGAACGTTCTTTTTCGCAACGGGTTTGCCGCCAGAACA CAGGTAAGTGCCGTGTGTGGTTCCCGCGGGCCTGGCCTCTTTACGGGTT ATGGCCCTTGCGTGCCTTGAATTACTTCCACGCCCCTGGCTGCAGTACG TGATTCTTGATCCCGAGCTTCGGGTTGGAAGTGGGTGGGAGAGTTCGAG GCCTTGCGCTTAAGGAGCCCCTTCGCCTCGTGCTTGAGTTGAGGCCTGG CCTGGGCGCTGGGGCCGCCGCGTGCGAATCTGGTGGCACCTTCGCGCCT GTCTCGCTGCTTTCGATAAGTCTCTAGCCATTTAAAATTTTTGATGACC TGCTGCGACGCTTTTTTTCTGGCAAGATAGTCTTGTAAATGCGGGCCAA GATCGATCTGCACACTGGTATTTCGGTTTTTGGGGCCGCGGGCGGCGAC GGGGCCCGTGCGTCCCAGCGCACATGTTCGGCGAGGCGGGGCCTGCGAG CGCGGCCACCGAGAATCGGACGGGGGTAGTCTCAAGCTGGCCGGCCTGC TCTGGTGCCTGGCCTCGCGCCGCCGTGTATCGCCCCGCCCTGGGCGGCA AGGCTGGCCCGGTCGGCACCAGTTGCGTGAGCGGAAAGATGGCCGCTTC CCGGCCCTGCTGCAGGGAGCTCAAAATGGAGGACGCGGCGCTCGGGAGA GCGGGCGGGTGAGACACCCACACAAAGGAAAAGGGCCTTTCCGTCCTCA GCCGTCGCTTCATGTGACACCACGGAGTACCGGGCGCCGTCCAGGCACC TCGATTAGTTCTCGATCGAGCTTTTGGAGTACGTCGTCTTTAGGTTGGG GGGAGGGGTTTTATGCGATGGAGTTTCCCCACACTGAGTGGGTGGAGAC TGAAGTTAGGCCAGCTTGGCACTTGATGTAATTCTCCTTGGAATTTGCC CTTTTTGAGTTTGGATCTTGGTTCATTCTCAAGCCTCAGACAGTGGTTC AAAGTTTTTTTCTTCCATTTCAGGTGTCGTGAGCGGCCGCGGCAGGCTG CCACCATGGAGGATGCCAAGAATATTAAGAAAGGCCCTGCCCCATTCTA CCCTCTGGAAGATGGCACTGCTGGTGAGCAACTGCACAAGGCCATGAAG AGGTATGCCCTGGTCCCTGGCACAATTGCCTTCACTGATGCTCACATTG AGGTGGACATCACCTATGCTGAATACTTTGAGATGTCTGTGAGGCTGGC AGAAGCCATGAAAAGATATGGACTGAACACCAACCACAGGATTGTGGTG TGCTCTGAGAACTCTCTCCAGTTCTTCATGCCTGTGTTGGGAGCCCTGT TCATTGGAGTGGCTGTGGCCCCTGCCAATGACATCTACAATGAGAGAGA GCTCCTGAACAGCATGGGCATCAGCCAGCCAACTGTGGTCTTTGTGAGC AAGAAGGGCCTGCAAAAGATCCTGAATGTGCAGAAGAAGCTGCCCATCA TCCAGAAGATCATCATCATGGACAGCAAGACTGACTACCAGGGCTTCCA GAGCATGTATACCTTTGTGACCAGCCACCTCCCCCCTGGCTTCAATGAG TATGACTTTGTGCCTGAGAGCTTTGACAGGGACAAGACAATTGCTCTGA TTATGAACAGCTCTGGCTCCACTGGACTGCCCAAAGGTGTGGCTCTGCC CCACAGAACTGCTTGTGTGAGATTCAGCCATGCCAGAGACCCCATCTTT GGCAACCAGATCATCCCTGACACTGCCATCCTGTCTGTGGTTCCATTCC ATCATGGCTTTGGCATGTTCACAACACTGGGGTACCTGATCTGTGGCTT CAGAGTGGTGCTGATGTATAGGTTTGAGGAGGAGCTGTTTCTGAGGAGC TTGCAAGACTACAAGATCCAGTCTGCCCTGCTGGTGCCCACTCTGTTCA GCTTCTTTGCCAAGAGCACCCTCATTGACAAGTATGACCTGAGCAACCT GCATGAGATTGCCTCTGGAGGAGCACCCCTGAGCAAGGAGGTGGGTGAG GCTGTGGCAAAGAGGTTCCATCTCCCAGGAATCAGACAGGGCTATGGCC TGACTGAGACCACCTCTGCCATCCTCATCACCCCTGAAGGAGATGACAA GCCTGGTGCTGTGGGCAAGGTGGTTCCCTTTTTTGAGGCCAAGGTGGTG GACCTGGACACTGGCAAGACCCTGGGAGTGAACCAGAGGGGTGAGCTGT GTGTGAGGGGTCCCATGATCATGTCTGGCTATGTGAACAACCCTGAGGC CACCAATGCCCTGATTGACAAGGATGGCTGGCTGCACTCTGGTGATATT GCCTACTGGGATGAGGATGAGCACTTTTTCATTGTGGACAGGCTGAAGA GTCTCATCAAGTACAAAGGCTACCAAGTGGCACCTGCTGAGCTTGAGAG CATCCTGCTCCAGCACCCCAACATCTTTGATGCTGGTGTGGCTGGCCTG CCTGATGATGATGCTGGAGAGCTGCCTGCTGCTGTTGTGGTTCTGGAGC ATGGAAAGACCATGACTGAGAAGGAGATTGTGGACTATGTGGCCAGTCA GGTGACCACTGCCAAGAAGCTGAGGGGAGGTGTGGTGTTTGTGGATGAG GTGCCAAAGGGTCTGACTGGCAAGCTGGATGCCAGAAAGATCAGAGAGA TCCTGATCAAGGCCAAGAAGGGAGGAAAGATTGCAGTTTAAGGATCCTG ACACAAAGTGACGCGTAATCAACCTCTGGATTACAAAATTTGTGAAAGA TTGACTGGTATTCTTAACTATGTTGCTCCTTTTACGCTATGTGGATACG CTGCTTTAATGCCTTTGTATCATGCTATTGCTTCCCGTATGGCTTTCAT TTTCTCCTCCTTGTATAAATCCTGGTTGCTGTCTCTTTATGAGGAGTTG TGGCCCGTTGTCAGGCAACGTGGCGTGGTGTGCACTGTGTTTGCTGACG CAACCCCCACTGGTTGGGGCTTTGCCACCACCTGTCAGCTCCTTTCCGG GACTTTCGCTTTCCCCCTCCCTATTGCCACGGCGGAACTCATCGCCGCC TGCCTTGCCCGCTGCTGGACAGGGGCTCGGCTGTTGGGCACTGACAATT CCGTGGTGTTGTCGGGGAAATCATCGTCCTTTCCTTGGCTGCTCGCCTG TGTTGCCACCTGGATTCTGCGCGGGACGTCCTTCTGCTACGTCCCTTCG GCCCTCAATCCAGCGGACCTTCCTTCCCGCGGCCTGCTGCCGGCTCTGC GGCCTCTTCCGCGTCTTCGCCTTCGCCCTCAGACGAGTCGGATCTCCCT TTGGGCCGCCTCCCCGCACGCGTCCTAGAGCTCGCACTGTGCCTTCTAG TTGCCAGCCATCTGTTGTTTGCCCCTCCCCCGTGCCTTCCTTGACCCTG GAAGGTGCCACTCCCACTGTCCTTTCCTAATAAAATGAGGAAATTGCAT CGCATTGTCTGAGTAGGTGTCATTCTATTCTGGGGGGTGGGGTGGGGCA GGACAGCAAGGGGGAGGATTGGGAAGAGAATAGCAGGCATGCTGGGGAG GGCGCTAGCGCAGGGGGACCCCAAGTGACGATTGAACCCCGATTCAGGT ACCCATTGGAAATTTTAATGGAGTAACATAACTGCTGGAGTAGATGAAG AACCTCTTGGCCACTCCGCTCCCGAAGAGCGCACTCGCTCGCTCGGTGG GGCCTGGCGACCAAAGGTCGCCAGACGGACGTGCTTTGCACGTCCGGCC CCACCGAGCGAGCGAGTGCGCTCTTCGGGCCACTTGGAGGGGCCGGGGG GACGACGCAATCTGGAGTGGAAAGAACCCCCGTCTATGCGGCTTAAAGC ACGGCCAGGGAATAGTGGATCAAGTGTACTGACATGTGCCGGCAATGCA TTGCGTCCCGAGTCACATTCGCGACTCTCGACGCTCTTCAGAAGAGCAG CTTAGCTTCAATAGCTCAATGATATCGGAAAGAACATGTGAGCAAAAGG CCAGCAAAAGGCCAGGAACCGTAAAAAGGCCGCGTTGCTGGCGTTTTTC CATAGGCTCCGCCCCCCTGACGAGCATCACAAAAATCGACGCTCAAGTC AGAGGTGGCGAAACCCGACAGGACTATAAAGATACCAGGCGTTTCCCCC TGGAAGCTCCCTCGTGCGCTCTCCTGTTCCGACCCTGCCGCTTACCGGA TACCTGTCCGCCTTTCTCCCTTCGGGAAGCGTGGCGCTTTCTCATAGCT CACGCTGTAGGTATCTCAGTTCGGTGTAGGTCGTTCGCTCCAAGCTGGG CTGTGTGCACGAACCCCCCGTTCAGCCCGACCGCTGCGCCTTATCCGGT AACTATCGTCTTGAGTCCAACCCGGTAAGACACGACTTATCGCCACTGG CAGCAGCCACTGGTAACAGGATTAGCAGAGCGAGGTATGTAGGCGGTGC TACAGAGTTCTTGAAGTGGTGGCCTAACTACGGCTACACTAGAAGAACA GTATTTGGTATCTGCGCTCTGCTGAAGCCAGTTACCTTCGGAAAAAGAG TTGGTAGCTCTTGATCCGGCAAACAAACCACCGCTGGTAGCGGTGGTTT TTTTGTTTGCAAGCAGCAGATTACGCGCAGAAAAAAAGGATCTCAAGAA GATCCTTTGATCTTTTCTACGGGGTCTGACGCTCAGTGGAACGAAAACT CACGTTAAGGGGCTCTTCAGAAGAGCGAGTCACATTCGCGACTCTGCAA TGCATTGCCATGAGATTATCAAAAAGGATCTTCACCTAGATCCTTTTAA ATTAAAAATGAAGTTTTAAATCAATCTAAAGTATATATGAGTAAACTTG GTCTGACAGTTACCAATGCTTAATCAGTGAGGCACCTATCTCAGCGATC TGTCTATTTCGTTCATCCATAGTTGCCTGACTCCCCGTCGTGTAGATAA CTACGATACGGGAGGGCTTACCATCTGGCCCCAGTGCTGCAATGATACC GCGAGACCCACGCTCACCGGCTCCAGATTTATCAGCAATAAACCAGCCA GCCGGAAGGGCCGAGCGCAGAAGTGGTCCTGCAACTTTATCCGCCTCCA TCCAGTCTATTAATTGTTGCCGGGAAGCTAGAGTAAGTAGTTCGCCAGT TAATAGTTTGCGCAACGTTGTTGCCATTGCTACAGGCATCGTGGTGTCA CGCTCGTCGTTTGGTATGGCTTCATTCAGCTCCGGTTCCCAACGATCAA GGCGAGTTACATGATCCCCCATGTTGTGCAAAAAAGCGGTTAGCTCCTT CGGTCCTCCGATCGTTGTCAGAAGTAAGTTGGCCGCAGTGTTATCACTC ATGGTTATGGCAGCACTGCATAATTCTCTTACTGTCATGCCATCCGTAA GATGCTTTTCTGTGACTGGTGAGTACTCAACCAAGTCATTCTGAGAATA GTGTATGCGGCGACCGAGTTGCTCTTGCCCGGCGTCAATACGGGATAAT ACCGCGCCACATAGCAGAACTTTAAAAGTGCTCATCATTGGAAAACGTT CTTCGGGGCGAAAACTCTCAAGGATCTTACCGCTGTTGAGATCCAGTTC GATGTAACCCACTCGTGCACCCAACTGATCTTCAGCATCTTTTACTTTC ACCAGCGTTTCTGGGTGAGCAAAAACAGGAAGGCAAAATGCCGCAAAAA AGGGAATAAGGGCGACACGGAAATGTTGAATACTCATACTCTTCCTTTT TCAATATTATTGAAGCATTTATCAGGGTTATTGTCTCATGAGCGGATAC ATATTTGAATGTATTTAGAAAAATAAACAAATAGGGGTTCCGCGCACAT TTCCCCGAAAAGTA)

6.12 Example 12 Hairpinned Inverted Repeat DNA with Hetero-Telomeric HBOV Derived ITRs

A DNA fragment was de novo designed to contain double nicking sites (i) between the right HBOV-derived ITR, the pUC ori, (ii) between the pUC ori and the ampicillin resistance, as well as (iii) between the ampicillin resistance and the left HBOV-derived ITR and synthesized as well as cloned into a kanamycin resistance vector by a commercial vendor. Analogous to Example 10, the ITR and backbone fragment was then excised, and gel purified to be ligated with a firefly luciferase expression cassette fragment and circularized as described in the previous example. The plasmid is amplified, and 0.5 mg of plasmid are nicked with Nt.BspQI enzyme NEB (40 ul) at 500 ng/ul in nicking buffer and incubated for 1 h at 37deg. The nicked plasmid is then denatured by addition of 33 mM of NaOH to release the overhangs, followed by annealing of the overhangs with 41.6 mM Tris pH 7.2. Then the annealed DNA fragments are digested with RecBDC. Samples of each step care visualized an agarose gel to confirm the production of the vector.

(SEQ ID NO 337) GTTCGAGATCGCTCTTCAGAAGAGCGCGGAGTCACATTCGCGACTCGC AATGCATTGCAGGGCGAGGGCGAGGGCCGCCCCTACGAGGGCCACAACA CCGTGAAGCTGAAGGTGACCAAGGGCGGCCCCCTGCCCTTCGCCTGGGA CATCCTGTCCCCCCAGTTCCAGTACGGCTCCAAGGTGTACGTGAAGCAC CCCGCCGACATCCCAGCTCGGTAGCCACCTGACGTCGCTCTTCGGTGGT TGTACAGACGCCATCTTGGAATCCAATATGTCTGCCGGCTCAGTCATGC CTGCGCTGCGCGCAGCGCGCTGCGCGCGCGCATGATCTAATCGCCGGCA GACATATTGGATTCCAAGATGGCGTCTGTACAACCACCGAAGAGCGGAG TGGCCAAAAAGTACCCGGCCAGAAAGGAACCGTAAAACCAACTAGACAG CCGGTGACTTTGTTCCCCAGCTCGGTTCATTCTCAAGCCTCAGACAGGA GAACCGGGACTAGTATATGAGCTCCGGTGCCCGTCAGTGGGCAGAGCGC ACATCGCCCACAGTCCCCGAGAAGTTGGGGGGAGGGGTCGGCAATTGAA CCGGTGCCTAGAGAAGGTGGCGCGGGGTAAACTGGGAAAGTGATGTCGT GTACTGGCTCCGCCTTTTTCCCGAGGGTGGGGGAGAACCGTATATAAGT GCAGTAGTCGCCGTGAACGTTCTTTTTCGCAACGGGTTTGCCGCCAGAA CACAGGTAAGTGCCGTGTGTGGTTCCCGCGGGCCTGGCCTCTTTACGGG TTATGGCCCTTGCGTGCCTTGAATTACTTCCACGCCCCTGGCTGCAGTA CGTGATTCTTGATCCCGAGCTTCGGGTTGGAAGTGGGTGGGAGAGTTCG AGGCCTTGCGCTTAAGGAGCCCCTTCGCCTCGTGCTTGAGTTGAGGCCT GGCCTGGGCGCTGGGGCCGCCGCGTGCGAATCTGGTGGCACCTTCGCGC CTGTCTCGCTGCTTTCGATAAGTCTCTAGCCATTTAAAATTTTTGATGA CCTGCTGCGACGCTTTTTTTCTGGCAAGATAGTCTTGTAAATGCGGGCC AAGATCGATCTGCACACTGGTATTTCGGTTTTTGGGGCCGCGGGCGGCG ACGGGGCCCGTGCGTCCCAGCGCACATGTTCGGCGAGGCGGGGCCTGCG AGCGCGGCCACCGAGAATCGGACGGGGGTAGTCTCAAGCTGGCCGGCCT GCTCTGGTGCCTGGCCTCGCGCCGCCGTGTATCGCCCCGCCCTGGGCGG CAAGGCTGGCCCGGTCGGCACCAGTTGCGTGAGCGGAAAGATGGCCGCT TCCCGGCCCTGCTGCAGGGAGCTCAAAATGGAGGACGCGGCGCTCGGGA GAGCGGGCGGGTGAGACACCCACACAAAGGAAAAGGGCCTTTCCGTCCT CAGCCGTCGCTTCATGTGACACCACGGAGTACCGGGCGCCGTCCAGGCA CCTCGATTAGTTCTCGATCGAGCTTTTGGAGTACGTCGTCTTTAGGTTG GGGGGAGGGGTTTTATGCGATGGAGTTTCCCCACACTGAGTGGGTGGAG ACTGAAGTTAGGCCAGCTTGGCACTTGATGTAATTCTCCTTGGAATTTG CCCTTTTTGAGTTTGGATCTTGGTTCATTCTCAAGCCTCAGACAGTGGT TCAAAGTTTTTTTCTTCCATTTCAGGTGTCGTGAGCGGCCGCGGCAGGC TGCCACCATGGAGGATGCCAAGAATATTAAGAAAGGCCCTGCCCCATTC TACCCTCTGGAAGATGGCACTGCTGGTGAGCAACTGCACAAGGCCATGA AGAGGTATGCCCTGGTCCCTGGCACAATTGCCTTCACTGATGCTCACAT TGAGGTGGACATCACCTATGCTGAATACTTTGAGATGTCTGTGAGGCTG GCAGAAGCCATGAAAAGATATGGACTGAACACCAACCACAGGATTGTGG TGTGCTCTGAGAACTCTCTCCAGTTCTTCATGCCTGTGTTGGGAGCCCT GTTCATTGGAGTGGCTGTGGCCCCTGCCAATGACATCTACAATGAGAGA GAGCTCCTGAACAGCATGGGCATCAGCCAGCCAACTGTGGTCTTTGTGA GCAAGAAGGGCCTGCAAAAGATCCTGAATGTGCAGAAGAAGCTGCCCAT CATCCAGAAGATCATCATCATGGACAGCAAGACTGACTACCAGGGCTTC CAGAGCATGTATACCTTTGTGACCAGCCACCTCCCCCCTGGCTTCAATG AGTATGACTTTGTGCCTGAGAGCTTTGACAGGGACAAGACAATTGCTCT GATTATGAACAGCTCTGGCTCCACTGGACTGCCCAAAGGTGTGGCTCTG CCCCACAGAACTGCTTGTGTGAGATTCAGCCATGCCAGAGACCCCATCT TTGGCAACCAGATCATCCCTGACACTGCCATCCTGTCTGTGGTTCCATT CCATCATGGCTTTGGCATGTTCACAACACTGGGGTACCTGATCTGTGGC TTCAGAGTGGTGCTGATGTATAGGTTTGAGGAGGAGCTGTTTCTGAGGA GCTTGCAAGACTACAAGATCCAGTCTGCCCTGCTGGTGCCCACTCTGTT CAGCTTCTTTGCCAAGAGCACCCTCATTGACAAGTATGACCTGAGCAAC CTGCATGAGATTGCCTCTGGAGGAGCACCCCTGAGCAAGGAGGTGGGTG AGGCTGTGGCAAAGAGGTTCCATCTCCCAGGAATCAGACAGGGCTATGG CCTGACTGAGACCACCTCTGCCATCCTCATCACCCCTGAAGGAGATGAC AAGCCTGGTGCTGTGGGCAAGGTGGTTCCCTTTTTTGAGGCCAAGGTGG TGGACCTGGACACTGGCAAGACCCTGGGAGTGAACCAGAGGGGTGAGCT GTGTGTGAGGGGTCCCATGATCATGTCTGGCTATGTGAACAACCCTGAG GCCACCAATGCCCTGATTGACAAGGATGGCTGGCTGCACTCTGGTGATA TTGCCTACTGGGATGAGGATGAGCACTTTTTCATTGTGGACAGGCTGAA GAGTCTCATCAAGTACAAAGGCTACCAAGTGGCACCTGCTGAGCTTGAG AGCATCCTGCTCCAGCACCCCAACATCTTTGATGCTGGTGTGGCTGGCC TGCCTGATGATGATGCTGGAGAGCTGCCTGCTGCTGTTGTGGTTCTGGA GCATGGAAAGACCATGACTGAGAAGGAGATTGTGGACTATGTGGCCAGT CAGGTGACCACTGCCAAGAAGCTGAGGGGAGGTGTGGTGTTTGTGGATG AGGTGCCAAAGGGTCTGACTGGCAAGCTGGATGCCAGAAAGATCAGAGA GATCCTGATCAAGGCCAAGAAGGGAGGAAAGATTGCAGTTTAAGGATCC TGACACAAAGTGACGCGTAATCAACCTCTGGATTACAAAATTTGTGAAA GATTGACTGGTATTCTTAACTATGTTGCTCCTTTTACGCTATGTGGATA CGCTGCTTTAATGCCTTTGTATCATGCTATTGCTTCCCGTATGGCTTTC ATTTTCTCCTCCTTGTATAAATCCTGGTTGCTGTCTCTTTATGAGGAGT TGTGGCCCGTTGTCAGGCAACGTGGCGTGGTGTGCACTGTGTTTGCTGA CGCAACCCCCACTGGTTGGGGCTTTGCCACCACCTGTCAGCTCCTTTCC GGGACTTTCGCTTTCCCCCTCCCTATTGCCACGGCGGAACTCATCGCCG CCTGCCTTGCCCGCTGCTGGACAGGGGCTCGGCTGTTGGGCACTGACAA TTCCGTGGTGTTGTCGGGGAAATCATCGTCCTTTCCTTGGCTGCTCGCC TGTGTTGCCACCTGGATTCTGCGCGGGACGTCCTTCTGCTACGTCCCTT CGGCCCTCAATCCAGCGGACCTTCCTTCCCGCGGCCTGCTGCCGGCTCT GCGGCCTCTTCCGCGTCTTCGCCTTCGCCCTCAGACGAGTCGGATCTCC CTTTGGGCCGCCTCCCCGCACGCGTCCTAGAGCTCGCACTGTGCCTTCT AGTTGCCAGCCATCTGTTGTTTGCCCCTCCCCCGTGCCTTCCTTGACCC TGGAAGGTGCCACTCCCACTGTCCTTTCCTAATAAAATGAGGAAATTGC ATCGCATTGTCTGAGTAGGTGTCATTCTATTCTGGGGGGTGGGGTGGGG CAGGACAGCAAGGGGGAGGATTGGGAAGAGAATAGCAGGCATGCTGGGG AGGGCGCTAGCGCAGGGGGACCCCAAGTGACGATTGAACCCCGATTCAG GTACCCATTGGAAATTTTAATGGAGTAACATAACTGCTGGAGTAGATGA AGAACCTCTTGGCCACTCCGTTGCTTATGCAATCGCGAAACTCTATATC TTGCTCTTCTTAATGTGTTGTTGTTGTACATGCGCCATCTTAGTTTTAT ATCAGCTGGCGCCTTAGTTATATAACATGCATGTTATATAACTAAGGCG CCAGCTGATATAAAACTAAGATGGCGCATGTACAACAACAACACATTAA GAAGAGCGCCGGGGGGACGACGCAATCTGGAGTGGAAAGAACCCCCGTC TATGCGGCTTAAAGCACGGCCAGGGAATAGTGGATCAAGTGTACTGACA TGTGCCGGCAATGCATTGCGTCCCGAGTCACATTCGCGACTCTCGACGC TCTTCAGAAGAGCAGCTTAGCTTCAATAGCTCAATGATATCGGAAAGAA CATGTGAGCAAAAGGCCAGCAAAAGGCCAGGAACCGTAAAAAGGCCGCG TTGCTGGCGTTTTTCCATAGGCTCCGCCCCCCTGACGAGCATCACAAAA ATCGACGCTCAAGTCAGAGGTGGCGAAACCCGACAGGACTATAAAGATA CCAGGCGTTTCCCCCTGGAAGCTCCCTCGTGCGCTCTCCTGTTCCGACC CTGCCGCTTACCGGATACCTGTCCGCCTTTCTCCCTTCGGGAAGCGTGG CGCTTTCTCATAGCTCACGCTGTAGGTATCTCAGTTCGGTGTAGGTCGT TCGCTCCAAGCTGGGCTGTGTGCACGAACCCCCCGTTCAGCCCGACCGC TGCGCCTTATCCGGTAACTATCGTCTTGAGTCCAACCCGGTAAGACACG ACTTATCGCCACTGGCAGCAGCCACTGGTAACAGGATTAGCAGAGCGAG GTATGTAGGCGGTGCTACAGAGTTCTTGAAGTGGTGGCCTAACTACGGC TACACTAGAAGAACAGTATTTGGTATCTGCGCTCTGCTGAAGCCAGTTA CCTTCGGAAAAAGAGTTGGTAGCTCTTGATCCGGCAAACAAACCACCGC TGGTAGCGGTGGTTTTTTTGTTTGCAAGCAGCAGATTACGCGCAGAAAA AAAGGATCTCAAGAAGATCCTTTGATCTTTTCTACGGGGTCTGACGCTC AGTGGAACGAAAACTCACGTTAAGGGGCTCTTCAGAAGAGCGAGTCACA TTCGCGACTCTGCAATGCATTGCCATGAGATTATCAAAAAGGATCTTCA CCTAGATCCTTTTAAATTAAAAATGAAGTTTTAAATCAATCTAAAGTAT ATATGAGTAAACTTGGTCTGACAGTTACCAATGCTTAATCAGTGAGGCA CCTATCTCAGCGATCTGTCTATTTCGTTCATCCATAGTTGCCTGACTCC CCGTCGTGTAGATAACTACGATACGGGAGGGCTTACCATCTGGCCCCAG TGCTGCAATGATACCGCGAGACCCACGCTCACCGGCTCCAGATTTATCA GCAATAAACCAGCCAGCCGGAAGGGCCGAGCGCAGAAGTGGTCCTGCAA CTTTATCCGCCTCCATCCAGTCTATTAATTGTTGCCGGGAAGCTAGAGT AAGTAGTTCGCCAGTTAATAGTTTGCGCAACGTTGTTGCCATTGCTACA GGCATCGTGGTGTCACGCTCGTCGTTTGGTATGGCTTCATTCAGCTCCG GTTCCCAACGATCAAGGCGAGTTACATGATCCCCCATGTTGTGCAAAAA AGCGGTTAGCTCCTTCGGTCCTCCGATCGTTGTCAGAAGTAAGTTGGCC GCAGTGTTATCACTCATGGTTATGGCAGCACTGCATAATTCTCTTACTG TCATGCCATCCGTAAGATGCTTTTCTGTGACTGGTGAGTACTCAACCAA GTCATTCTGAGAATAGTGTATGCGGCGACCGAGTTGCTCTTGCCCGGCG TCAATACGGGATAATACCGCGCCACATAGCAGAACTTTAAAAGTGCTCA TCATTGGAAAACGTTCTTCGGGGCGAAAACTCTCAAGGATCTTACCGCT GTTGAGATCCAGTTCGATGTAACCCACTCGTGCACCCAACTGATCTTCA GCATCTTTTACTTTCACCAGCGTTTCTGGGTGAGCAAAAACAGGAAGGC AAAATGCCGCAAAAAAGGGAATAAGGGCGACACGGAAATGTTGAATACT CATACTCTTCCTTTTTCAATATTATTGAAGCATTTATCAGGGTTATTGT CTCATGAGCGGATACATATTTGAATGTATTTAGAAAAATAAACAAATAG GGGTTCCGCGCACATTTCCCCGAAAAGTA

6.13 Example 13 Production and Transfection of OriL-Derived ITRs

A plasmid comprising a left and right inverted repeat derived from the human OriL sequence (SEQ ID No 29, and FIG. 4 ) each flanked Nt.BspQI nicking sites by was designed. The expression cassette comprised a mini human PGK promoter, a secreted turboluc ORF, SV40 poly (a). The plasmid was transformed and then amplified overnight in the NEBstable strain followed by plasmid isolation using commercial plasmid isolation kit (Nucleobond Xtra Maxi Plus EF (Macherey Nagel)) and dissolved in nuclease free water.

The plasmid was nicked as described in Example 1 using the nicking endonuclease Nt.BstNBI (6.2 U/μg DNA). The reaction mix containing the nicked plasmid was then heated to 92° C. on a thermo shaker for 3 min, in order to dissociate the OriL-derived ITR flanked transgene from the plasmid back bone and the mix was then left to cool to room temperature for 30 min to allow for ITR folding at the single stranded overhangs ends. The reaction mix was then digested with both the restriction enzyme PvuII and RecBCD as described in example 1. Finally, the reaction mix was purified using Takara NucleoSpin Gel and PCR clean-up kit and remaining ITR flanked vector was eluted according to the manufacturer's instructions. Samples from the different production steps were visualized on the agarose gel (FIG. 26 ). A single band of digestion resistant vector is present in lane 5. The third band in lane 4, indicates incomplete denaturing by the thermoshaker, leaving nicked plasmid in the reaction mix. Upon adding PvuII and RecBCD, the nicked plasmid was successfully digested away while the hairpin ended DNA remained. HEK293 cell were transfected with the purified construct using JetPrime according to the manufacturer protocol. Luciferase expression level in the supernatant was determined 48 h after transfection using the Gluc Glow Assay kit from NanoLight Technology.

From the foregoing, it will be appreciated that, although specific embodiments have been described herein for the purpose of illustration, various modifications may be made without deviating from the spirit and scope of what is provided herein. All of the references referred to above are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A double-stranded DNA molecule comprising in 5′ to 3′ direction of the top strand: a. a first inverted repeat, wherein a first and a second restriction site for nicking endonuclease are arranged on opposite strands in proximity of the first inverted repeat such that nicking results in a top strand 5′ overhang comprising the first inverted repeat or a fragment thereof upon separation of the top from the bottom strand of the first inverted repeat; b. an expression cassette; and c. a second inverted repeat, wherein a third and a fourth restriction site for nicking endonuclease are arranged on opposite strands in proximity of the second inverted repeat such that nicking results in a top strand 3′ overhang comprising the second inverted repeat or a fragment thereof upon separation of the top from the bottom strand of the second inverted repeat.
 2. A double-stranded DNA molecule comprising in 5′ to 3′ direction of the top strand: a. a first inverted repeat, wherein a first and a second restriction site for nicking endonuclease are arranged on opposite strands in proximity of the first inverted repeat such that nicking results in a bottom strand 3′ overhang comprising the first inverted repeat upon separation of the top from the bottom strand of the first inverted repeat; b. an expression cassette; and c. a second inverted repeat, wherein a third and a fourth restriction site for nicking endonuclease are arranged on opposite strands in proximity of the second inverted repeat such that nicking results in a bottom strand 5′ overhang comprising the second inverted repeat upon separation of the top from the bottom strand of the second inverted repeat.
 3. A double-stranded DNA molecule comprising in 5′ to 3′ direction of the top strand: a. a first inverted repeat, wherein a first and a second restriction site for nicking endonuclease are arranged on opposite strands in proximity of the first inverted repeat such that nicking results in a top strand 5′ overhang comprising the first inverted repeat upon separation of the top from the bottom strand of the first inverted repeat; b. an expression cassette; and c. a second inverted repeat, wherein a third and a fourth restriction site for nicking endonuclease are arranged on opposite strands in proximity of the second inverted repeat such that nicking results in a bottom strand 5′ overhang comprising the second inverted repeat upon separation of the top from the bottom strand of the second inverted repeat.
 4. A double-stranded DNA molecule comprising in 5′ to 3′ direction of the top strand: a. a first inverted repeat, wherein a first and a second restriction site for nicking endonuclease are arranged on opposite strands in proximity of the first inverted repeat such that nicking results in a bottom strand 3′ overhang comprising the first inverted repeat upon separation of the top from the bottom strand of the first inverted repeat; b. an expression cassette; and c. a second inverted repeat, wherein a third and a fourth restriction site for nicking endonuclease are arranged on opposite strands in proximity of the second inverted repeat such that nicking results in a top strand 3′ overhang comprising the second inverted repeat upon separation of the top from the bottom strand of the second inverted repeat.
 5. The double-stranded DNA molecule of any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the double-stranded DNA molecule is an isolated DNA molecule.
 6. The double-stranded DNA molecule of any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the first, second, third, and fourth restriction sites for nicking endonuclease are all restriction sites for the same nicking endonuclease.
 7. The double-stranded DNA molecule of any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the first and the second inverted repeats are the same.
 8. The double-stranded DNA molecule of any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the first and/or the second inverted repeat is an ITR of a parvovirus.
 9. The double-stranded DNA molecule of any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the first and/or the second inverted repeat is a modified ITR of a parvovirus.
 10. The double-stranded DNA molecule of claim 8 or 9, wherein the parvovirus is a Dependoparvovirus, a Bocaparvovirus, an Erythroparvovirus, a Protoparvovirus, or a Tetraparvovirus.
 11. The double-stranded DNA molecule of claim 9 wherein the nucleotide sequence of the modified ITR is at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or at least 99% identical to the ITR of the parvovirus.
 12. The double-stranded DNA molecule of claim 1 or 5, wherein the a. the first nick is within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 nucleotides from the 5′ nucleotide of the ITR closing base pair of the first inverted repeat; b. the second nick is within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 nucleotides from the 3′ nucleotide of the ITR closing base pair of the first inverted repeat; c. the third nick is within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 nucleotides from the 5′ nucleotide of the ITR closing base pair of the second inverted repeat; and/or d. the fourth nick is within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 nucleotides from the 3′ nucleotide of the ITR closing base pair of the second inverted repeat; wherein the first nick and the fourth nick are two resulting nicks on the top strand, with the first nick being the one closer to the 5′ end of the top strand and the fourth nick being the one closer to the 3′ end of the top strand, and wherein the second nick and the third nick are two resulting nicks on the bottom strand, with the third nick being the one closer to the 5′ end of the bottom strand and the second nick being the one closer to the 3′ end of the bottom strand.
 13. The double-stranded DNA molecule of claim 2 or 5, wherein the a. the first nick is within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 nucleotides from the 3′ nucleotide of the ITR closing base pair of the first inverted repeat; b. the second nick is within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 nucleotides from the 5′ nucleotide of the ITR closing base pair of the first inverted repeat; c. the third nick is within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 nucleotides from the 3′ nucleotide of the ITR closing base pair of the second inverted repeat; and/or d. the fourth nick is within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 nucleotides from the 5′ nucleotide of the ITR closing base pair of the second inverted repeat; wherein the first nick and the fourth nick are two resulting nicks on the top strand, with the first nick being the one closer to the 5′ end of the top strand and the fourth nick being the one closer to the 3′ end of the top strand, and wherein the second nick and the third nick are two resulting nicks on the bottom strand, with the third nick being the one closer to the 5′ end of the bottom strand and the second nick being the one closer to the 3′ end of the bottom strand.
 14. The double-stranded DNA molecule of claim 3 or 5, wherein the a. the first nick is within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 nucleotides from the 5′ nucleotide of the ITR closing base pair of the first inverted repeat; b. the second nick is within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 nucleotides from the 3′ nucleotide of the ITR closing base pair of the first inverted repeat; c. the third nick is within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 nucleotides from the 3′ nucleotide of the ITR closing base pair of the second inverted repeat; and/or d. the fourth nick is within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 nucleotides from the 5′ nucleotide of the ITR closing base pair of the second inverted repeat; wherein the first nick and the fourth nick are two resulting nicks on the top strand, with the first nick being the one closer to the 5′ end of the top strand and the fourth nick being the one closer to the 3′ end of the top strand, and wherein the second nick and the third nick are two resulting nicks on the bottom strand, with the third nick being the one closer to the 5′ end of the bottom strand and the second nick being the one closer to the 3′ end of the bottom strand.
 15. The double-stranded DNA molecule of claim 4 or 5, wherein the a. the first nick is within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 nucleotides from the 3′ nucleotide of the ITR closing base pair of the first inverted repeat; b. the second nick is within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 nucleotides from the 5′ nucleotide of the ITR closing base pair of the first inverted repeat; c. the third nick is within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 nucleotides from the 5′ nucleotide of the ITR closing base pair of the second inverted repeat; and/or d. the fourth nick is within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 nucleotides from the 3′ nucleotide of the ITR closing base pair of the second inverted repeat; wherein the first nick and the fourth nick are two resulting nicks on the top strand, with the first nick being the one closer to the 5′ end of the top strand and the fourth nick being the one closer to the 3′ end of the top strand, and wherein the second nick and the third nick are two resulting nicks on the bottom strand, with the third nick being the one closer to the 5′ end of the bottom strand and the second nick being the one closer to the 3′ end of the bottom strand.
 16. The double-stranded DNA molecule of any one of claims 12 to 15, wherein the first nick, the second nick, the third nick, and/or the fourth nick is inside the inverted repeat.
 17. The double-stranded DNA molecule of any one of claims 12 to 15, wherein the first nick, the second nick, the third nick, and/or the fourth nick is outside the inverted repeat.
 18. The double-stranded DNA molecule of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the double-stranded DNA molecule is a plasmid.
 19. The double-stranded DNA molecule of claim 18, wherein the plasmid further comprises a bacterial origin of replication.
 20. The double-stranded DNA molecule of claim 18, wherein the plasmid further comprises a restriction enzyme site in the region 5′ to the first inverted repeat and 3′ to the second inverted repeat wherein the restriction enzyme site is not present in any of the first inverted repeat, second inverted repeat, and the region between the first and second inverted repeats.
 21. The double-stranded DNA molecule of claim 20, wherein the cleavage with the restriction enzyme results in single strand overhangs that do not anneal at detectable levels under conditions that favor annealing of the first and/or second inverted repeat.
 22. The double-stranded DNA molecule of claim 20, wherein the plasmid further comprises an open reading frame encoding the restriction enzyme.
 23. The double-stranded DNA molecule of claim 22, wherein expression of the restriction enzyme is under the control of an inducible promoter.
 24. The double-stranded DNA molecule of claim 18, wherein the plasmid further comprises a fifth and a sixth restriction site for nicking endonuclease in the region 5′ to the first inverted repeat and 3′ to the second inverted repeat, wherein the fifth and sixth restriction sites for nicking endonuclease are: a. on opposite strands; and b. create a break in the double stranded DNA molecule such that the single strand overhangs of the break do not anneal at detectable levels inter- or intramolecularly under conditions that favor annealing of the first and/or second inverted repeat.
 25. The double-stranded DNA molecule of claim 24, wherein the fifth and the sixth nick are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 nucleotides apart.
 26. The double-stranded DNA molecule of claim 24, wherein the first, second, third, fourth, fifth, and sixth restriction sites for nicking endonuclease are all target sequences for the same nicking endonuclease.
 27. The double-stranded DNA molecule of any one of the preceding claims, wherein one or more of the nicking endonuclease site is a target sequence of an endogenous nicking endonuclease.
 28. The double-stranded DNA molecule of any one of claims 24 to 27, wherein the plasmid further comprises an open reading frame encoding a nicking endonuclease that recognizes the first, second, third, fourth, fifth, and/or sixth restriction site for nicking endonuclease.
 29. The double-stranded DNA molecule of claim 28, wherein expression of the nicking endonuclease is under the control of an inducible promoter.
 30. The double-stranded DNA molecule of any one of claims 1 to 29 wherein the nicking endonuclease that recognizes the first, second, third, and/or fourth restriction site for nicking endonuclease is Nt. BsmAI; Nt. BtsCI; N. ALwl; N. BstNBI; N. BspD6I; Nb. Mva1269I; Nb. BsrDI; Nt. BtsI; Nt. BsaI; Nt. Bpu10I; Nt. BsmBI; Nb. BbvCI; Nt. BbvCI; or Nt. BspQI.
 31. The double-stranded DNA molecule of claim 24 wherein the nicking endonuclease that recognizes the fifth and sixth restriction site for nicking endonuclease Nt. BsmAI; Nt. BtsCI; N. ALwl; N. BstNBI; N. BspD6I; Nb. Mva1269I; Nb. BsrDI; Nt. BtsI; Nt. BsaI; Nt. Bpu10I; Nt. BsmBI; Nb. BbvCI; Nt. BbvCI; or Nt. BspQI.
 32. The double-stranded DNA molecule of any one of claims 1 to 31, wherein the expression cassette comprises a promoter operatively linked to a transcription unit.
 33. The double-stranded DNA molecule of claim 32, wherein the transcription unit comprises an open reading frame.
 34. The double-stranded DNA molecule of claim 32 or 33, wherein the expression cassette further comprises a posttranscriptional regulatory element.
 35. The double-stranded DNA molecule of claim 32 or 33, wherein the expression cassette further comprises a polyadenylation and termination signal.
 36. The double-stranded DNA molecule of any one of claims 32 to 35, wherein the size of the expression cassette is at least 4 kb, at least 4.5 kb, at least 5 kb, at least 5.5 kb, at least 6 kb, at least 6.5 kb, at least 7 kb, at least 7.5 kb, at least 8 kb, at least 8.5 kb, at least 9 kb, at least 9.5 kb, or at least 10 kb.
 37. A double-stranded DNA molecule comprising in 5′ to 3′ direction of the top strand: a. a first hairpinned inverted repeat; b. a nick of the bottom strand; c. an expression cassette; d. a nick of the bottom strand; and e. a second hairpinned inverted repeat.
 38. A double-stranded DNA molecule comprising in 5′ to 3′ direction of the top strand: a. a first hairpinned inverted repeat; b. a nick of the top strand; c. an expression cassette; d. a nick of the top strand; and e. a second hairpinned inverted repeat.
 39. A double-stranded DNA molecule comprising in 5′ to 3′ direction of the top strand: a. a first hairpinned inverted repeat; b. a nick of the bottom strand; c. an expression cassette; d. a nick of the top strand; and e. a second hairpinned inverted repeat.
 40. A double-stranded DNA molecule comprising in 5′ to 3′ direction of the top strand: a. a first hairpinned inverted repeat; b. a nick of the top strand; c. an expression cassette; d. a nick of the bottom strand; and e. a second hairpinned inverted repeat.
 41. The double-stranded DNA molecule of any one of claims 37 to 40, which is an isolated DNA molecule.
 42. The double-stranded DNA molecule of any one of claims 37 to 41, wherein the first and/or the second inverted repeat is the ITR of a parvovirus.
 43. The double-stranded DNA molecule of any one of claims 37 to 41, wherein the first and the second inverted repeats are the same.
 44. The double-stranded DNA molecule of any one of claims 37 to 41, wherein the first and/or the second inverted repeat is a modified ITR of a parvovirus.
 45. The double-stranded DNA molecule of claim 42 or 44, wherein the parvovirus is a Dependoparvovirus, a Bocaparvovirus, an Erythroparvovirus, a Protoparvovirus, or a Tetraparvovirus.
 46. The double-stranded DNA molecule of 45, wherein the nucleotide sequence of the modified ITR is at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or at least 99% identical to the ITR of the parvovirus.
 47. The double-stranded DNA molecule of any one of claims 37 to 46, wherein the expression cassette comprises a promoter operatively linked to a transcription unit.
 48. The double-stranded DNA molecule of claim 47, wherein the transcription unit comprises an open reading frame.
 49. The double-stranded DNA molecule of claim 47 or 48, wherein the expression cassette further comprises a posttranscriptional regulatory element.
 50. The double-stranded DNA molecule of claim 47 or 48, wherein the expression cassette further comprises a polyadenylation and termination signal.
 51. The double-stranded DNA molecule of any one of claims 37 to 50, wherein the size of the expression cassette is at least 4 kb, at least 4.5 kb, at least 5 kb, at least 5.5 kb, at least 6 kb, at least 6.5 kb, at least 7 kb, at least 7.5 kb, at least 8 kb, at least 8.5 kb, at least 9 kb, at least 9.5 kb, or at least 10 kb.
 52. The double-stranded DNA molecule of any one of claims 37 to 51, wherein the double-stranded DNA molecule is protected from an exonuclease, optionally wherein the exonuclease is RecBCD exonuclease.
 53. The double-stranded DNA molecule of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the double-stranded DNA molecule lacks at least one replication-associated protein binding sequence (“RABS”).
 54. The double-stranded DNA molecule of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the double-stranded DNA molecule lacks a replication-associated protein (“RAP”) encoding sequence.
 55. The double-stranded DNA molecule of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the double-stranded DNA molecule lacks a viral capsid protein encoding sequence.
 56. The double-stranded DNA molecule of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the first inverted repeat lacks at least one RABS.
 57. The double-stranded DNA molecule of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the second inverted repeat lacks at least one RABS.
 58. The double-stranded DNA molecule of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the DNA sequence between the ITR closing base pair of the first inverted repeat and the ITR closing base pair of the second inverted repeat lacks at least one RABS.
 59. The double-stranded DNA molecule of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the first inverted repeat lacks at least one RABS and the second inverted repeat lacks at least one RABS.
 60. The double-stranded DNA molecule of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the double-stranded DNA molecule lacks a terminal resolution site (TRS).
 61. The double-stranded DNA molecule of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the first inverted repeat lacks a TRS.
 62. The double-stranded DNA molecule of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the second inverted repeat lacks a TRS.
 63. The double-stranded DNA molecule of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the DNA sequence between the ITR closing base pair of the first inverted repeat and the ITR closing base pair of the second inverted repeat lacks a TRS.
 64. The double-stranded DNA molecule of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the first inverted repeat lacks a TRS and the second inverted repeat lacks a TRS.
 65. The double-stranded DNA molecule of any one of claims 53 and 56 to 64, wherein the mobilization risk of the double-stranded DNA molecule when administered to a host is lower than control DNA molecules with the at least one RABS and/or with the TRS by 100%, 95%, 90%, 85%, 80%, 75%, 70%, 65%, 60%, 55%, or 50%.
 66. The double-stranded DNA molecule of any one of claims 53 and 56 to 64, which lacks a TRS, wherein the mobilization risk of the double-stranded DNA molecule when administered to a host is lower than control DNA molecules with the TRS by 100%, 95%, 90%, 85%, 80%, 75%, 70%, 65%, 60%, 55%, or 50%.
 67. The double-stranded DNA molecule of any one of claims 53 and 56 to 64, which lacks at least one RABS and lacks a TRS, wherein the mobilization risk of the double-stranded DNA molecule when administered to a host is lower than control DNA molecules with the at least one RABS and the TRS by 100%, 95%, 90%, 85%, 80%, 75%, 70%, 65%, 60%, 55%, or 50%.
 68. Isolated double-stranded DNA molecules of any one of claims 5 to 67, wherein the isolated double-stranded DNA molecules are free of fragments of the double-stranded DNA molecule.
 69. Isolated double-stranded DNA molecules of any one of claims 5 to 68, wherein fragments of the double-stranded DNA molecules are no more than 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, or 10% of the isolated double-stranded DNA molecules.
 70. Isolated double-stranded DNA molecules of any one of claims 5 to 69, wherein the isolated double-stranded DNA molecules are free of nucleic acid contaminants that are not fragments of the double-stranded DNA molecules.
 71. Isolated double-stranded DNA molecule of any one of claims 5 to 70, wherein the nucleic acid contaminants that are not fragments of the double-stranded DNA molecules are less than 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, or 10% of the isolated double-stranded DNA molecules.
 72. Isolated double-stranded DNA molecule of any one of claims 5 to 71, wherein the isolated double-stranded DNA molecules are free of baculoviral DNA.
 73. Isolated double-stranded DNA molecule of any one of claims 5 to 72, wherein the baculoviral DNA is less than 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, or 10% of the isolated double-stranded DNA molecules.
 74. A delivery vehicle comprising the double-stranded DNA molecule of any one of claims 37 to
 73. 75. The delivery vehicle of claim 74, wherein the delivery vehicle comprises a hybridosome, a liposome, or a lipid nanoparticle.
 76. A method for preparing a hairpin-ended DNA molecule, wherein the method comprises: a. culturing a host cell comprising the double-stranded DNA molecule of any one of claims 1 to 35 under conditions resulting in amplification of the double-stranded DNA molecule; b. releasing the double-stranded DNA molecule from the host cell; c. incubating the double-stranded DNA molecule with one or more nicking endonuclease recognizing the four restriction sites resulting in four nicks; d. denaturing and thereby creating a DNA fragment that comprises the expression cassette and is flanked by the two single strand DNA overhangs; e. annealing the single strand DNA overhangs intramolecularly and thereby creating a hairpinned inverted repeat on both ends of the DNA fragment resulting from step d.
 77. A method for preparing a hairpin-ended DNA, wherein the method comprises: a. culturing a host cell comprising the double-stranded DNA molecule of claim 20 under conditions resulting in amplification of the double-stranded DNA molecule; b. releasing the double-stranded DNA molecule from the host cell; c. incubating the double-stranded DNA molecule with one or more nicking endonuclease recognizing the four restriction sites resulting in four nicks; d. denaturing and thereby creating a DNA fragment that comprises the expression cassette and is flanked by the two single strand DNA overhangs; e. annealing the single strand DNA overhangs intramolecularly and thereby creating a hairpinned inverted repeat on both ends of the DNA fragment resulting from step d; f. incubating the double-stranded DNA molecule or the fragments resulting from step d with the restriction enzyme and thereby cleaving the double-stranded DNA molecule or a fragment of the double-stranded DNA molecule; and g. incubating the fragments of the double-stranded DNA molecule with an exonuclease thereby digesting the fragments of the double-stranded DNA molecule except the fragment resulting from step e.
 78. A method for preparing a hairpin-ended DNA, wherein the method comprises: a. culturing a host cell comprising the double-stranded DNA molecule of claim 24 under conditions resulting in amplification of the double-stranded DNA molecule; b. releasing the double-stranded DNA molecule from the host cell; c. incubating the double-stranded DNA molecule with one or more nicking endonuclease recognizing the first, second, third, and fourth restriction sites resulting in four nicks; d. denaturing and thereby creating a DNA fragment that comprises the expression cassette and is flanked by the two single strand DNA overhangs; e. annealing the single strand DNA overhangs intramolecularly and thereby creating a hairpinned inverted repeat on both ends of the DNA fragment resulting from step d; f. incubating the double-stranded DNA molecule or the fragments resulting from step d with one or more nicking endonuclease recognizing the fifth and sixth restriction sites resulting in the break in the double stranded DNA molecule; and g. incubating the fragments of the double-stranded DNA molecule with an exonuclease thereby digesting the fragments of the double-stranded DNA molecule except the fragment resulting from step e.
 79. The method of claim 76, 77, or 78, further comprising: h. repairing the nicks with a ligase to form a circular DNA.
 80. The method of any one of claims 76 to 79, wherein the steps are performed in the order in which they appear in the claim.
 81. The method of any one of claims 76 to 80, wherein the hairpin-ended DNA consists of two hairpin ends.
 82. The method of any one of claims 76 to 81, wherein the hairpin-ended DNA is a viral genome.
 83. The method of claim 82, wherein the viral genome is parvovirus genome.
 84. The method of claim 83, wherein the parvovirus is a Dependoparvovirus, a Bocaparvovirus, an Erythroparvovirus, a Protoparvovirus, or a Tetraparvovirus.
 85. The DNA molecule of any one of claims 1 to 73, the delivery vehicle of any one of claims 74 and 75, or the method of any one of claims 76 to 83, wherein the DNA molecule: a. lacks any functional RABS; and/or b. lacks any functional TRS; and/or c. lacks or has reduced (by at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 98%, 99%, or at least 99.9%) P5 AAV promoter activity; and/or d. lacks any other elements required for viral replication.
 86. The DNA molecule of claim 85, wherein a. any RABS in the DNA molecule is deleted or mutated to be functionally inactive; and/or b. any TRS in the DNA molecule is deleted or mutated to be functionally inactive; and/or c. any P5 AAV promoter is deleted or mutated to be functionally inactive; and/or d. any other element required for viral replication in the DNA molecule is deleted or mutated to be functionally inactive.
 87. The DNA molecule of claim 86, wherein the deletion is only of the RABS and/or TRS and/or any P5 AAV promoter and/or any other element required for replication but does not delete an entire stem/loop structure.
 88. The DNA molecule of any one of claims 85 to 87, wherein the DNA molecule is not detectably replicated in a cell when the cell is also infected with the wildtype virus from which the ITRs of the DNA molecule were derived and a helper virus, or wherein the ability of the DNA molecule is reduced by at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 98%, 99%, or at least 99.9% in such an assay.
 89. The DNA molecule of claim 88, wherein the DNA molecule is derived from an adeno-associated virus and the wild type virus is the same adeno-associated virus.
 90. The DNA molecule of claim 89, wherein the adeno-associated virus is AAV1, AAV2, AAV4, AAV5, AAV6, AAV7, AAV8, or AAV9.
 91. The DNA molecule of any one of claims 1 to 73, the delivery vehicle of any one of claims 74 and 75, or the method of any one of claims 76 to 83, wherein the 5′ end of the top strand of the expression cassette is about 1, about 2, about 3, about 4, about 5, about 6, about 7, about 8, about 9, about 10, about 11, about 12, about 13, about 14, about 15, about 16, about 17, about 18, about 19, about 20, about 21, about 22, about 23, about 24, about 25, about 26, about 27, about 28, about 29, about 30, about 31, about 32, about 33, about 34, about 35, about 36, about 37, about 38, about 39, about 40, about 41, about 42, about 43, about 44, about 45, about 46, about 47, about 48, about 49, about 50, about 51, about 52, about 53, about 54, about 55, about 56, about 57, about 58, about 59, about 60, about 61, about 62, about 63, about 64, about 65, about 66, about 67, about 68, about 69, about 70, about 71, about 72, about 73, about 74, about 75, about 76, about 77, about 78, about 79, about 80, about 81, about 82, about 83, about 84, about 85, about 86, about 87, about 88, about 89, about 90, about 91, about 92, about 93, about 94, about 95, about 96, about 97, about 98, about 99, about 100 nucleotides, greater than 100 nucleotides, at least 150 nucleotides, at least 200 nucleotides, at least 300 nucleotides, or at least 400 nucleotides apart from the 3′ top strand end of the inverted repeat.
 92. The DNA molecule of any one of claims 1 to 73, the delivery vehicle of any one of claims 74 and 75, or the method of any one of claims 76 to 83, wherein the 3′ end of the top strand of the expression cassette is about 1, about 2, about 3, about 4, about 5, about 6, about 7, about 8, about 9, about 10, about 11, about 12, about 13, about 14, about 15, about 16, about 17, about 18, about 19, about 20, about 21, about 22, about 23, about 24, about 25, about 26, about 27, about 28, about 29, about 30, about 31, about 32, about 33, about 34, about 35, about 36, about 37, about 38, about 39, about 40, about 41, about 42, about 43, about 44, about 45, about 46, about 47, about 48, about 49, about 50, about 51, about 52, about 53, about 54, about 55, about 56, about 57, about 58, about 59, about 60, about 61, about 62, about 63, about 64, about 65, about 66, about 67, about 68, about 69, about 70, about 71, about 72, about 73, about 74, about 75, about 76, about 77, about 78, about 79, about 80, about 81, about 82, about 83, about 84, about 85, about 86, about 87, about 88, about 89, about 90, about 91, about 92, about 93, about 94, about 95, about 96, about 97, about 98, about 99, about 100 nucleotides, greater than 100 nucleotides, at least 150 nucleotides, at least 200 nucleotides, at least 300 nucleotides, or at least 400 nucleotides apart from the 5′ top strand end of the inverted repeat.
 93. The DNA molecule of any one of claims 37 to 73, the delivery vehicle of any one of claims 74 and 75, or the method of any one of claims 76 to 83, wherein one, two, three, or all nicks (such as the nicks resulting from the nicking endonuclease digestion) are ligated.
 94. The DNA molecule of and one of claims 1, 5 to 37, and 40 to 73, wherein the bottom strand is in anti-sense orientation with respect to an open reading frame in the expression cassette.
 95. The DNA molecule of claims 2, 5 to 36, 38, and 40 to 73, wherein the top strand is in anti-sense orientation with respect to an open reading frame in the expression cassette.
 96. The method of any one of claims 77 to 84, wherein the DNA molecule is the DNA molecule of claim 94 or
 95. 97. A DNA molecule resulting from the method of any one of claims 77 to 84 and
 96. 98. The DNA molecule of any one of claims 1 to 73, the delivery vehicle of any one of claims 74 and 75, or the method of any one of claims 76 to 83, wherein the DNA molecule: a. comprises a first inverted repeat that lacks any transcriptional activity; and/or b. comprises a second inverted repeat that lacks any transcriptional activity; and/or c. (iii) lacks or has reduced (by at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 98%, 99%, or at least 99.9%) P5 AAV promoter activity.
 99. The DNA molecule of any one of claims 1 to 73, the delivery vehicle of any one of claims 74 and 75, or the method of any one of claims 76 to 83, wherein the DNA molecule: a. comprises a first inverted repeat that lacks transcriptional activity; and/or b. comprises a second inverted repeat that lacks transcriptional activity; and/or c. lacks any other elements in the inverted repeats that are transcriptionally active.
 100. The DNA molecule of any one of claims 1 to 73, the delivery vehicle of any one of claims 74 and 75, or the method of any one of claims 76 to 83, wherein the DNA molecule: a. any CpG motif in the first inverted repeat is deleted or mutated to be transcriptionally inactive; and/or b. any CpG motif in the second inverted repeat is deleted or mutated to be transcriptionally inactive; and/or c. any other element required for transcriptional activity in the inverted repeat is deleted or mutated to be functionally inactive.
 101. The DNA molecule of any one of claims 1 to 73, the delivery vehicle of any one of claims 74 and 75, or the method of any one of claims 76 to 83, wherein the DNA molecule: a. any CpG motif in the first inverted repeat is deleted or mutated to be reduce toll like receptor 9 binding; and/or b. any CpG motif in the second inverted repeat is deleted or mutated to reduce toll like receptor 9 binding; and/or c. any other element required for toll like receptor 9 binding in the inverted repeat is deleted or mutated to be functionally inactive. 